THE    DOG    BOOK 


THE  DOG  BOOK 

A  Popular  History  of  the  Dog,  with  Practical 
Information  as  to  Care  and  Management  of 
House,  Kennel  and  Exhibition  Dogs ;  and 
Descriptions  of  All  the  Important  Breeds.  In 
Ten  Parts 


BY 


PART   VI 
Illustrated  from  Photographs 


NEW  YORK 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  COMPANY 
1905 


Copyright,   1905,  by 

Doubleday,  Page  &  Company 

Published,    November,   1905 


All  rights  reserved,  including  that  of 
translation  into  foreign  languages, 
including  the  Scandinavian. 


CONTENTS 

PART  VI 
CHAPTER  XXV— PAGE  387 

THE  BULLDOG:  One  of  the  outcomes  of  the  common  dog  of  England,  which 
went  by  the  name  of  mastiff — Akin  to  the  Alaunt  of  Spain  which 
assisted  at  bullfights — Mr.  Arthur  Merritt's  recollection  of  an 
English  bull  baiting — The  bulldog  of  1800 — Bill  George  at  Canine 
Castle — Bulldogs  of  1855-60 — Turton's  Crib  and  the  new  type 
dating  from  the  appearance  of  his  son,  Monarch — Early  bulldogs 
at  New  York  shows — Mr.  John  E.  Thayer's  importations — Later 
supporters  of  the  breed — Good  work  of  the  bulldog  club — Mr. 
Joseph  B.  Vandergrift's  short  but  brilliant  career — The  Chibiados 
incident — Difficulties  attending  breeding — Condensed  standard 
and  scale  of  points. 

CHAPTER   XXVI— PAGE  401 

THE  TERRIER:  An  English  production,  the  result  of  selection  for  specific 
purposes — Ranked  with  hounds  by  Caius — Description  of  French 
Bassets  doing  duty,  when  translated,  for  English  terriers  from  1560 
to  1800 — Blome's  suggestion  for  breeding  terriers — Taplin  divides 
the  varieties  by  colour  and  coat — Barlow's  illustration  of  rabbiting 
—Varieties  depicted  from  1790  to  1850 — A  very  early  use  of 
"terrier"  by  a  French  writer — Sporting  versus  non-sporting  breeds. 

CHAPTER  XXVII— PAGE  415 

THE  SMOOTH  Fox  TERRIER:  The  white  dog  began  with  Colonel  Thorn- 
ton's Pitch — "Peeping  Tom's"  reminiscences  regarding  early 
showdogs — The  first  class  of  fox  terriers  shown  in  England  in  1862 
— Copy  of  the  catalogue  entry — English  exhibitors  at  Boston  in 
1878 — Mr.  Rutherford's  early  connection  with  the  breed — Mr. 


CONTENTS— Continued 
CHAPTER  XXVII—  Continued 

Thayer's  liberal  importations  followed  by  Mr.  Belmont's — 
Description  of  the  then  prominent  dogs — Large  entries  of  good 
dogs  made  twenty  years  ago  compared  with  the  present  time — Mr. 
Gooderham  takes  the  field  and  entries  decline — Mr.  Farwell's 
strong  Sabine  combination — The  Warren  kennels  success  with 
American-bred  dogs — Standard  and  scale  of  points. 

CHAPTER  XXVIII— PAGE  435 

THE  WIRE-HAIRED  Fox  TERRIER — An  older  breed  than  the  smooth  terrier 
— Prominent  as  a  leading  variety  in  paintings  by  well-known  artists 
— Kept  back  by  the  popularity  of  the  smooth  dog — First  recognised 
at  New  York  show  in  1883,  but  made  slow  progress — What  Meers- 
brook  Bristles  did  for  the  breed — Major  Carnochan's  prominent 
importations — The  success  of  Hands  Up — Mr.  Knowles'  Selwonk, 
and  Mr.  Harley's  Wandee,  Kennels. 

CHAPTER  XXIX— PAGE  441 

THE  AIREDALE  :  Origin  of  the  breed — Not  generally  known  in  England 
till  1880 — Hardly  recognised  in  America  until  1898 — Exhibitors 
who  established  the  breed  and  their  judicious  importations — Rapid 
growth  in  popular  esteem  and  in  breeding — The  Airedale  described 
— Scale  of  points. 

CHAPTER   XXX— PAGE  449 

THE  BULL  TERRIER:  Recognised  by  name  in  England  about  1820 — Pierce 
Egan's  introduction  of  the  new  breed — Sir  Walter  Scott's  tribute 
to  Camp — Mr.  Dole's  start  in  the  breed — Those  who  came  to  his 
support — The  present  prominent  exhibitors — The  true  bull  ter- 
riers described — Scale  of  Points. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

Ch.  Norfolk  True  Blue   Fox  Terrier Cover 

Airedale  Terrier  Ch.  York  Sceptre Frontispiece 

FACING    PAGE 

Bulldogs,  1625  to  1880 .                 .  390 

Ch.  Sweet  Briar         .                                   393 

Ch.  Britomartis           .         .                          ....                 .  393 

"The  Bull  Broke  Loose" 393 

Rodney  Monarch 395 

Ch.  Thackeray  Soda,  Ch.  La  Roche,  Ch.  Fashion         .        .        .  395 

Ch.  Rodney  Smasher         ...                          .                          .  395 

Ch.  Ivel  Doctor ....  395 

Ch.  Prince  Albert .                          .  397 

Duke  of  Albemarle ....  397 

Pressgang  Chief         .                          397 

Dathan       ...                 397 

Boomerang  and  Katerfelto         .         .         .         .                 .         .         .  397 

Ch.  Glenwood  Queen 398 

Ch.  Broadlea  Squire 398 

Berners 398 

Rolyat ...  398 

Ch.  Portland      ...  .398 

Diamond  Lass .  398 

Bewick's  "Terrier"             ...                 403 

A  Howitt  Etching,  1809             403 

"Cony  Catching" ...  403 

Two  of  A.  Cooper's  paintings     .                          403 

Terriers  in  "Stonehenge"  1868-1872                                                     .  404 

Terriers  of  a  Century  Ago                                 ...                 .  404 

Terriers  by  Alken      ....                 406 

Terriers  from   1830  to  1860       .         .                                   ...  408 

Terriers  by  Reinagle,  "Sportsman's  Cabinet,"  1803    ....  408 

Three  Old-time  English  Winners      .                                   ...  415 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS— Continued 

FACING  PAGE 

Colonel  Thornton's  Pitch 415 

Cleek 415 

Blizzard 418 

Hunton  Bridegroom 418 

Ch.  Warren  Sentence,  Ch.  Warren  Safeguard,  Warren  Victor         .  418 

Ch.  Norfolk  Handicraft,  Ch.  Norfolk  Clorita,  Norfolk  Huntsman     .  418 

Six  Sabine  Champions       .........  424 

The  Tug  of  War 427 

A  Half-Dozen  "  Redmond  "  Terriers 428 

Ch.  Go  Bang,  Ch.  Thornfield  Knockout 437 

The  Great  Meersbrook  Bristles 437 

Six  Champion  Wire-Haired  Fox  Terriers 438 

The  First  Airedale  Illustration  (1879) 441 

Broadlands  Brushwood       .........  441 

Ch.  Clonmel  Monarch 441 

Ch.  The  New  King 441 

Airedales    at   Work            443 

A  Swimming  Match  at  the  Burnley  Kennels,  Plainfield,  N.  J.   .         .  445 

Clonmel  Royal  Ruler  and  Colne  Lucky  Miss 445 

The  Growth  of  an  Airedale 447 

York  Masterpiece 447 

Farleigh  Mikado 447 

President  and  Victoria 450 

Sir  Wm.  Verner's  Tarquin 450 

Old  Dutch 450 

Cooper's  "Brutus" 450 

Ch.  Maggie  May 450 

Venom        ............  450 

Dick  Burge 452 

Ch.  Carney 452 

Modesty              452 

Edgewood  Penn 452 

Wentworth  Brant 452 

Ch.  Princeton  Monarch 452 

Ch.  Faultless  of  the  Point,  Ch.  Ajax  of  the  Point,  Ch.  Edgewood 
Crystal,  Rancocas  Ginger,  Edgewood  J.  P.  II.,  Ch.  Blooms- 
bury  Burge 454 


THE    DOG   BOOK 


CHAPTER  XXV 
THE  BULLDOG 

T  is  quite  appropriate  that  the  bulldog  and  the  smooth 
sheep  dog  should  be  close  neighbours  in  a  book 
treating  upon  dogs,  as  illustrations  of  how  demand  and 
then  the  fads  of  fancy  will  separate  animals  originally 
of  the  closest  relationship  and  appearance.  We  have 
a  few  pages  back  shown  that  the  smooth  sheep  dog  was  first  of  all 
a  division  of  the  mastiff  family,  coming  from  the  watch  or  ban  dog, 
which,  although  the  house  mastiff,  was  also  capable  of  driving  sheep 
and  cattle. 

We  now  repeat  what  we  said  in  that  chapter,  that  the  mastiffs 
were  that  group  of  general-purpose  dogs  other  than  hounds,  spaniels 
or  toys.  Terriers  were  also  eliminated  and  given  a  name  on  account 
of  their  being  used  in  the  chase.  Everything  else  was  a  mastiff,  a  word 
now  conceded  to  mean  akin  to  mongrel,  though  that  is  perhaps  not  the 
word  which,  to  our  mind,  clearly  specifies  their  position.  Caius  gives 
a  very  appropriate  name  for  the  group  when  he  classifies  them  as  "Canes 
rustici,"  dogs  of  the  country — country  dogs.  According  to  what  these 
were  capable  of  accomplishing,  they  were  accordingly  grouped,  and 
eventually  became  recognisable  as  distinct  breeds.  They  were  what 
might  be  well  called  working  dogs,  the  large,  heavy  dogs  being  used  for 
bear  baiting  and  such  sports;  the  more  active  of  the  large  dogs  used  as 
watch  dogs  going  by  the  name  of  bandogs,  while  the  still  lighter  and 
more  active  of  these  bandogs  were  sheep  dogs.  In  addition  to  these 
there  was  the  "Tinker's  Cur,"  a  dog  that  assisted  the  travelling  tinker 
by  acting  as  a  beast  of  burden,  or  pack-horse,  carrying  his  implements 
and  tools;  another  was  a  water  drawer,  turning  a  wheel,  as  we  now 
see  horses  and  mules  used  for  many  purposes  as  a  substitute  for  steam 
power;  and  still  another  was  the  butcher's  dog.  Here  is  how  Caius  put 
this  group  on  record  in  his  book: 

387 


388 


A   DIALL    PERTAINING   TO   THE    FOURTH    SECTION 


Dogs  com       f  The  shep 
prehended          herds  dogge 
in  ye  fourth  <   The  Mas 
secion  are  tine  or 

these  t  Bandogge 


f  which 
hath 
sundry 
names 
derived 
fro  sun 
dry  cir 
cunstan 


The  keeper  or 

watchman 

The  butchers  dogge 

The  messinger  or 

carrier 

The  Mooner 

The  water  drawer 

The  Tinkers  curr 


ces  as         I.  The  fencer 


called  in  La- 
tine  Canes 
T^ustici 


We  can  readily  understand  how  with  us  the  term  terrier  is  a  group 
name,  and  that  we  have  minor  distinctions  specifying  variety,  all  the  way 
from  the  Airedale  of  sixty  pounds  to  the  toy  of  ounces.  We  divide  terriers 
mainly  by  location  of  their  production,  Scottish,  Irish,  Welsh,  Airedale, 
Boston,  while  fox  terrier  is  a  name  indicative  of  what  the  dog  is  used  for. 
We  must  apply  the  same  idea  to  the  dogs  of  olden  times,  when  there  was 
first  the  group  title  and  then  the  use  name.  As  we  find  Caius  divided  his 
spaniels  for  the  falcon,  for  the  pheasant  and  for  the  hawk,  while  "the 
common  sort  of  people  call  them  by  one  generall  word,  namely  Spaniells," 
so  in  this  case,  while  the  general  group  or  sectional  name  for  what  Caius 
in  another  place  calls  "a  homely  kind,  apt  for  sundry  necessary  uses," 
was  mastiffs,  they  had  individual  use  names  according  to  the  purpose 
for  which  they  were  kept;  and  a  better  definition  of  mastiff  would  really 
be  a  low-caste  dog,  for  the  sporting  dogs  were  said  to  be  of  a  "gentle  kind," 
in  the  sense  of  gentle  in  gentleman.  From  this  mastiff  group  the  dog  for 
the  bull  was  developed  and  became  the  bulldog  of  England. 

"Of   all    dogs    it    stands    confessed 
Your   English    bulldogs    are   the    best. 
I  say  it,  and  will  set  my  hand  to't, 
Camden  records  it,  and  I'll  stand  to't." 

There  is  no  question  that  there  was  also  a  similar  dog  in  Spain  as  an 
assistant  in  bull  fights,  attacking  and  holding  the  bull  by  the  ear,  and  this 
was  the  original  method  of  attack  in  England,  for  Caius  in  describing  the 
dog,  which  was  simply  mastiff  and  had  no  particular  assigned  vocation, 
says:  "They  are  serviceable  against  the  Foxe  and  the  Badger,  to  drive 


The  Bulldog  389 

wilde  and  tame  swyne  out  of  medowes,  pastures,  glebelands  and  places 
planted  with  fruite,  to  bayte  and  take  the  bull  by  the  eare,  when  occasion 
so  requireth.  One  dogge  or  two  at  the  uttermoste,  sufficient  for  that  purpose, 
be  the  bull  never  so  monsterous,  never  so  fearce,  never  so  furious,  never 
so  stearne,  never  so  untamable." 

As  it  is  unnecessary  to  repeat  with  every  dog  which  has  branched  from 
the  mastiff  group  the  ancient  history  of  the  parent  stock,  that  will  be  given 
in  connection  with  the  mastiff  as  being  the  most  appropriate  place,  and  as 
in  the  case  of  the  smooth  sheep  dog,  we  will  now  only  give  what  is  essential 
to  the  history  of  the  bulldog,  or  the  dog  that  was  used  to  bait  the  bull.  In 
the  "Master  of  Game,"  by  Edward,  the  second  Duke  of  York,  which  is 
almost  entirely  a  translation  of  Gaston  de  Foix's  "Livre  de  Chasse,"  and 
was  written  about  1406-1413,  he  introduces  an  interpolation  of  his  own 
in  the  description  of  the  dogs  called  "  alauntes,"  which  were  the  progenitors 
of  the  mastiffs  of  England;  the  statement  being  that  the  alaunt  of  the  butcher 
was  good  for  baiting  the  bull.  And  this  is  repeated  with  regard  to  the 
alauntes  in  general.  The  Duke  of  York  also  inserts  in  the  description  of 
the  kind  that  butchers  kept  "that  bin  called  greet  bochers  houndis."  That 
the  name  of  "alauntz,"  as  the  noble  writer  more  frequently  spelled  the 
word,  was  on  the  change  is  seen  by  his  using  the  new  name  of  mastiff: 
"And  when  men  lat  soche  mestifis  renne  at  the  boor." 

In  one  of  Gaston  de  Foix's  illustrations  of  wild-boar  hunting  the 
alaunt  is  shown  catching  the  boar  by  the  ear,  and  that  is  the  way  Caius 
says  the  bull  was  caught  by  the  ear  when  baited.  As  bull  baiting  is  claimed 
to  have  been  instituted  in  the  twelfth  century,  it  was  purely  an  English 
sport,  for  the  bulldog  of  Spain,  which  is  given  under  the  title  of  alano  in 
the  standard  Spanish  dictionary  of  two  hundred  years  ago,  is,  upon  the 
authority  of  an  old  author,  described  as  a  large,  high-couraged  dog,  used 
in  bull  rights  to  pull  the  bulls  down  by  hanging  to  their  ears. 

When  the  later  mode  of  attack  by  the  nose  hold  came  into  vogue  is 
not  susceptible  of  proof,  but  Jesse  quotes  a  description,  written  in  1694, 
which  shows  it  was  the  custom  at  that  period.  Only  a  very  large  dog 
could  hold  a  bull  by  the  ear,  and  these  alauntes  look  more  like  our  Danes 
than  anything  else,  sq  that  they  could  manage  to  reach  and  to  hold  the  bull 
in  that  way.  Doubtless  some  smaller,  courageous  dog  pinned  a  bull  by 
the  nose;  and  when  it  was  seen  that  the  small  dog  could  do  what  it  took 
the  large  ones  to  accomplish  by  the  ear  hold,  the  new  hold  was  taught  to 


39O  The  Dog  Book 

the  dogs  and  became  the  custom.  It  is  generally  understood  that  the  dog 
had  to  pull  the  bull  backward  once  around  the  ring  in  order  to  win,  but 
this  was  not  universal,  and  there  were  doubtless  local  rules  for  various 
parts  of  the  Kingdom.  Mr.  Arthur  Merritt,  the  well-known  Airedale 
terrier  exhibitor  of  Boston,  has  told  us  of  his  being  taken  when  a  boy  to 
see  a  bull  fight  in  Yorkshire.  He  said  that  special  permission  had  been 
given  by  some  person  in  authority  to  give  this  as  an  exhibition  of  what  the 
sport  had  been,  for  it  was  not  allowed  by  law  after  1835.  The  rules  at  this 
bull  fight  were  that  the  dog  had  to  pin  and  throw  the  bull,  and  some  of  the 
dogs  did  so.  The  dogs,  according  to  Mr.  Merritt's  recollection,  were  the 
ordinary  run  of  fighting  dogs,  white  and  patched,  that  were  universal 
throughout  the  mill  and  quarry  districts  of  that  part  of  Yorkshire. 

The  bulldog  of  the  present  day  lacks  the  activity  that  was  called  for 
in  the  bull-ring  dog,  and  is  purely  an  exaggeration  of  fancy.  Not  for  a 
moment  do  we  say  that  there  are  no  active  dogs.  Ivel  Doctor,  for  instance, 
could  jump  on  a  table  with  ease,  but  that  is  not  one  of  the  "properties" 
of  the  show  ring  that  decides  prizes.  A  powerfully  built  dog,  not  too 
long  on  the  legs,  so  that  he  could  have  good  command  of  his  movements 
and  be  able  to  spring  from  his  position  in  the  event  of  a  sudden  charge 
of  the  bull,  as  he  crept  forward  on  his  chest  with  head  down  to  spring  at 
the  vulnerable  soft-fleshed  nose.  Loose,  widely  placed  shoulders  permitted 
of  this  creep,  and  the  cut-up  loin  allowed  the  dog  to  use  his  hind  legs  to 
advantage.  The  broad  jaw,  massive  and  with  a  bunch  of  cheek  muscles  to 
keep  it  closed,  is  another  piece  of  progression  along  the  line  of  the  essential, 
when  it  comes  to  consideration  of  what  the  dog  had  to  do.  It  will  be  seen, 
therefore,  that  selection  by  man  soon  separated  very  widely  the  sheep  dog, 
or  shepherd's  mastiff,  and  the  mastiff  that  was  specially  bred  for  the  bull 
ring.  By  1800  type  seems  to  have  been  very  well  established;  not  that  it 
was  the  present-day  dog  by  any  means,  but  a  dog  with  decided  peculiarities 
not  shown  by  any  other  dog.  Bull  baiting  was  stopped  in  1835,  and  few 
bulldogs  were  kept  by  any  person  at  that  time  except  the  very  lowest  char- 
acters. The  breed  was  in  bad  repute,  but  after  the  stigma  of  the  sport 
had  died  out  it  began  to  be  taken  up  again. 

When  much  younger  than  of  an  age  possible  to  understand  the 
requirements  of  a  breed,  we  visited  more  than  once  the  then  well-known 
establishment  of  "Bill"  George  at  Kensal  New  Town,  from  which  place 
to  our  residence  green  fields  intervened  where  now  it  is  all  bricks  and  mortar, 


A   SPANISH   PLACQUE  (1625) 


BEWICK'S  BULLDOG  (1790) 

p- ._ 


MR.  STOCKD ALE'S  TOP  (1850) 
From  Stonehenge's  first  dog  book 


REINAGLE'S  BULLDOG  (1803) 


DONALD 

Shown  by  Sir  William  Verner  at  New  York  in 


The  Bulldog 

and  for  miles  further  west,  in  London's  insatiable  devouring  of  the  adjacent 
country.  The  father  of  a  schoolboy  companion,  a  retired  officer,  frequently 
walked  over  to  George's,  taking  us  with  him  at  times,  and  it  was  with  fear 
and  trembling  we  crept  along  between  the  rows  of  furiously  barking  and 
chain-tugging  dogs.  Bill  George's  Tiger,  one  of  the  old  pillars  of  the  stud 
book,  was  probably  one  we  then  saw  and  knew  it  not,  but  we  still  remember 
that  they  were  mainly  white  with  patches  of  colour.  We  know  that  when 
we  went  on  another  occasion,  with  the  same  gentleman,  to  see  some  dogs 
at  Shepherds  Bush,  also  a  walk  across  farms  and  fields,  to  what  must  have 
been  Mr.  Stockdale's  kennels,  we  then  saw  dogs  with  much  less  white  on 
them;  more  brindle  and  white  than  white  and  brindle.  These  were  about 
the  two  best  kennels  of  bulldogs  in  London,  and  Stonehenge  took  one  of 
Mr.  Stockdale's  dogs  to  illustrate  his  first  book  on  dogs.  Not  only  is  it 
our  own  recollection,  but  the  illustrations  of  dogs  of  that  period  are  all  to 
the  effect  that  the  bulldog  of  1855-60  was  totally  unlike  the  dog  of  to-day. 
He  was  only  moderately  low  on  the  leg,  and  stood  closer  in  front  than  our 
exaggerations  do.  His  tail  more  frequently  than  not  was  a  plain  whip  tail, 
and  he  lacked  the  massiveness  of  head  of  the  later  dog.  In  thus  speaking 
of  past  dogs  we  are  not  confining  it  to  our  schoolboy-day  visits  to  "  Canine 
Castle,"  as  Bill  George  called  his  place.  After  that,  when  we  got  our 
first  terrier,  we  struck  up  an  acquaintance  with  Alfred  George,  the  son, 
and  our  homes  being  but  a  short  walk  apart  often  called  on  him,  and  of 
course  saw  many  of  the  dogs.  This  period  was  up  to  1868.  We  were  again 
in  England  from  1877  to  1880,  and  then  dabbled  in  dogs  as  a  hobby.  Meeting 
Alfred  George  at  the  Alexandra  Palace  Show,  when  looking  at  the  bulldogs, 
we  said  something  about  the  alteration  in  them,  and  we  can  recall  almost 
word  for  word  his  reply:  "Oh,  there  has  been  a  great  change  since  you 
went  away.  You  will  see  some  of  the  old  sort  at  father's,  but  they  don't 
do  for  showing." 

The  good  dogs  of  the  period  from  1877  to  1880  were  Sir  Anthony,  Gam- 
bler, Doon  Brae,  Slenderman,  Smasher,  King  Cole,  Sancho  Panza,  Venom 
(Layton's),  Rosy  Cross  (George  Raper's  best  bitch,  for  he  was  then  a 
prominent  bulldog  man),  Hartley's  Venom,  Roselle,  Faust,  Lord  Nelson, 
Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  (Raper's),  and  then,  best  of  all  and  last  of  all, 
came  Monarch.  Some  of  the  very  old  timers  hold  that  Sheffield  Crib  was 
the  best  bulldog  of  his  day.  He  is  also  known  as  Turton's  Crib,  and  they 
have  always  told  the  story  of  Mr.  J.  W.  Berrie's  visits  to  Sheffield.  When 


392  The  Dog  Book 

he  had  nothing  else  on  hand  he  would  go  all  the  way  from  London,  and  then 
sit  down  and  study  Crib  till  it  was  time  to  catch  the  train  for  home  again. 
We  saw  both  of  these  dogs  shortly  before  we  returned  to  America,  and  we 
can  best  convey  the  idea  of  our  recollection  of  them  by  saying  that  Crib 
was  a  Thackeray  Soda  style  of  dog,  while  Monarch  was  more  on  the  lines 
of  Rodney  Stone.  Vero  Shaw  was  then  one  of  the  prominent  bulldog  and 
bull  terrier  men,  and  we  discussed  this  very  point,  coming  to  an  agreement 
on  the  decided  superiority  of  the  son,  for  Monarch  was  by  Crib.  Monarch's 
fault  was  a  pinched  muzzle,  but  otherwise  he  was  a  wonderful  dog,  and  it 
may  be  truthfully  said  that  our  show  bulldog  dates  from  Monarch.  We 
did  not  see  Monarch  till  he  was  shown  at  Birmingham  in  December,  1879, 
but  we  knew  of  him  when  he  came  out  at  Bristol  as  a  puppy,  for  we  were 
calling  on  Mr.  George  R.  Krehl  in  London  when  Mr.  Alfred  Benjamin 
came  in  and  showed  a  telegram  from  Mr.  Vero  Shaw,  advising  him  of  the 
coming  out  of  a  puppy  that  could  beat  anything  in  the  fancy,  and  strongly 
urging  Mr.  Benjamin  to  let  him  buy  the  dog,  if  he  could,  and  go  as  high  as 
two  hundred  pounds,  but  the  dog  was  not  for  sale  at  any  price  at  that  time. 
He  failed  to  get  any  progeny  for  some  time,  but  at  last  they  came — and 
good  ones  at  that. 

It  is  useless  for  fanciers  either  here  or  in  England  to  argue  that  the 
present-day  dog  is  the  same  as  the  old  sort;  those  who  say  so  cannot  have 
any  personal  knowledge  of  what  bulldogs  were  before  Monarch  came  out. 
The  old  ones  were  good  dogs,  undoubtedly.  Strong,  active  bulldogs,  pos- 
sessed of  character,  and  from  conformation  and  strength  fully  fitted  to 
show  that  their  name  was  not  misapplied.  Not  one  of  them,  however, 
would  get  beyond  the  V.H.C.  stage  at  any  show  of  the  present  day  where 
the  breed  was  respectably  represented,  and  then  more  than  likely  it  would 
take  an  all-round  judge  devoid  of  specialty  fads  to  recognise  his  merits. 
Monarch  was  such  a  step  in  advance  in  many  ways  that  he  moved  the  ideal 
mark  quite  a  distance  ahead  and  made  the  breed  more  than  ever  a  fancy 
variety. 

The  first  presentable  bulldog  shown  in  this  country  was  the  light- 
weight Donald,  sent  over  in  company  with  some  bull  and  black-and-tan 
terriers  by  the  Irish  exhibitor,  Sir  William  Verner,  for  the  New  York  show  of 
1880.  This  dog  was  about  the  best  lightweight  in  England  at  that  time, 
and  the  illustration  we  give  is  from  a  photograph  by  Mora  when  the  dog 
was  here.  We  do  not  think  the  dog  was  so  leggy  as  the  photograph  shows 


SOME  OF  THE  VANCROFT  KENNELS  WINNERS 


CH.  SWEET  BRIAR 

An  early  American  winner 


COL.  JOHN   E.  THAYER'S  CH.  BRITOM. 

Undefeated  in  the  American  show  ring 


"THE  BULL  BROKE  LOOSE" 
An  undated  sketch,  probably  about  1820 


The  Bulldog  393 

him  to  be,  but  he  could  not  have  been  a  low  dog,  though  we  do  not  remember 
him  as  any  way  out  of  the  ordinary.  Mr.  Mason  brought  out  with  his 
kennel  of  dogs  the  winner  in  1881,  a  dog  called  Noble,  quite  a  large  winner 
in  England;  and  he  was  also  a  little  long  on  the  leg,  but  very  good  in  head — 
better  than  Donald  a  good  deal.  At  that  time  Mr.  John  P.  Barnard  was 
showing  a  good  many  dogs  in  the  bulldog  classes,  from  which  some  Boston- 
terrier  stock  subsequently  came,  but  they  were  very  poor  bulldogs.  He 
got  a  second  to  Noble  in  1881,  with  Bonnie  Boy,  a  son  of  the  English  dog 
Slenderman.  This  was  a  long-faced  dog,  plain  in  skull.  Mr.  Mortimer 
was  an  exhibitor  that  year,  showing  a  dog  called  Doctor,  after  which  he  had 
a  white  dog  called  Blister.  The  Livingston  Brothers,  of  New  York,  then 
imported  one  or  two  moderate  dogs,  but  no  dogs  of  class  were  brought  over 
by  any  Americans  till  Colonel  John  E.  Thayer,  then  at  Harvard,  took 
hold  of  the  breed.  He  bought  Blister  and  two  or  three  that  had  been 
shown  here,  but  these  were  not  good  enough,  and  we  got  Robinson  Crusoe 
for  him  from  George  Raper,  and  Britomartis  from  Ronald  S.  Barlow;  the 
former  a  fallow  smut  and  the  latter  a  brindle  and  decidedly  the  best  bulldog 
seen  here  up  to  that  time,  though  she  was  rather  long  in  the  back.  She 
had  won  a  number  of  prizes  in  England  and  did  well  here,  winning  first 
at  New  York  from  1885  until  1890,  when  she  was  retired  and  Mr.  Thayer 
severed  his  connection  with  the  breed,  she  being  his  best  and  last  living 
imported  bulldog. 

The  formation  of  the  Bulldog  Club  in  1890  was  a  great  help  to  the 
breed,  which  had  already  received  many  additions  in  the  way  of  new  ex- 
hibitors and  new  dogs.  Mr.  John  H.  Matthews,  of  New  York;  the  late 
E.  Sheffield  Porter,  of  New  Haven;  Mr.  R.  B.  Sawyer,  of  Milwaukee;  the 
Retnor  Kennels  of  New  York,  and  Mr.  C.  D.  Cugle,  of  Hartford,  bought 
dogs,  and  four  of  them  gave  cups  to  the  club,  which  were  competed  for  at 
New  York  show  in  1891.  Mr.  Sawyer  had  meanwhile  gone  abroad,  and 
his  grand  dog,  Harper,  was  now  shown  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Sackett  and  won  the 
Parke  Challenge  Cup  from  Merry  Monarch.  Handsome  Dan,  the  Yale 
bulldog,  was  here  a  winner  in  the  novice  class,  and  in  1892  he  won  third 
in  the  open  class.  This  year  the  Bulldog  Club  obtained  a  much  fuller 
classification  and  a  division  by  weight,  and  forty  dogs  were  entered,  dupli- 
cates being  very  few.  Mr.  Woodward's  kennel  at  Chicago,  which  had  been 
a  prominent  winner  at  Canadian  shows  in  1892  with  Bo'swain,  won  the 
challenge  class  prize,  but  was  beaten  by  the  bitch  Saleni  for  the  Parke  Cup, 


394  The  Dog  Book 

and  also  by  King  Lud  for  the  Porter  Cup  for  the  best  of  the  opposite  sex 
to  the  Parke  Cup  winner.  King  Lud  was  a  worthy  successor  to  Harper, 
who  had  gone  out  West  again  to  Mr.  Woodward's  kennels. 

An  increase  of  50  per  cent,  was  recorded  in  the  entries  for  1893  over 
the  total  for  the  previous  year  at  New  York,  and  there  was  then  no  longer 
any  doubt  as  to  the  future  of  the  bulldog  in  this  country.  Harper  returned 
to  his  old  place  at  the  head  of  the  challenge  class,  but  could  not  beat  Leonidas 
for  the  cup,  the  latter  winning  in  the  open  class  over  forty-five  pounds; 
indeed,  King  Lud  was  also  put  over  Harper  for  one  of  the  specials,  and 
that  by  George  Raper.  For  the  first  time  there  was  an  encouraging  entry 
of  puppies,  but  class  was  lacking  and  none  were  heard  of  again.  Additions 
continued  to  be  made  to  the  list  of  prominent  exhibitors,  and  Colonel 
Hilton's  Woodlawn  Kennels,  Messrs.  E.  K.  Austin,  R.  L.  McCreery,  H. 
C.  Beadleston  and  C.  G.  Hopton  soon  became  familiar  names  to  show 
goers.  These  were  followed  by  Messrs.  J.  H.  Mullen,  of  Brooklyn;  Tyler 
Morse,  of  Boston,  and  W.  C.  Codman,  and  they  are  nearly  all  still  interested 
in  the  breed,  while  of  course  there  were  others  who  were  connected  with 
the  breed  for  a  brief  period. 

The  New  York  display  of  1898  showed  quite  a  radical  change  from 
the  entry  of  three  years  before.  The  present  classification  of  the  American 
Kennel  Club  had  come  into  operation,  and  the  duplication  of  entries  made 
well-filled  classes.  There  were  forty-seven  entries  in  five  dog  classes,  and 
fifty-one  bitches  in  the  corresponding  classes  for  that  sex,  besides  four  in  a 
mixed  sex  class  for  under  twenty-five  pounds.  Mr.  Woodward,  of  Chicago, 
judged  on  this  occasion  and  put  Mr.  Russell  A.  Alger's  Rensal  Dandy  Vena 
over  everything,  for  he  beat  Orient  Don  in  the  novice  and  junior  classes, 
and,  Mr.  Alger  not  being  a  member  of  the  Bulldog  Club,  Orient  Don  won 
the  Challenge  Cup  and  defeated  the  best  bitch,  Glenwood  Queen.  Pleasant, 
also  a  very  good  dog  in  many  ways,  was  third.  This  placing  did  not  give 
entire  satisfaction.  When  Pleasant  and  Dandy  Venn  met  on  three  other 
occasions  that  year  positions  were  reversed,  and  Pleasant  was  first  in 
winner's  classes.  Glenwood  Queen  fully  deserved  her  position,  and  she 
was  always  a  hard  one  to  beat,  even  when  Mr.  Codman  was  showing  her 
when  she  deserved  being  on  the  retired  list.  There  was  nothing  flashy 
about  the  Queen,  but  she  had  properties  of  merit  which  always  commanded 
attention  from  experts.  1899  was  the  Ivel  Rustic  year,  Mr.  Raper  bringing 
his  crack  bulldog  with  him  when  he  came  over  to  judge  at  New  York 


The  Bulldog  395 

He  won  first  in  winner's  class  at  every  show  he  was  at,  but  outside  of  him 
there  was  nothing  new  of  any  account. 

The  Bulldog  Club  held  a  show  soon  after  the  New  York  show,  and 
only  once  since  then  has  the  club  had  a  show  of  its  own,  concentrating  its 
efforts  upon  the  New  York  show,  the  east  end  of  the  Garden  having  for 
several  years  now  been  given  over  to  and  specially  decorated  by  the  Bulldog 
Club. 

With  1900  we  entered  a  new  regime.  Mr.  Joseph  B.  Vandergrift, 
of  Pittsburg,  who  had  been  interested  with  some  friends,  started  on  his  own 
account,  and  within  a  very  brief  space  of  time  got  together  a  grand  collection 
of  bulldogs  of  both  sexes.  At  the  same  time  Mr.  Richard  Croker,  Jr.,  also 
entered  the  fancy,  and  these  two  set  a  pace  that  made  it  hard  for  competitors 
to  keep  up  with.  Mr.  Vandergrift  had  as  his  crack  dog  Katerfelto,  who 
somewhat  resembled  his  sire  King  Orry,  but  was  a  very  much  better  dog, 
and  Mr.  Croker  had  Persimmon,  who  was  unfortunately  a  sick  dog  and 
could  not  be  shown  at  New  York  the  year  of  his  arrival;  but  there  was  a 
good  bitch  from  this  kennel  in  Petramosse,  who  won  the  heavy-weight 
class,  but  was  beaten  in  winners  by  Mr.  Vandergrift's  Housewife.  This 
bitch  did  not  live  long,  which  was  much  to  be  regretted,  for  we  have  always 
considered  her  about  the  best  of  her  sex  we  have  ever  had  in  this  country. 
She  had  no  exaggeration  such  as  we  see  in  some  bulldogs  when  the  excess 
of  some  property  approaches  the  line  which  marks  the  monstrosity,  and 
was  a  bitch  with  the  strength  and  character  of  a  dog.  We  have  had  that 
said  of  other  bull  bitches,  but  Housewife  was  the  only  one  that  has  ever 
appealed  to  us  as  having  this  very  exceptional  characteristic. 

Mr.  Vandergrift's  connection  with  bulldogs  was  unfortunately  very 
short,  and  hardly  had  he  accumulated  what  was  probably  the  grandest 
collection  ever  brought  together  in  one  kennel,  than  it  was  announced 
that  he  had  given  up  exhibiting.  His  last  important  purchase  was  Portland, 
a  dog  that  had  had  a  very  successful  career  in  England.  We  cannot  say 
that  we  altogether  liked  Portland,  for  we  had  been  tuned  up  to  look  upon 
quite  a  different  type  as  the  correct  thing,  and  Portland  was  different  from 
Katerfelto,  Housewife,  Persimmon,  Petramosse,  Glendale  Queen,  Mersham 
Jock  or  others  we  had  recognised  as  correct,  nor  did  he  have  the  same 
look  as  those  we  have  had  from  England  since  then,  and  these  latter  have 
been  in  keeping  with  the  dogs  we  have  just  named.  He  was  owned  in  a 
very  successful  English  kennel,  and  we  think  was  either  extremely  fortunate 


396  The  Dog  Book 

in  his  prominent  wins  or  happened  out  when  his  most  dangerous  rivals  were 
not  in  evidence.  Mr.  Croker's  Rodney  Stone  followed  him  to  this  country, 
and  when  they  met  at  Philadelphia  in  1901  the  order  they  were  placed  in 
was  Rodney  Stone,  Katerfelto,  Portland  and  Mersham  Jock,  the  latter 
not  having  rilled  out  in  body  at  that  time.  Mr.  Codman  was  judge  at 
Philadelphia,  and  he  is  a  very  sound  man  in  the  ring,  going  for  good  type, 
while  at  the  same  time  he  does  not  care  for  anything  like  an  excessive 
exaggeration. 

It  is  very  strange  that  with  all  these  good  dogs  which  had  been  in  the 
country,  more  improvement  was  not  seen  in  the  young  crop  than  was  the 
case.  The  young  ones  were  naturally  very  much  better  than  what  had  been 
shown  some  years  before,  but  they  were  not  very  high  class,  and  the  only 
American  breeder  who  has  had  marked  success  has  been  Mr.  Hopton. 
Mr.  Codman  bred  Glen  Monarch,  but  he  was  practically  an  English  dog, 
for  Glendale  Queen  was  bred  to  Ivel  Rustic  before  being  sent  out. 

Following  closely  upon  the  withdrawing  of  the  Vandergrift  dogs,  over- 
lapping their  later  appearances,  in  fact,  came  the  entry  of  Mr.  T.  W.  Law- 
son,  of  Boston,  and  the  Earlington  Kennels,  of  New  York,  into  the  bulldog 
fancy.  The  former  got  together  by  far  the  larger  number  of  show  dogs, 
and  has  been  very  successful.  The  best  dog  in  the  kennel  is  Fashion,  a 
fawn  dog  with  a  good  amount  of  character  and  no  very  grievous  fault, 
if  we  except  his  long  and  badly  carried  tail. 

In  1902  a  dog  was  shown  at  New  York  which  later  on  caused  a  great 
deal  of  controversy.  This  was  Chibiados,  a  white-and-brindle  dog,  shown 
by  Mr.  E.  K.  Austin.  Mr.  Codman  was  the  judge,  and  put  him  first  in  a 
novice  class  of  twenty-three  entries,  Fashion  coming  second.  Our  catalogue 
comments  on  the  winner  were  exceedingly  favourable,  much  more  so  than 
with  regard  to  Fashion,  which  had  been  boomed  by  his  former  owner  with 
the  view  of  a  good  sale  in  America,  and  he  was  not  all  that  fancy  painted 
him  when  it  came  to  a  look  at  the  dog.  He  has  much  improved  since  then, 
and  we  are  speaking  of  him  as  he  was  in  1902.  Chibiados  then  beat  the 
flat-under-jawed  Rodney  Grabber  in  both  limit  and  open  lightweight  bull- 
dogs, and  finally  got  the  reserve  to  Portland  in  winners,  thus  defeating 
Mersham  Jock,  a  heavy-weight  he  had  not  met  in  his  classes.  Katerfelto 
died  just  before  the  show,  and  Rodney  Stone  and  Persimmon  were  entered 
but  not  shown.  The  classes,  though  large,  did  not  have  so  many  good 
dogs  at  the  top  as  we  had  seen  at  a  few  previous  shows,  but  Chibiados 


CH.  PRINCE  ALBERT 


Photo  by  Hedges.  Lytha 

DUKE  OF  ALBEMARLE 


Photo  by  Thos.  Pall,  Lento 


BOOMERANG  AND  KATERFELTO 
Mr.  Luke  Crabtree  of  Manchester  at  one  time  owned  both,  and  sold  Katerfelto  to  Mr.  J.  B.  Vandergrift  of  Pittsburg 


The  Bulldog  397 

nevertheless  did  all  that  could  be  expected  of  anything  but  a  phenomenal 
lightweight.  Mr.  Austin  subsequently  sold  Chibiados  and  was  appointed 
to  judge  the  breed  the  next  year.  Chibiados  was  entered,  and  he  defeated 
Rodney  Stone  and  Ivel  Doctor,  two  he  had  not  met  before,  the  latter  getting 
the  reserve  in  winners.  Mr.  Austin  was  hit  at  pretty  hard,  but  the  grumblers 
had  little  reason  for  all  they  said.  Rodney  Stone  was  a  very  sick  dog,  and 
Mr.  Austin  was  judging  the  dog  as  he  saw  him  in  the  ring  and  not  upon  his 
past  record.  Rodney  Stone  was  also  defeated  by  Ivel  Doctor  at  the  following 
show  held  at  Orange,  N.  J.,  but  he  did  beat  Chibiados  in  the  lightweight 
class.  Mr.  LeCato  was  judge,  and  his  reversal  of  the  New  York  positions 
was  in  accordance  with  much  of  the  ringside  criticism. 

When  it  came  to  New  York  once  more,  in  1904,  a  well-known  and 
thoroughly  competent  English  exhibitor  and  judge  was  engaged  specially 
for  bulldogs  and  bull  terriers.  This  was  Mr.  W.  J.  Pegg,  whose  kennel 
name  of  Woodcote  is  widely  known  owing  to  the  high  class  of  the  dogs 
he  has  shown  with  that  prefix.  Under  Mr.  Pegg  Chibiados  won  in  his 
class  and  defeated  every  dog  he  had  been  placed  over  by  Mr.  Austin,  except 
Ivel  Doctor,  who  got  first  in  winners,  with  a  new  dog,  Sir  Lancelot,  as  reserve. 
Fashion,  under  Mr.  Pegg,  went  back  to  V.H.C.,  and  he  has  seldom  got 
high  honours  except  under  American  judges.  Among  other  high-class 
dogs  that  Chibiados  beat  on  this  occasion  was  Rolyat,  one  of  the  very  best- 
headed  dogs  we  have  ever  had;  and  Rodney  Smasher,  now  unfortunately 
added  to  the  number  of  bulldogs  suffocated  when  travelling  in  the  closed 
boxes  fancy  says  shall  alone  be  provided  for  bulldogs.  At  a  very  early 
age  Rodney  Smasher  won  his  championship,  and  at  this  show  won  the 
Waldorf-Astoria  Cup  for  the  best  American-bred  dog.  Another  defeated  dog 
was  Persimmon,  and  Chibiados  beat  him  for  the  Club  Specials.  Bearing 
in  mind  that  this  is  a  lightweight  dog,  and  as  "a  good  big  'un  will  always 
beat  a  good  little  'un,"  it  must  be  admitted  that  Chibiados  is  not  only  a 
good  dog,  but  that  Mr.  Austin  was  amply  justified  in  considering  him  a 
dog  of  class  and  placing  him  where  he  did  on  the  occasion  when  he  was  so 
much  criticised. 

There  is  no  question  as  to  the  assured  future  of  the  bulldog  in  this 
country,  for  there  are  more  individual  exhibitors  in  the  fancy  than  in  most 
breeds,  and  bulldog  fanciers  are  not  so  ephemeral  as  are  many  others,  but 
last,  unless  there  is  some  urgent  necessity  for  their  giving  them  up.  Those 
who  once  take  to  the  breed  seem  to  imbibe  something  of  the  holding-on 


398  The  Dog  Book 

power  of  the  dogs  themselves,  and  it  is  noticeable  in  America,  perhaps  more 
so  than  in  England,  that  our  staunchest  bulldog  men  have  good  square  jaws 
and  a  look  displaying  strength  of  character  and  resolution.  It  really  takes 
men  of  that  character  to  hope  for  success  in  the  disappointments  of  breed- 
ing a  good  dog  when  the  requirements  are  so  many.  As  a  prominent  fancier 
of  the  breed  aptly  put  it:  "Breeding  bulldogs  is  not  a  weak  man's  game." 

The  difficulties  in  breeding  bulldogs  are  many.  There  is  first  the 
getting  a  bitch  that  will  breed,  for  many  are  incapable  and  others  are 
extremely  shy.  Then  the  demands  of  fancy  for  a  waspish  waist  and  pinched 
loin  often  renders  the  birth  of  puppies  very  hazardous.  Finally,  if  the 
puppies  are  born  alive  and  the  dam  survives,  will  she  suckle  her  puppies  ? 
A  bull  bitch  that  will  rear  her  own  puppies  and  is  a  sure  breeder  is  the  most 
expensive  thing  in  the  way  of  a  brood  bitch  that  is  on  the  market.  For  the 
reasons  stated  we  find  that  a  large  number  of  the  best  bulldogs  are  from 
unknown  dams,  so  far  as  show  records  are  concerned.  These  dams  are 
well  bred  and  close  relatives  to  the  very  best  dogs,  but  individually  they 
are  more  of  the  kind  that  a  dog  man  will  style  "a  rare  good  one  to  breed 
from.'*  While  not  up  to  show  form  these  are,  if  breeders,  capable  of  giving 
birth  to  their  puppies  without  any  more  than  the  normal  amount  of  risk, 
and  will  rear  them  without  assistance.  For  such  a  one  a  breeder  of  bulldogs 
will  willingly  give  up  in  the  hundreds  of  dollars. 

The  difficulty  of  describing  what  a  bulldog  should  be  is  happily  in  our  case 
evaded  by  the  many  illustrations  we  give  of  good  dogs,  and  with  these  and 
the  elaborate  descriptive  points  of  the  standard  as  a  guide  to  the  study  of 
a  bulldog's  properties  the  novice  will  get  a  clear  idea  of  what  is  required. 
It  is  a  case  resembling  an  attempt  to  convey  to  someone  who  has  never  seen 
lower  Broadway  what  that  wonderful  architectural  canyon  looks  like, 
merely  by  a  written  description  and  without  an  accompanying  photograph. 
We  give  the  pictures  and  the  key  thereto. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Mouth. — Width  and  squareness  of  jaw  (2);  projection  and  upward  turn 
of  the  lower  jaw  (2);  size  and  condition  of  teeth  (i)  —  5. 

Chop. — Breadth  (2);  depth  (2);  complete  covering  of  front  teeth  (i)  —  5. 

Face. — Shortness  (i);  breadth  (i);  depth  (i);  shape  and  upward  turn 
of  muzzle  (i);  wrinkles  (i)  —  5. 


The  Bulldog  399 

Stop  .—Depth  (2);  breadth  (2);  extent  (i)~  5- 

Skull.— Size  (5);  height  (i);  breadth  and  squareness  (3);  shape  (2); 
wrinkles  (4)  —  15. 

Eyes.— Position  (2);  size  (i);  shape  (i);  colour  (i)  —  5. 

jEarr.— Position  (i);  shape  (i£);  size  (i£);  thinness  (i)  —  5. 

Chest  and  Neck.— Length  (i);  thickness  (i);  arch  (i);  dewlap  (i); 
width,  depth,  and  roundness  of  chest  (i)  —  5. 

Shoulders.— Size  (2);  breadth  (2);  muscle  (i)  —  5. 

Body.— Depth  and  thickness  of  brisket  (2);  capacity  and  roundness  of 

ribs  (3)  —  5. 

Back,  Roach.— Shortness  (2);  width  of  shoulders  (i);   shape,  strength 

and  arch  at  loin  (2)  —  5. 

Fore  Legs.— Stoutness  (ifc);  shortness  (ij);  development  (i);  feet  (i) 

Hind  Legs.— Stoutness  (i);  length  (i);  shape  and  development  (2); 
feet  (i)  —  5. 

Size,   5-  Ta*l>  5- 

Coat,  5.  General  Appearance,  IO. 

Total,   100. 


CHAPTER  XXVI 


THE  TERRIER 

T  WILL  be  necessary  to  treat  the  terrier  family  much  as  we 
did  the  spaniels,  by  giving  a  general  introduction,  which 
will,  cover  the  ground  from  our  first  information  regarding 
them  up  to  quite  a  recent  date,  considering  what  is  known 
of  quite  a  number  of  breeds.  The  most  singular  thing 
with  regard  to  this  group  of  dogs  is  that  while  writer  after  writer  on 
dogs  of  England  has  been  so  keen  to  prove  that  the  mastiff  and  the  bulldog 
were  purely  productions  of  the  British  Isles,  they  have  entirely  ignored  the 
one  breed  group  about  which  there  could  be  no  dispute.  It  is  easy  to  find 
European  dogs  with  a  decidedly  family  resemblance  to  mastiffs  even  of  the 
present  time  and  to  the  bulldog  of  thirty  to  fifty  years  ago,  but  we  have 
failed  to  find  anything  like  a  terrier  outside  of  the  German  pintscher,  which 
has  a  terrier  resemblance.  Whereas  in  the  British  Isles  there  is  not  only 
one  but  a  group  of  breeds  only  differing  in  type,  but  all  with  the  same  gen- 
eral character  of  game,  vermin  dogs  and  useful  companions. 

Our  readers  will  by  this  time  have  had  every  evidence  that  we  have  no 
belief  in  spontaneous  origin  of  breeds,  but  that  lack  of  care  in  breeding 
and  the  crossing  of  various  dogs  of  different  sizes  and  characters  produced 
others  that  differed  and  were  found  useful  for  certain  sports  or  certain  pur- 
poses. In  the  old  books  terriers  are  occasionally  mentioned  with  what  to 
our  present-day  notions  are  ridiculous  associations.  Mongrel  mastiffs,  or 
mongrel  greyhounds  are  some  of  the  terms  used,  and  we  thereupon  laugh 
at  the  terrier  being  kin  to  our  huge  mastiff.  The  old  writer,  however,  never 
thought  of  saying  that  he  was  a  half-bred  bear-fighting  mastiff,  but  was  from 
one  of  the  smaller  specimens  of  the  common  dogs  then  grouped  as  mastiffs, 
Caius's  table  of  which  will  be  found  in  the  preceding  chapter.  So 
with  the  greyhound  there  were  what  were  called  greyhounds  for  many 
different  sports.  Caius  mentions  greyhounds  as  used  for  deer,  fox  "and 
other  beastes  of  semblable  kinde  ordained  for  the  game  of  hunting 

Some  are  of  a  greater  sorte  and  some  of  a  lesser,  some  are  smooth  skynned 

401 


4O2  The  Dog  Book 

and  some  are  curled,  the  bigger  therfor  are  appoynted  to  hunt  the  bigger 
beastes,  and  the  smaller  serve  to  hunt  the  smaller  accordingly."  Caius 
places  the  terrier  in  the  same  section  as  the  hounds,  following  what  he  called 
the  harrier,  but  which  was  his  group  name  for  all  scenting  hounds  outside 
of  bloodhounds,  and  preceding  the  latter  in  his  description  order,  which  is 
a  decidedly  honourable  position  for  the  terrier  to  occupy,  ranking  him  with 
dogs  "of  a  gentle  kind." 

That  the  terrier  was  really  entitled  to  rank  with  hounds  is  not  to  be 
readily  disputed,  for,  taking  a  broad  view  of  the  groups  of  terriers,  there  is 
more  or  less  resemblance  to  the  hounds  that  were  kept  in  various  districts. 
Thus  in  England  the  oldest  mention  of  the  colour  of  terriers  shows  the  black 
and  tan  of  the  hound  to  be  then  the  prevailing  terrier  colour.  In  Scotland 
the  colours  have  always  been  those  of  the  Scotch  deerhounds — fawns  and 
brindles — where  the  deerhound  prevailed,  while  along  the  Border,  where 
the  sleuth  hounds  were  kept,  we  have  a  heavier  eared  terrier.  In  Ireland 
the  terrier  favours  the  wolfhound  in  colour  and  contour.  It  seems  reason- 
able therefore  to  conclude  that  terriers  were  small  mongrels  in  which  hound 
blood  formed  considerable  part,  and  that  the  rough  coats  and  sprightliness 
came  from  greyhound  infusions,  so  there  was  nothing  at  all  incongruous  in 
calling  them  half-bred  greyhounds  or  recommending  a  cross  of  bastard 
mastiffs  and  beagles. 

The  dog-show  visitor  of  the  present  sees  an  array  of  terriers,  each 
variety  thoroughly  distinct  in  type  one  from  the  other,  and  can  with  difficulty, 
if  at  all,  realise  that  this  has  been  accomplished  in  considerable  less  than  a 
century;  not  but  what  there  were  varieties  longer  ago  than  that,  but  they 
were  few,  and  the  great  majority  were  simply  terriers  except  when  it  came 
to  the  black-and-tan  smooth  terrier,  which  was  so  called,  and  the  universal 
sandy,  rough-coated  dog  which  went  by  the  name  of  Scotch  terrier.  To 
modern  terrier  men  who  can  hardly  appreciate  what  the  conditions  were  in 
England  even  as  late  as  1860,  it  is  still  more  difficult  to  understand  that  while 
dogs  that  went  to  .earth  after  foxes  and  badgers  were  called  terriers,  they 
might  be  anything  in  the  way  of  breeding. 

The  first  description  from  Caius,  1565,  is  devoid  of  all  particulars  as 
to  the  dogs  themselves  being  simply  confined  to  what  they  did : 

"Of  the  Dogge  called  Terrar,  in  Latine  Terrarius, 

"Another  sorte  of  hunting  dog  there  is  which  hunteth  the  Foxe  and 
the  Badger  or  Greye  onely,  whom  we  call  Terrars,  because  they  (after  the 


THE  TERRIER 
By  Bewick,  1790 


A  HOW  ITT  ETCHING,  1809 


"CONY  CATCHING 

By  Barlow  (1626-1702) 
Showing  small  dogs  of  greyhound  terrier  type 


THE   WARREN  "RABBIT   SHOOTING 

Two  uf  A.  Cooper's  paintings.    About  1830 


The  Terrier  403 

manner  and  custome  of  ferrets  in  searching  for  Connyes),  creepe  into  the 
grounde,  and  by  that  meanes  make  afrayde,  nyppe,  and  byte  the  Fox  and 
the  Badger  in  such  sort,  that  eyther  they  teare  them  in  pieces  with  theyr 
teeth  beyng  in  the  bosome  of  the  earth  or  else  hayle  and  pull  them  per- 
force out  of  their  lurking  angles,  darke  dongeons,  and  close  caves,  or  at 
the  least  through  coceved  feare  drive  them  out  of  their  hollow  harbours,  in 
so  much  that  they  are  compelled  to  prepare  speedy  flight,  and  being  desirous 
of  the  next  (albeit  not  the  safest)  refuge,  are  otherwise  taken  and  intrapped 
with  snares  and  nettes  layde  over  holes  to  the  same  purpose.  But  these  be 
the  least  in  that  kind  of  Sagax." 

To  say  that  they  were  small  was  hardly  necessary,  the  guide  to  their 
size  being  well  established  by  the  work  they  did.  That  description  of  the 
terrier  did  duty  for  many  long  years,  and  as  late  as  1735  it  was  reproduced, 
as  it  had  been  by  nearly  all  the  interim  writers,  in  the  "Sportsman's  Dic- 
tionary," as  follows:  "Terrier,  a  kind  of  hound,  used  only,  or  chiefly  for 
hunting  the  fox  or  badger.  So  called  because  he  creeps  into  the  ground 
as  the  ferrets  do  into  the  coney-burrows,  and  there  nips  and  bites  the  fox 
and  badger,  either  by  tearing  them  in  pieces  with  his  teeth,  or  else  hailing 
and  pulling  them  by  force  out  of  their  lurking  holes;  or  at  least  driving  them 
out  of  their  hollow  harbours,  to  be  taken  by  a  net,  or  otherwise." 

There  is  another  quotation  which  was  handed  down  from  one  to 
another  of  the  old  writers,  and  has  proved  a  great  stumbling  block  against 
which  recent  writers  have  stubbed  their  toes.  Jacques  du  Fouilloux  wrote 
a  French  book  which  he  called  "La  Venerie,"  and  in  it  he  described  fox 
and  badger  hunting  underground,  as  it  was  practised  in  France.  We  have 
not  seen  this  book  in  the  original,  or  any  French  quotation  or  direct  transla- 
tion, but  we  do  know  that  he  was  cribbed  from  right  along  the  line.  Tur- 
berville's  "Noble  Art  of  Venerie  or  Hunting"  is  simply  a  translation.  Dr. 
Stevens  compiled  the  "Maison  Rustique,"  published  in  Paris  in  1572,  eleven 
years  after  du  Fouilloux  published  his  book,  and  copied  from  the  latter. 
Stevens  was  apparently  translated  by  Surflet,  for  he  and  Turberville  do  not 
quite  agree,  but  it  is  very  plain  that  all  have  the  one  origin  in  Du  Fouilloux. 

Stevens's  French  quotation  begins  as  follows:  "Deux  sortes  de  Bassets 
pour  courier  les  regnards  et  tessons:  Q  Vant  a  la  chasse  des  regnards  et  tessons, 
elle  se  fait  avec  cbiens  de  terre,  autrement  dits  Bassets,  lequel  sont  de  deux 
especes" 

The  English  version  in  its  complete  state,  as  given  by  Surflet,  is  this: 


404  The  Dog  Book 

"Two  sorts  of  Earth  dogs:  The  hunting  of  the  fox  and  brocke,  to  bee 
performed  with  Earth  dogs,  which  are  of  two  sorts:  the  one  hath  crooked 
legs  and  commonly  short  haired:  the  other  hath  straight  legs  and  shagd  hair 
like  Water  spaniels,  those  which  have  the  crooked  legs  creep  more  easilie 
into  the  earth  than  the  others,  and  they  are  best  for  the  brocks,  bicause 
they  stay  long  there,  and  keepe  better  without  coming  forth.  Those  which 
have  straight  legs  serve  for  two  uses,  bicause  they  run  as  coursing  dogs 
above  ground,  and  also  take  the  earth  more  boldly  than  the  other,  but  they 
tarrie  not  in  so  long,  bicause  they  vexe  themselves  in  fighting  with  the 
foxes  and  brocks,  whereby  they  are  forced  to  come  forth  to  take  the  aire." 

Turberville's  translation  was  from  Du  Fouilloux   and   is  as  follows: 

"Now  to  speak  of  the  foxhounds  and  terriers,  and  how  you  are  to  enter 
them  to  take  the  foxe,  the  badgerd,  and  such  like  vermin;  you  must  under- 
stand that  there  are  two  sorts  of  terriers,  whereof  wee  hold  opinion  that  one 
sort  came  out  of  Flanders  or  the  low  countries,  as  Artoyes  and  thereabouts 
and  they  have  crooked  legges  and  are  short  heared  moste  commonly. 
Another  sorte  there  is  which  are  shagged  and  straight  legged:  those  with 
the  crooked  legges  will  take  earth  better  than  the  other  and  are  better  for 
the  badgerd,  bycause  they  will  lye  longer  at  a  vermin:  but  the  others  with 
straight  legges  do  serve  for  twoo  purposes,  for  they  wyll  hunte  above  the 
grounde  as  well  as  other  houndes,  and  enter  the  earth  with  more  furie  than 
the  others:  but  they  will  not  abide  so  long,  bycause  they  are  too  eager  to 
fight,  and  therefore  are  constreyned  to  come  out  to  take  the  ayre:  there  are 
both  good  and  badde  of  both  [sortes."  Turberville,  in  place  of  giving  it 
"dogs  for  the  earth,  otherwise  called  Bassets,"  gives  them  the  English 
name  only. 

Mutilated  more  or  less,  this  description  of  French  bassets  did  duty  as 
the  description  of  English  terriers  as  late  as  the  eighteenth  century.  In 
our  1721  edition  of  Cox's  "Gentleman's  Recreation"  it  is  given  thus:  "Of 
terriers  there  are  two  sorts.  The  one  is  crooked-legg'd  and  commonly 
short  haired :  And  these  will  take  Earth  well,  and  will  lie  very  long  at  Fox 
and  Badger.  The  other  sort  is  shagged  and  straight  legged:  And  these 
will  not  only  hunt  above  ground  as  others,  but  also  enter  the  Earth  with 
much  more  fury  than  the  former;  but  cannot  stay  in  so  long  by  reason  of 
their  great  eagerness." 

Blome  is  the  only  one  who  broke  away  from  the  French  description  of 
bassets  for  terriers,  although  he  cribbed  wholesale  from  Du  Fouilloux 


ORIGINAL  YORKSHIRE  TERRIER 

THE  BROKEN-HAIRED  TERRIER 
Latar  the  wire-haired  fox  terrier 


THE  SMOOTH  BLACK-AND-TAN  TERRIER 
TERRIERS    IN    "  STONEHENGE  ' 


Representing  te.riers  '•  other  tnan  Slcye,  Dandie  and  (ox  "  o(  1868-1873 


TERRIERS   OF   A   CENTURY   AGO 

Thi,  nictures  referred  to  in  the  text  as  erroneously  attributed  to  J.  M.  Roos.     The  two  dogs  immediately  behind  the  white 

are  red      The  one  in  the  background  and  that  to  the  right  climbing  over  the  wheelbarrow  are  black-and-t  m 


The  Terrier  405 

in  almost  everything  else.  What  he  says  of  terriers  is  this:  "As-  concen^ing 
Terriers,  every  one  that  is  a  fox  hunter  is  of  opinion  that  he  hath' a  peculiar 
species  of  itself.  I  shall  not  say  anything  as  to  the  affirmative  or  negative 
point.  Only  give  me  leave  to  say  that  such  terriers  as  are  bred  out  of  a 
Beagle  and  mongrel  mastiff  generally  prove  good,  for  he  hath  courage  and 
a  thick  skin  as  participating  of  the  cur  and  is  mouthed  from  the  beagle." 
Describing  the  terrier  more  fully,  he  goes  on  to  say:  "This  is  a  very  small 
dog  and  used  for  hunting  the  fox  and  badger,  his  business  being  to  go  into 
the  earths,  and  to  bay  them — that  is  to  keep  them  in  an  angle  (a  fox's  earth 
having  divers)  whilst  they  are  dug  out;  for  by  their  baying  or  barking  'tis 
known  whereabouts  the  fox  is,  that  he  may  be  the  better  dug  out;  and  for 
this  use  the  terrier  is  very  serviceable,  being  of  an  admirable  scent  to  find 
out.  They  commonly  keep  a  couple  of  terriers  to  the  end  they  may  put  in 
a  fresh  one  to  relieve  the  first." 

In  a  series  of  four  fox-hunting  plates  from  Blome's  book  there  is  one 
of  digging  the  fox  out.  The  hounds  are  waiting  about  outside  the  earth, 
by  the  side  of  which  a  huntsman  is  holding  a  leggy,  lightly  built  dog,  not 
differing  essentially  from  many  of  the  hounds,  but  the  drawing  and  engrav- 
ing are  not  of  the  best  even  for  that  period. 

What  is  apparent  from  Blome  is  that  there  was  no  definite  breed,  but 
only  dogs  bred  to  go  to  earth,  every  person  breeding  for  that  purpose  alone 
and  not  for  definiteness  of  type.  Mr.  J.  A.  Doyle,  in  his  article  on  the  fox 
terrier  in  "The  Book  of  the  Dog,"  finds  this  beagle  and  mongrel  mastiff 
mixture  very  amusing.  But  those  who  have  read  what  we  had  to  say 
regarding  the  cur,  bandog  and  mastiff  in  the  chapters  on  the  smooth  sheep 
dog  and  the  bulldog,  will  not  think  it  at  all  out  of  the  way. 
The  term  mastiff  included  the  whole  family  of  useful  dogs  other  than  hounds, 
spaniels,  terriers  and  toys.  The  name  covered  the  large  bear-baiting  dog, 
the  smaller  bull-baiting  dog,  the  watchdog  or  bandog,  and  the  still  lighter 
shepherd's  mastiff  or  cur,  which  name  was  not  then  a  term  of  reproach. 
We  have  not  said  anything  with  regard  to  the  beagle,  but  so  far  as  we  have 
gone  into  the  subject  of  the  name  we  incline  to  the  opinion,  though  we  are 
not  pledged  to  the  statement,  that  it  was  a  term  akin  to  our  use  of  the  word 
toy.  There  was  an  old  English  word  beagle  that  meant  a  man  that  was  not 
of  much  account — a  useless  sort  of  fellow — and  one  can  readily  understand 
that  when  the  beagles  were  reduced  to  the  "glove"  size  hunting  men  would 
ridicule  the  idea  of  their  being  of  any  use;  and  as  we  would  now  say,  "They 


4p6: .  ^ ;  The  Dog  Book 


io  good,  they  are  toys,"  they  would  have  said  that  they  were  beagles, 
quite  Useless  for  genuine  hunting. 

With  those  explanations  there  is  nothing  so  very  strange  in  recommend- 
ing a  cross  between  a  common,  game,  knockabout  dog  and  another  small 
dog  that  would  give  tongue  in  the  earth.  It  was  probably  in  this  way  that 
the  white  colour  was  introduced  in  the  terriers. 

Daniel,  in  1802,  says:  "There  are  two  kinds,  the  one  is  rough,  short 
legged,  long  backed,  very  strong,  and  most  commonly  of  a  black  or  yellowish 
colour,  mixt  with  white;  the  other  is  smooth  haired,  and  beautifully  formed, 
having  a  shorter  body  and  more  sprightly  appearance,  is  generally  of  a 
reddish  brown  colour  or  black  with  tanned  legs;  both  these  sorts  are  the 
determined  foe  of  all  the  vermin  kind,  and  in  their  encounter  with  the  badger 
very  frequently  meet  with  severe  treatment,  which  they  sustain  with  great 
courage,  and  a  well-trained  terrier  often  proves  more  than  a  match  for  that 
animal." 

The  first  really  good  description  of  variety  in  terriers  is  that  given  by 
Taplin,  who  issued  a  "Sportsman's  Dictionary"  in  1803.  Under  the  head 
of  terriers  he  says:  "Terriers  of  even  the  best  blood  are  bred  ot  all  colours: 
red,  black  (with  tan  faces,  flanks,  feet  and  legs)  brindled  sandy;  some  few 
brown  pied,  white  pied  and  pure  white;  as  well  as  one  sort  of  each  colour, 
rough  and  wire-haired;  the  other  soft  and  smooth,  and  what  is  rather  ex- 
traordinary, the  latter  not  much  deficient  in  courage  with  the  former;  but  the 
rough  breed  must  be  acknowledged  the  most  severe  and  invincible  biter 
of  the  two.  Since  fox  hunting  is  so  deservedly  and  universally  popular  in 
every  county  where  it  can  be  enjoyed,  these  faithful  little  animals  have 
become  so  exceedingly  fashionable  that  few  stables  of  the  independent 
are  seen  without  them.  Four  or  five  guineas  is  no  great  price  for  a  hand- 
some, well  bred  terrier,  and  a  very  short  time  since  seven  puppies  were  sold 
at  the  Running  Horse  livery  stable  in  Piccadilly  for  one  and  twenty  guineas 
[the  dam  of  these  puppies  is  the  white  bitch  in  the  Reinagle  picture],  and 
these  at  this  time  are  as  true  a  breed  of  the  small  sort  as  any  in  England." 
Another  book  of  the  same  class  issued  ten  years  later  mentioned  the 
coming  popularity  of  the  harlequin  variety,  the  white  with  black-and-tan 
markings,  which  variety  was  promoted  by  Colonel  Thornton  through  his 
celebrated  terrier  Pitch.  Daniel  Lambert  also  had  a  famed  strain  of 
terriers,  but  we  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain  what  they  were  in  regard 
to  colour. 


TERRIERS    BY    ALKEN 


These  are  reproductions  of  sketches  hy  Henry  Alken,  the  lower  one  being  entitled  ••  Scraps  From  the  Sketch  Book  of  Henry  Alken."  Roth 
were  eneraved  hy  him  and  published  in  i8ao.  Although  mainly  bull  terriers  these  are  preferably  inserted  here  with  the  other  illustra- 
tions  of  early  terriers. 


The  Terrier  407 

The  first  of  our  illustrations  of  early  terriers  is  that  of  rabbit  hunting 
with  ferrets  and  nets,  the  work  of  Francis  Barlow,  the  dogs  shown  being 
of  the  light  greyhound  type,  and  of  small  size.  Barlow  lived  from  1630  to 
1702,  and  we  have  not  so  far  come  across  anything  distinctly  terrier  in  his 
engravings.  One  of  the  Strada  engravings,  of  which  we  gave  an  example 
in  the  chapter  on  the  pointer,  is  very  similar  to  this  one  by  Barlow,  but  the 
dogs  are  even  less  like  our  terriers  than  these  by  Barlow,  Strada  making  his 
dogs  fat  and  podgy  as  a  usual  thing.  If  we  did  find  terriers  in  the  Strada 
collection  or  in  the  engravings  by  Galla  or  his  family,  that  would  upset 
our  theory  that  the  terrier  is  entirely  English  in  its  development.  On 
this  subject  we  received  rather  a  shock  when  we  came  across  two 
paintings,  said  to  be  by  Jan  Melchoir  Roos,  whose  name  of  course 
suggested  dogs  of  Continental  origin.  There  was  no  question  whatever 
as  to  the  dogs  being  terriers,  and  that  they  were  painted  by  some  one 
who  had  a  cleverness  or  ability  to  depict  character.  The  dogs  speak  for 
themselves,  and  we  think  all  dog  men  will  concede  that  the  man  who  put 
them  on  canvas  knew  a  dog.  The  art  side  of  the  question  is  another  thing, 
but  how  many  of  the  great  artists  could  have  thrown  so  much  type  and 
character  into  such  drawings.  We  found  that  the  father  of  this  Roos  had 
been  in  England  after  completing  his  studies  in  Amsterdam,  and  as  the 
initials  were  an  R,  preceded  by  what  was  probably  meant  for  J,  with  a  middle 
letter  which  might  be  H  or  M  or  any  one  of  several  letters,  it  was  not  a  thing 
to  pass  without  investigation,  indifferent  as  the  paintings  were. 

We  had  in  mind  that  Mr.  J.  A.  Doyle,  an  eminent  fox-terrier  authority 
had  stated  in  the  "  Book  of  the  Dog"  that  there  was  great  difficulty  in  getting 
information  from  old  paintings  suitable  for  help  in  compiling  a  history  of 
the  breed,  but  that  he  had  found  at  Vienna  a  picture  by  a  Dutch  painter 
named  Hamilton  in  which  there  was  a  white  wire-haired  terrier,  quite  char- 
acteristic of  the  modern  show  terrier,  but  with  a  pink  nose.  The  dog  had  drop 
ears  and  what  looked  like  a  hard  wiry  coat,  and  the  shape  of  the  head  and  its 
expression  together  with  the  attitude  and  outline  were  thoroughly  terrier- 
like.  Hamilton  he  said  was  a  painter  of  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  That  was  about  the  Roos  period  and  called  for  investigation. 
Hamilton  we  found  was  the  son  of  a  Scotchman  who  left  his  country  toward 
the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century  and  settled  in  Brussels  as  a  painter. 
Two  of  his  sons  studied  under  him  and  both  went  to  Vienna.  There  is 
nothing  in  the  record  to  show  that  either  of  the  sons  went  to  England,  so 


408  The  Dog  Book 

whether  the  one  who  painted  this  white  terrier  supplied  something  from 
his  own  studies  under  his  father  or  drew  from  some  dog  he  happened  to 
come  across  is  an  open  question. 

What  we  know  to  be  facts  regarding  the  two  "Roos"  paintings  is  that 
the  gentleman  who  has  them  has  knowledge  of  them  for  forty  years,  they 
having  been  the  property  of  a  gentleman  who  married  into  the  present 
owner's  family.  The  elder  gentleman  had  at  that  time  been  a  widower 
for  ten  years  and  during  that  period  his  effects  had  been  stored  away,  these 
paintings  with  them.  The  old  gentleman  was  an  American,  and  no  one  has 
any  idea  where  or  when  he  got  them  or  how  long  he  had  them  before  they 
were  stored,  but  our  informant  says  that  when  he  first  knew  them  they 
were  in  wide  partly  carved  frames,  and  for  some  reason  were  thought  a 
good  deal  of.  These  frames  gradually  went  to  pieces,  and  the  present 
owner  took  the  canvases  out  of  what  was  left  of  them  about  twelve  years 
ago.  When  he  first  knew  them  the  frames  and  the  paintings  both  looked 
very  old.  The  Roos  story  came  recently  from  a  friend  of  his  and  was  not 
family  history. 

We  found  some  difficulty  in  getting  any  competent  person  to  interest 
himself  sufficiently  to  give  a  sound  opinion  as  to  the  probable  age  and  the 
possibility  of  their  being  the  work  of  a  foreign  artist.  We  have  seen  what 
we  call  "guessing"  in  the  judges'  ring  at  dog  shows,  but  nothing  to  the 
guessing  of  experts  in  the  opinions  we  were  favoured  with.  One  eminent 
authority  informed  us  that  it  was  impossible  for  them  to  be  over  twenty-five 
years  old,  and  that  they  were  "copies  of  a  well-known  painting  by  Landseer 
or  somebody."  Finally  we  had  the  good  fortune  to  meet  Mr.  Royal  Cortis- 
soz,  of  New  York,  to  whom  we  told  our  tale  of  inability  to  get  an  opinion 
that  would  hold  water.  A  kind  invitation  to  submit  the  canvases  to  him 
at  once  followed.  Everybody  had  treated  our  inquiries  as  if  we  wanted  to 
boom  some  worthless  daubs,  but  our  new  friend  got  our  idea,  which  was 
merely  to  get  an  approximate  date  of  the  painter's  work.  His  opinion  was 
that  they  were  English,  and  probably  early  nineteenth  century,  that  they 
were  not  the  work  of  any  good  man,  but  some  clever  fellow  in  that  particular 
line  of  dog  delineation  not  otherwise  an  artist.  We  only  use  one  of  the 
paintings,  that  showing  a  white  dog  facing  the  right,  with  two  red  dogs 
immediately  behind  it;  a  black-and-tan  dog,  head  on,  is  running  toward 
the  white  dog  and  another  black-and-tan  is  climbing  over  the  overturned 
wheelbarrow  to  the  right,  below  which  the  rat  is  seeking  to  escape. 


TERRTER   AND    BADGER 
By  G.  Hobday 


TO  BE  DELIVERED  IMMEDIATELY  " 
By  D.  Armfield.    Published  1859 


"KEEP   QUIET"  "WILD    BOAR   AND   SAUFINDER  " 

By  G.  B.  Spalding  Etching  by  Lieut.-Col.  Batty.     No  date 

TERRIERS     FROM     1830     TO     1860 

The  Saufiuder  was  a  German  dog  of  terrier  character,  the  name  of  which  Col.  Hamilton  Smith  attributes  to  Ridinger  (1735) 


Terriers,  by  Reinagle,  "  Sportsman's  Cabinet,"  1803.    (See  page  406;. 


The  Terrier  409 

The  other  painting  is  less  distinct  so  we  have  not  reproduced  it.  It 
shows  but  three  dogs,  one  of  each  colour. 

That  is  quite  sufficient  for  our  purpose,  our  contention  being  that 
terriers  were  not  and  are  not  a  Continental  breed,  and  that  rough  dogs  were 
almost  invariably  drawn  and  painted  by  artists  of  one  hundred  years  ago. 
What  we  have  been  endeavouring  for  some  time  to  get  hold  of  is  some 
illustration  of  badger  drawing  or  going  to  earth  for  badger,  from  about  1600 
up  to  1750,  showing  how  it  was  conducted  in  England.  We  have  Strada's 
illustration  of  badger  hunting  from  a  Dutch  point  of  view,  but  according  to 
the  latin  verse  descriptive  of  the  sport  they  were  snared  or  were  smoked 
or  dug  out  for  the  dogs  to  kill.  We  think  there  is  a  great  field  for  original 
search  in  such  a  place  as  the  print  room  of  the  British  Museum  in  the  direc- 
tion we  have  indicated.  Barlow  was  quite  a  prolific  delineator  of  sporting 
scenes  about  1670,  but  we  have  seen  nothing  from  him  in  the  badger  line, 
so  whether  the  dogs  used  in  his  day  were  what  he  shows  in  the  rabbiting 
scene  or  were  stronger  and  coarser  is  an  open  question. 

We  next  come  to  the  Bewick  terrier,  a  short-legged,  strong  customer, 
certainly  not  a  black-and-tan,  probably  a  sandy  dog.  Following  close  upon 
Bewick  we  have  Howitt,  and  we  have  selected  from  a  number  of  his 
etchings  one  showing  terriers  of  two  colours,  one  being  a  white  with 
markings.  The  black-and-tan  terrier  is  more  frequently  etched  by  Howitt 
than  the  white,  and  he  shows  him  in  some  of  the  etchings  of  otter  hunting 
and  kindred  subjects.  Of  the  same  period  we  have  Reinagle,  but  we  have 
only  found  one  of  his,  that  in  the  "Sportsman's  Cabinet,"  also  used  in  the 
"Sportsman's  Repository."  Captain  Brown  gives  in  his  "Anecdotes"  an 
illustration  of  a  Scotch  terrier,  which  is  more  akin  to  the  old  semi-pricked- 
ear  Aberdeen  terrier,  later  the  Scottish  terrier,  than  anything  shown  up  to 
that  date.  He  also  says  that  there  were  three  breeds  in  Scotland,  the  one 
illustrated,  the  Skye  terrier,  and  a  third  that  was  leggier,  fifteen  to  eighteen 
inches  in  height  and  with  a  short  wire-haired  coat.  This  latter  was  the  dog 
known  throughout  England  as  the  Scotch  terrier,  and  is  the  one  which  has 
been  a  stumbling-block  to  modem  writers  on  the  Scottish  terrier,  because 
they  could  not  make  the  description  of  that  dog  fit  the  modern  animal. 

Covering  the  subsequent  indefinite  period  up  to  the  time  of  dog  shows, 
and  steering  clear  of  illustrations  belonging  distinctly  to  one  or  other  of  the 
varieties  then  established  and  recognised,  we  give  a  sample  of  the  terriers 
in  common  use  throughout  England.  Cooper  yields  the  most  diversified 


4io  The  Dog  Book 

series,  and  we  therefore  give  two  of  his,  not  including  the  black-and-tan 
he  owned,  of  whose  head  he  made  a  beautiful  study  to  illustrate  the  terrier 
in  the  "Sporting  Portfolio."  Of  Hobday  we  know  nothing,  and  do  not  recall 
having  seen  anything  by  him  other  than  this  wire-haired  terrier  with  the 
badger.  Spalding  painted  many  terriers,  all  very  similar  in  character, 
and  gave  them  good  heads — rather  too  good,  in  fact.  The  Armfield  type  of 
terrier  was  what  we  called  Scotch,  rather  an  elastic  title,  for  it  included 
everything  that  looked  like  a  ratter  and  was  sandy  or  partly  that  colour. 
We  have  also  a  French  print  dated  1821,  but  this  was  a  reproduction  of 
a  painting  by  an  Englishman,  showing  foxhounds  running,  accompanied 
by  a  black-and-tan,  smooth-coated  terrier.  The  Alken  sketches  are 
introduced  here  to  round  out  the  illustrations  of  terriers  of  that  period, 
though  they  are  really  bull  terriers.  Lieut.  Col.  Hamilton  Smith  also 
illustrated  dogs  in  colour  for  the  Naturalists'  Library,  but  these  we  will 
use  later  on. 

The  summing  up  of  the  situation  is  that  the  terrier  was  developed  from 
the  common  material  of  England.  A  hard-biting,  game  dog,  small  enough 
to  go  to  earth  after  the  fox  and  badger.  The  type  seems  then  to  have  settled 
into  a  rough-coated  black-and-tan  dog,  with  varieties  of  colour  from  that 
by  the  introduction  of  greyhound  blood  and  that  of  small  hounds.  From 
the  greyhound  cross  in  all  probability  also  came  the  short-coated  dog.  We 
must  note  an  exception  to  the  latter  conclusion  with  regard  to  the  Manchester 
terrier  type  of  dog,  for  his  short  tail  was  noticed  by  Captain  Brown,  and 
his  short  back  at  a  still  earlier  period  by  Daniel.  At  that  time  this  smooth 
terrier  must  have  been  of  thoroughly  established  type.  The  dog  Daniel 
describes  as  of  a  reddish-brown  colour  with  tanned  legs  is  one  seldom  seen 
now.  In  fact  we  cannot  recall  the  last  occasion  of  seeing  one,  but  they  were 
not  uncommon  forty  years  ago.  Our  first  dog  was  a  black-and-tan  bred 
terrier,  but  all  black;  so  with  a  view  of  obtaining  better  colour  in  her  puppies 
we  bred  her  to  a  liver-and-tan — as  he  would  be  called  now — owned  at  a 
nearby  stable.  This  was  a  very  smart  well-built  little  dog,  and  was  black- 
and-tan  bred  according  to  the  information  given  us,  though  pedigrees  were 
little  thought  of  then,  or  at  least  quite  beyond  our  boyish  knowledge. 

At  the  stable  where  this  dog  was  kept  one  of  the  men  had  a  few  terriers 
the  like  of  which  we  have  never  seen  since.  They  were  just  about  the  size 
of  the  Griffon  Bruxellois,  and  very  much  like  them.  Where  they  differed 
was  in  a  more  terrier-like  face,  devoid  of  the  monkey  look  of  the  griffon. 


The  Terrier  411 

The  facial  look,  the  expression  and  the  coat  were  those  of  Landseer's  little 
terrier  in  "Dignity  and  Impudence." 

Short-coated  dogs  must  have  been  in  the  minority  a  hundred  years 
ago,  or  we  would  have  more  illustrations  of  them  by  the  artists  of  that 
period  and  later  years,  and  it  is  not  until  1825  tnat  we  begin  to  find  repre- 
sentations of  the  smooth  dog  to  any  appreciable  extent.  The  Skye  terrier 
or  rough-coated  dog  of  the  Highlands,  quite  a  medium-coated  dog  compared 
with  what  are  now  shown  as  Skyes,  was  probably  the  third  best-known 
terrier  about  London  during  1855-60.  Queen  Victoria  was  known  to  have 
some,  and  the  loyal  Londoners  procured  specimens  in  sufficient  numbers 
to  have  them  very  generally  known.  The  bull  terrier  was  the  third  of  the 
three  terriers,  the  black-and-tan  being  the  leader  in  popularity.  It  would 
hardly  do  to  elevate  the  Scotch  terrier  to  the  dignity  of  being  a  breed,  for  he 
was  merely  a  ratting  dog,  and  mainly  sandy  in  colour,  while  the  only  family 
resemblance  was  a  rough  coat.  The  other  three  were  distinct  as  breeds. 
It  would  be  going  too  far  to  say  that  there  were  no  fox  terriers  in  London 
at  that  time,  but  they  were  not  conspicuous  as  a  breed,  nor  were  the  rough 
black-and-tan  terriers.  Bedlingtons,  Airedales,  Scottish  and  Irish  terriers 
had  not  been  heard  of,  and  all  that  was  known  about  Dandies  was  what 
Sir  Walter  Scott  had  written.  When  we  consider  that  the  spaniels  and 
setters  were  all  divided  and  well  known  by  their  breed  names  at  that  time, 
the  backward  state  of  information  regarding  the  terriers  is  remarkably 
strange. 

The  record  will  bear  us  out  in  what  we  have  stated,  as  we  shall  now 
prove.  Youatt  in  1845  mentions  the  bull  terrier,  and  how  little  that  had 
progressed  may  be  imagined  when  he  merely  says  that:  "A  second  cross 
lessens  the  underhanging  of  the  lower  jaw,  and  a  third  entirely  removes  it." 
Under  the  heading  of  "The  Terrier"  he  describes  what  was  undoubtedly 
the  fox  terrier  as  we  know  it,  presumably  white  in  body  colour,  for  he  says: 
"The  ears  of  moderate  size,  half  erect,  and  usually  of  a  deep  black  colour, 
with  a  yellow  spot  over  the  eyes.  .  .  .  The  coat  of  the  terrier  may  be 
either  smooth  or  rough.  .  .  .  The  rough  terrier  possibly  obtained  his 
shaggy  coat  from  the  cur,  and  the  smooth  terrier  may  derive  his  from 
the  hound."  Under  the  title  of  "Scotch  Terrier"  he  repeats  the  informa- 
tion given  by  Brown  as  to  the  three  varieties,  and  that  is  all  he  says. 

Stonehenge,  in  his  1867  edition  of  "Dogs  of  the  British  Islands,"  writes 
a  chapter  on  the  fox  terrier,  another  on  Skyes  and  Dandies  and  a  third  on 


412  The  Dog  Book 

terriers  other  than  the  three  named,  or  toys.  In  this  chapter  he  includes 
the  black-and-tan,  the  smooth  white,  the  wire-haired  fox  terrier  and  the 
original  Yorkshire.  Still  another  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  bull  terrier.  In 
the  same  authority's  second  edition  of  "The  Dog,"  1872,  he  divides  terriers 
as  follows:  The  old  English  terrier  (the  smooth  black-and-tan),  the  Scotch 
(the  leggy  rough  dog),  the  Dandie  Dinmont,  the  Skye,  the  fox  terrier,  the 
Bedlington,  the  Halifax  blue-tan  (which  became  the  Yorkshire),  and  the 
modern  toy  terrier. 

"Idstone"  published  his  book,  "The  Dog,"  in  1872,  and  limits  his 
descriptions  to  the  fox,  bull,  Skye,  Dandie,  broken-haired  fox,  smooth  black- 
and-tan  and  smooths  of  other  colours.  Stonehenge's  third  edition  of  his 
main  work,  published  in  1878,  includes  "by  request"  the  Irish  terrier. 
His  objection  to  a  distinct  name  for  this  dog  was  that  it  was  only  a  variety  of 
the  Scotch  terrier.  Not  only  did  he  so  state  in  a  footnote  to  the  admitted 
chapter,  but  when  we  had  the  well-known  bitch  Banshee  at  the  Field  office 
one  day  he  held  to  his  opinion  that  it  was  just  a  little  better  dog  than  the 
usual  run  of  Scotch  terriers  of  twenty  years  previous.  He  admitted  the 
improvement  but  stuck  to  the  Scotch.  Other  changes  in  this  edition  were 
the  incorporating  of  the  broken-haired  terrier  with  the  fox  terrier  as  the 
"rough  fox  terrier";  the  acceptance  of  the  prick-eared  Skye,  which  he 
would  have  nothing  to  do  with  in  1867;  the  acceptance  of  Yorkshire  as  the 
name  for  the  blue-and-tan  Halifax  terrier;  a  partial  acceptance  of  Manches- 
ter in  connection  with  the  name  of  the  large  black-and-tan;  and  a  chapter  on 
the  white  English  terrier.  He  declined  in  this  edition  to  accept  the  terrier 
we  now  call  the  Scottish,  which  Mr.  J.  Gordon  Murray  had  described  under 
the  various  names  of  mogstads,  drynocks  and  camusennaries,  adding  that  if 
the  portrait  published  of  one  that  Mr.  Murray  had  lately  brought  to  London 
was  at  all  like  the  dog  then  he  was  a  very  ugly  brute. 

In  1880  the  Airedale  was  brought  forth,  and  then  came  the  lengthy  dis- 
cussion anent  the  little  fellow  from  Scotland,  who  had  been  barking  at  the 
door  for  a  long  time  and  was  finally  admitted  under  the  compromise  name 
of  Scottish  terrier.  Then  we  had  the  revival  of  the  rough  black-and-tan 
terrier  under  the  good  name  of  "Old  English  wire-haired  black-and-tan 

terrier,"  but 

''Taffy  was  a  Welshman 

Taffy  was  a  thief, 
Taffy  came  to  my  house 
And  stole " 


The  Terrier  413 

The  first  attempt  to  take  what  was  not  Welsh  was  the  bobtailed  sheep 
dog.  That  was  claimed  for  Wales  because  Mr.  Lloyd  Price,  of  North  Wales, 
had  two  of  the  breed — therefore  it  must  be  a  Welsh  breed;  but  that  claim  was 
dropped  when  it  was  clearly  proved  that  the  dogs  had  come  from  Devon- 
shire. The  next  claim  of  the  Welshmen  was  for  this  good  old  English  dog, 
the  rough  black-and-tan  terrier,  that  all  the  old  writers  had  described  and 
that  Howitt  and  others  etched  and  drew  as  the  terrier  of  England.  There 
must  have  been  powerful  influence  or  great  ignorance  at  work  when  it  was 
decided  to  change  the  name  to  Welsh  terrier.  Still  another  claim  on  the 
part  of  a  few  Welsh  fanciers  to  a  title  for  a  genuine  English  variety  is  the  case 
of  the  Welsh  springer,  or  large  spaniel,  but  no  one  will  begrudge  them  that 
dog.  The  Old  English  terrier  is  quite  another  story,  and  should  never 
have  been  recognised  as  anything  but  what  it  is,  the  oldest  known  and 
described  variety  of  English  terrier. 

A  few  other  varieties  have  been  put  forward  as  breeds,  but  have  never 
been  fully  recognised.  At  one  time  there  was  a  blue-and-tan  variety  of  the 
black-and-tan,  just  as  there  was  the  already  mentioned  liver-and-tan  of 
Daniel's  time.  The  Clydesdale  and  Paisley  terriers  have  had  stronger 
claims,  but  they  do  not  seem  to  have  been  anything  but  a  fancy  variety  of 
Skye  terrier,  smaller  and  bred  for  a  silky  coat.  The  Roseneath  variety  of 
the  Scottish  terrier  is  another  of  the  same  sort  of  claims,  a  lighter  colour  being 
the  difference  in  this  case.  None  of  these  has,  however,  been  sufficiently 
recognised  in  its  own  country  to  warrant  consideration  as  a  distinct  variety 
at  the  present  time. 

The  etching  of  the  Sau-fmder  we  picked  up  in  one  of  our  print-shop 
researches  and  bought  because  of  the  striking  terrier  character  of  this  Ger- 
man dog,  though  at  that  time  we  had  never  seen  any  mention  of  the  dog. 
Recently  we  came  across  a  reference  to  Ridinger  having  given  the  dog  the 
name  of  Sau-finder  in  one  of  his  paintings.  That  would  be  about  1735. 
There  is  no  clue  as  to  date  on  the  etching  we  copy,  nor  to  what,  if  any,  use 
it  was  put  as  an  illustration.  Lieutenant-Colonel  Hamilton,  who  wrote  the 
section  on  the  dogs  and  allied  species  in  Jardine's1  Naturalists'  Library, 
classifies  the  Sau-finder  as  a  terrier,  the  only  terrier  mentioned  by  him  as 
continental,  and  it  was  from  him  we  got  the  information  as  to  Ridinger's 
painting  and  nomenclature.  A  quotation  which  includes  the  Sau-finder 
reference  will  be  found  in  the  chapter  on  the  Skye  terrier. 

We   are  indebted  to  Wm.  A.  and  F.  Baillie-Grohman's  reproduction 


414  The  Dog  Book 

of  "  The  Master  of  Game  "  for  evidence  of  a  very  early  use  of  the  name 
"terrier."  Gace  de  la  Buigne,  a  sport-loving  priest  who  was  in  the  retinue 
of  King  John  of  France,  when  taken  prisoner  to  England  wrote  after 
his  return  to  France  a  book  on  sports  for  the  use  of  Philip,  the  King's 
fourth  son.  This  was  finished  after  1373,  exact  date  unknown.  The  brief 
instructions  for  taking  the  fox  may  be  English  so  far  as  the  use  of  the 
first  word  "  terriers"  is  concerned.  The  Messrs.  Baillie-Grohman  italicise 
this  word,  but  neither  give  reason  for  doing  so  nor  say  whether  it  is  so  in 
the  text  copied  from. 

"  On  le  va  querir  de  dans  terre 
Avec  ses  bons  chiens  terriers 
Que  on  meet  dans  les  terriers." 

"They  are  brought  from  the  holes  in  the  earth  with  good  terrier  dogs 
that  are  sent  into  the  burrows." 

Some  discussion  has  recently  taken  place  over  the  decision  of  the 
American  Kennel  Club  to  put  all  terriers  in  a  division  by  themselves.  In 
England  some  terriers  are  classed  as  sporting  and  others  as  non-sporting, 
the  dividing  line  being  absurd  and  erratic.  The  question  of  sporting  versus 
non-sporting  was  taken  up  by  the  American  Kennel  Club  and  referred  to  the 
stud-book  committee,  presumably  because  a  good  many  years  ago  there  had 
been  some  such  division  in  the  stud  book.  It  is  easy  enough  to  divide  all  the 
breeds  till  you  come  to  terriers,  and  then  we  are  brought  face  to  face  with 
such  questions  as  whether  a  dog  that  was  once  used  for  going  to  earth  for 
foxes  in  England  but  is  never  so  used  here  is  a  sporting  dog,  whether  a  dog 
originally  used  for  rats  and  foxes  in  the  Highlands  but  now  kept  in  seclusior 
in  order  to  grow  an  extremely  long  coat  is  still  a  sporting  dog,  if  he  ever 
was  such  a  thing.  We  took  the  opportunity  of  suggesting  to  Mr.  Viti,  the 
chairman  of  the  committee,  that  in  place  of  endeavouring  to  divide  terriers 
in  such  an  anomalous  manner  that  they  simply  be  put  in  a  class  or  division 
by  themselves,  and  that  sporting  dogs  should  consist  of  what  we  call  bird 
dogs,  dogs  used  with  the  gun,  and  dogs  used  in  the  chase.  The  committee 
drew  up  two  schedules,  one  on  the  English  plan  and  the  other  based  upon 
our  suggestion,  and  we  are  glad  to  say  the  latter  was  unanimously  adopted 
with  but  little  discussion.  Since  then  it  has  received  the  cordial  indorse- 
ment of  such  a  paper  as  the  London  Field,  which  recommended  its  adoption 
by  the  English  Kennel  Club. 


'   S 

5    a 

j        — 


CHAPTER  XXVII 

THE  SMOOTH  Fox  TERRIER 

Y  REASON  of  popularity  and  early  recognition  as  a  breed, 
both  here  and  in  England,  the  smooth  fox  terrier  is  given 
the  right  of  way.  As  we  have  demonstrated  in  the  preceding 
chapter,  neither  in  colour  nor  in  coat  is  he  the  oldest  of  the 
terrier  family.  No  reference  to  any  such  terrier  can  be 
found  until  close  to  1800,  and  then  to  but  one  dog  and  one  breeder.  As  near 
as  we  can  get  at  the  date,  Colonel  Thornton  owned  his  dog  Pitch  about 
1785-90,  and  this  is  the  only  terrier  of  his  that  we  have  any  definite  knowl- 
edge of.  In  the  sketch  of  Colonel  Thornton's  life,  published  a  hundred 
years  ago — it  is  copied  into  a  book  of  sporting  anecdotes  issued  as  a  second 
edition  in  1807 — we  have  in  the  list  of  the  many  horses  and  dogs  owned  by 
that  sportsman  this  paragraph  regarding  his  terriers :  "  It  would  be  necessary 
to  notice  Colonel  Thornton's  terriers,  if  it  were  only  on  account  of  his  justly 
celebrated  Pitch,  from  whom  are  descended  most  of  the  white  terriers  in 
this  kingdom.  This  dog  was  in  the  Colonel's  possession  about  twenty  years 
ago,  since  which  epoch  he  has  assidiously  attended  to  this  breed  of  sporting 
dogs."  The  picture  of  "  Pitch,  a  Terrier"  is  by  Colonel  Thornton's  favourite 
artist,  Gilpin,  and  is  dated  1790.  The  engraving  is  by  Scott,  so  that  we 
know  it  was  a  faithful  reproduction  of  the  artist's  work  and  of  the  dog. 
The  ears  do  not  seem  to  be  cut,  but  are  pricked  and  very  small  and  neat. 
The  expression  is  very  keen,  but  as  the  head  is  slightly  turned  away  it  makes 
the  dog  look  as  if  he  was  small  and  weak  in  head.  Certainly  he  was  not  a 
coarse  dog,  and  was  decidedly  high  and  "whippetty"  all  over.  The  mark- 
ings are  tan  on  the  head,  a  black  spot  at  the  root  of  the  tail,  with  tan  showing 
along  the  upper  edge.  Pitch  was  bred  by  Colonel  Thornton,  according  to 
the  statement  on  the  engraving,  but  how  he  was  bred  is  another  thing.  We 
know  that  the  Colonel  was  a  good  deal  of  an  experimenter  and  bred  fox- 
hounds and  pointers  together,  and  we  should  say  that  this  dog  was  the  result 
of  a  very  close-up  cross  of  the  greyhound.  If  we  take  Bewick  and  Howitt  as 
showing  what  the  general  run  of  terriers  were  from  1790  to  1800,  with  Rein- 

415 


416  The  Dog  Book 

agle  adding  his  contemporary  testimony  to  the  same  end — that  the  terrier 
was  a  dog  of  moderate  length  of  leg,  if  not  short  on  the  leg,  possessed  of 
sufficient  substance  to  look  a  sturdy  little  fellow,  and  with  a  hard,  rough, 
wiry  coat — we  cannot  accept  Pitch  as  pure  terrier.  A  cross  with  the  hound 
would  not  produce  such  a  dog,  nor  would  the  beagle  and  terrier  result  in 
that  lightness  of  build,  for  Thornton's  beagles  were  of  the  small,  sturdy  kind. 
We  know  that,  for  we  have  pictures  of  them  by  Reinagle  and  Chalon.  We 
fancy  that,  as  he  used  the  foxhound  to  get  more  speed  in  his  pointers,  he 
used  a  small  greyhound  to  effect  the  same  in  his  terriers,  for  it  must  be  borne 
in  mind  that  the  custom  was  to  have  a  couple  of  terriers  run  with  the  hounds, 
and  Thornton  was  just  the  kind  of  man  to  breed  a  dog  that  would  do  what 
was  needed  if  the  hounds  were  becoming  too  fast  for  the  ordinary  run  of 
terriers.  If  what  he  wanted  was  speed,  he  doubtless  went  to  the  dog  that 
would  give  it  and  produced  a  whippet.  It  was  called  a  terrier  because  it 
did  a  terrier's  work,  and,  being  fast  and  game,  became  as  well  known  to  fox 
hunters  as  were  the  Thornville  foxhound-pointers  to  shooting  men  of  that 
time.  Hence  it  was  used  extensively  as  a  stud  dog,  and  was  credited  within 
fifteen  years  of  the  date  that  Gilpin  painted  him  with  being  the  progenitor 
of  "most  of  the  white  terriers  in  this  kingdom." 

It  was  a  strain  to  which  the  Colonel  continued  to  give  attention  and 
bred  with  care,  for  we  find  that  he  took  one  with  him  on  his  tour  in  France 
— one  he  calls  a  parlour  terrier,  but  thoroughly  game,  notwithstanding  that 
appellation.  This  tour  of  Colonel  Thornton's  had  as  one  of  its  objects  the 
selection  of  an  estate  which  he  desired  to  purchase  in  France,  and  he  took 
with  him  twelve  foxhounds,  a  pointer,  and  "Vixen,  a  beautiful  parlour  ter- 
rier." Writing  from  Les  Orme  on  August  26,  1802,  the  Colonel  tells  of  a 
wolf  hunt  in  which  some  of  his  hounds  participated  in  company  with  the 
local  hounds.  Vixen  took  part  in  the  hunt  also,  and  after  remarking  upon 
two  of  his  hounds  that  "seemed  the  most  vermin."  he  adds  that  they  were 
immediately  followed  by  Vixen,  "who  appeared  full  as  vicious." 

The  hunt  was  in  a  wood,  with  gentlemen  posted  about  in  the  roads  to 
shoot  the  wolf,  which  doubled  about  at  sound  of  the  shots  and  the  horns. 
As  the  chase  progressed  the  wolf  was  more  seriously  wounded  and  more  often 
seen.  "He  crossed  an  avenue  tolerably  clear,  when  Vixen,  who  had  joined 
us,  saw  him,  and  although  just  before  jaded,  the  little  devil  got  the  scent  and 
gave  tongue.  When  she  seemed  to  be  near,  and  teasing  him,  my  hounds 
came  up  all  in  a  sheet.  ...  At  this  moment  the  wolf  turned  to  us,  when 


The  Smooth  Fox  Terrier  417 

the  terrier,  having  a  decided  advantage  from  the  thickness  of  the  cover, 
continued  catching  at  his  haunches.  .  .  .  After  he  had  been  tormented 
for  some  time  by  Vixen,  he  came  to  an  opening  in  the  woods,  but  in  crossing 
some  deep  ruts  he  fell  in  and  could  not  recover  himself.  The  Norman 
hound  and  three  others  rushed  in  and  threw  him  on  his  back.  He  snatched, 
but  they  seized  him  by  the  throat  and  back,  while  Vixen  had  good  hold  of 
his  haunch/'  The  wolf  proved  to  be  a  four-year-old,  with  a  splendid 
mouth  of  teeth,  and  while  one  of  the  English  hounds  had  lost  nearly  the 
whole  of  one  ear  and  another  was  cut  about  the  face,  Vixen  got  off  with 
a  bloody  nose,  "but  she  did  not  seem  to  mind  it."  No  description  is  given 
of  Vixen,  but  the  presumption  is  that  she  was  one  of  the  smooth  terriers  of 
his  own  breeding  and  a  descendant  of  Pitch. 

The  best  contribution  on  the  fox  terrier  of  the  first  half  of  the  last 
century  is  what  the  late  T.  H.  Scott  wrote  under  the  name  of  "Peeping  Tom" 
in  The  Country,  a  London  paper  that  was  given  up  twenty  years  ago.  Mr. 
Scott  was  conceded  to  be  the  best-informed  man  of  the  many  writers  on 
early  terriers  of  history,  having  a  vast  amount  of  personal  information  on 
the  subject.  We  quote  from  what  he  wrote  in  1880,  and  the  dates  he  gives 
should  be  calculated  from  that  time: 

"Some  of  us  will,  I  daresay,  remember  the  old  black-and-tan  English 
terrier — not  in  any  way  resembling  the  whip-tailed,  smooth-coated  and 
pencil-toed  black-and-tan  of  the  present  day,  but  a  dog  of  very  similar  ap- 
pearance to  the  Old  Jock  and  Old  Trap  type  of  fox  terrier.  My  father  has 
in  his  possession  a  painting  of  a  noted  terrier  that  belonged  to  his  grand- 
father. This  dog  was  a  black-and-tan,  that  is  to  say,  black,  with  a  consider- 
able quantity  of  light  tan,  and  white  breast.  This  dog  had  drop  ears,  and 
in  all  other  respects  except  colour  would  have  held  his  own  on  a  show  bench 
at  the  present  day.  I  believe  there  is  no  doubt  that  there  was  an  equally 
old  breed  of  white  English  terriers  of  the  same  character,  and  it  was  by  cross- 
ing these  two  sorts  that  the  colour  of  our  modern  kennel  terriers  was  pro- 
duced. The  black-and-tan  was,  from  its  colour,  difficult  to  keep  in  view, 
and  mixed  colours  looked  more  uniform  with  the  hounds.  Till  very  re- 
cently the  Duke  of  Beaufort  has  kept  up  a  breed  of  black-and-tan  fox  terriers, 
and  excellent  dogs  they  are. 

"Treadwell,  the  huntsman  of  the  Old  Berkshire,  has  had  several  good 
terriers,  notably  Tip,  and  they  were  descended  from  a  black-and-tan  dog 
he  had  with  the  Cottesmore,  twenty-five  years  ago,  called  Charley.  This 


418  The  Dog  Book 

dog  was  bred  by  Mr.  Cauverley,  of  Greetham,  whose  family  had  kept  the 
breed  for  a  century.  Old  Trap  was  descended  from  a  black  and  tan  breed, 
and  I  believe  Old  Jock  was  also." 

It  is  not  worth  while  giving  Mr.  Scott's  communication  in  full,  for  the 
dogs  he  speaks  of  are  so  far  back  in  pedigrees  and  we  have  bred  so  entirely 
different  from  their  types  that  it  is  doubtful  if  our  readers  would  retain 
interest  in  the  recital.  We  will  therefore  run  through  it  and  give  the  features 
as  they  appear  to  us.  Grove  Nettle  was  a  bitch  of  such  claims  that  Mr. 
Scott  doubted  whether  there  was  anything  in  1880  she  could  not  have  beaten. 
Trimmer  he  speaks  highly  of,  and  he  was  the  sire  of  Belvoir  Joe.  Lord 
Middleton's  terriers  were  of  the  same  strain  as  the  Grove,  and  his  kennel's 
Nettle  was  the  grandam  of  Belvoir  Joe.  Mr.  Bower's  strain,  extensively 
used  in  North  of  England  kennels,  had  bull-terrier  blood  in  the  line.  That 
there  were  plenty  of  impurely  bred  terriers  thirty  years  ago  masquerading 
as  fox  terriers  is  seen  from  this  sentence  on  the  dogs  of  that  day:  "I  would 
much  sooner  breed  from  a  dog  with  an  unauthenticated  pedigree  that  gets 
good  stock  than  from  such  animals  as  Diver,  Draco,  Brick,  Bitters  or 
Trimmer.  Diver  was  by  a  bull  terrier;  Draco  was  by  a  carriage  dog,  so  I 
have  heard;  Brick  was  nearly  related  to  a  beagle;  Bitter's  dam  has  no 
pedigree,  and  he  has  got  no  good  stock;  Trimmer's  sire  was  undershot  and 
his  dam  had  prick  ears." 

When  there  was  so  much  bad  blood  about,  it  is  no  wonder  that  the 
few  lines  of  soundly  bred  terriers  became  very  prominent,  and  at  one  time 
the  strain  that  outranked  all  others  was  the  Belvoir  terriers.  We  will, 
therefore,  quote  more  fully  as  to  them : 

"As  Belvoir  Joe  is  the  best  known  to  breeders  of  the  present  day,  I  will 
give  his  pedigree,  which  can  be  traced  back  for  upward  of  forty  years.  Bel- 
voir Joe  was  bred  by  W.  Cooper,  late  huntsman  to  the  Belvoir,  and  was  by 
his  Trimmer  out  of  Trinket — a  grand-looking  bitch  and  one  that  would  take  a 
lot  of  getting  over  by  the  best  of  the  present  time;  Trinket  was  by  the  Belvoir 
earth-stopper's  Trap  out  of  Ben  Morgan's  Nettle;  Trimmer,  from  the 
Grove,  was  by  a  favourite  dog  of  Sir  Richard  Sutton's  out  of  a  bitch  belong- 
ing to  Tom  Day,  late  huntsman  to  the  Quorn.  Ben  Morgan  got  Nettle 
from  his  brother  at  the  Grove.  I  have  seen  her,  and  she  was  a  very  good- 
looking  terrier,  rather  heavily  marked  with  black  and  tan.  She  got  a  prize 
or  two  at  the  Yorkshire  shows.  The  Belvoir  earth-stopper's  Trap  was  by 
the  late  Will  Goodall's  Doc,  bred  by  a  huntsman  named  Rose,  and  Goodall 


Photo  by  Hedges,  Lytha 


BLIZZARD 


Photo  by  Salmon,  London 

HUNTON  BRIDEGROOM 


WARREN  VICTOR 


CH    NORFOLK  HANDICRAFT 


CH.   NORFOLK  CLORITA 


NORFOLK  HUNTSMAN 


The  Smooth  Fox  Terrier  419 

always  declared  he  was  the  only  dog  he  ever  had  or  knew  that  could  draw 
the  main  earths  near  Belvoir  Castle. 

"Cooper  took  great  pains  in  keeping  the  breed  pure  during  his  time 
and  got  several  of  the  old  black-and-tan  sort,  mentioned  before,  from  Mr. 
William  Singleton  of  Caythorpe,  near  Grantham,  a  noted  breeder  of  them, 
and  he  kept  them  free  from  bull  for  forty  years.  This  strengthens  my 
belief  that  the  white,  black-and-tan  terrier  of  the  present  day  is,  or  should  be, 
descended  from  the  old  black-and-tan.  I  cannot  trace  the  present  breed 
of  Belvoir  terriers  further  back  than  Tom  Goosey's  day,  over  forty  years  ago. 
His  Tyrant  was  a  noted  dog,  and  he  afterward  became  the  property  of  Sir 
Thomas  Whichcote,  who  has  kept  the  breed  pure. 

"Jack  Morgan  has  been,  I  believe,  chiefly  instrumental  in  bringing  the 
Grove  terriers  to  the  perfection  they  attained,  for  it  is  beyond  dispute  that 
the  Grove  has  turned  out  two  as  good,  or  better,  than  anything  of  the 
present  day.  These  are  Old  Jock  and  Grove  Nettle.  Jock  was  out  of 
the  Grove  Pepper,  by  a  black-and-tan  dog,  Captain  Percy  William's  Jock; 
but  I  do  not  quite  know  the  correct  pedigree  of  Nettle.  I  believe  she  was  by 
a  dog  belonging  to  Mr.  J.  B.  Hodgson,  M.  F.  H.,  and  out  of  Gimlet,  by 
old  Grove  Tartar  out  of  Rose,  by  Grove  Trickster  out  of  Nettle,  by  a  Grove 
dog  out  of  Mr.  Foljambe's  old  Cambridge  Vic.  There  was  a  Nettle  bred 
in  that  way,  and  she  was  either  Grove  Nettle  or  Ben  Morgan's  Nettle,  but 
I  see  the  Kennel  Club  gives  Grove  Nettle  as  by  Grove  Tartar  out  of  Sting." 

Those  who  trace  pedigrees  through  the  English  stud  book  should  note 
in  the  volume  which  has  a  registration  of  Belvoir  Joe  that  that  is  not  the 
celebrity  which  sired  Belgrave  Joe.  The  pedigree  of  the  proper  Belvoir 
Joe  is  as  given  above  by  Mr.  Scott.  We  only  reach  him  nowadays  through 
his  son,  Belgrave  Joe,  who  was  out  of  Branson's  White  Vic,  and  her  pedi- 
gree is  seldom  given  correctly,  there  being  several  Vies,  all  owned  by  Bran- 
son. White  Vic  was  sired  by  Branson's  Tartar,  who  was  by  a  dog  called 
Ruler  out  of  Fairy,  belonging  to  Head,  the  huntsman  at  Donnington  Park; 
Ruler  belonged  to  Mr.  Moore,  who  got  him  from  his  breeder,  Mr.  Hedges. 
The  dam  of  White  Vic  was  a  white  bitch  with  black  markings  named  Vic, 
owned  by  Branson,  and  she  was  by  his  Twister  out  of  his  white  bitch  Vic, 
which  he  got  from  the  keeper  to  Sir  Gilbert  Heathcote.  Twister  was  a 
white  dog  with  a  tan  head  that  Branson  sold  to  the  Quorn. 

Belgrave  Joe  sired  a  very  large  number  of  excellent  terriers,  and  we 
remember  seeing  him  at  his  owner's,  Mr.  Luke  Turner,  Richmond  House, 


42O  The  Dog  Book 

Leicester,  when  the  dog  was  quite  old.  He  was  a  shade  larger  than  the 
usual  run  of  terriers,  but  was  wonderfully  true  in  shape  considering  that 
he  was  then  sixteen  years  of  age — he  lived  to  be  twenty.  He  was  a  white 
dog  with  a  tan  head,  and  had  a  pretty  good  length  of  coat  at  the  time  we 
speak  of.  How  much  of  a  celebrity  he  had  been  and  still  was  through  his 
progeny,  at  least  in  our  estimation,  may  be  judged  by  our  going  fifty  miles 
purposely  to  see  the  dog  when  in  England  in  1884.  He  sired  Spice,  a  very 
successful  show  dog,  but  soft  coated,  and  from  Spice  came  a  little  dog  called 
Mixture  that  Mr.  Thayer  imported.  This  was  probably  the  smallest  show 
dog  ever  imported,  yet  he  came  over  as  an  English  champion.  He  had  a 
good  deal  more  coat  than  90  per  cent,  of  the  wire-haired  terriers  of  the 
present  day.  From  the  great  difference  in  winning  dogs  imported  at  that 
time  from  England,  it  was  very  evident  that  type  across  the  Atlantic 
at  that  period  of  terrier  history  was  a  matter  of  personal  opinion,  and 
that  there  was  no  following  a  standard  which  would  create  anything 
like  uniformity. 

One  object  in  giving  this  information  regarding  the  breeding  of  the  old 
fox  terriers  is  to  show  that  they  were  not  the  result  of  breeding  for  type  as 
we  now  understand  it,  but  that  these  were  the  beginnings  of  the  scientific 
type  breeding.  There  was  no  end  of  close-up  old  black-and-tan  blood  as 
well  as  bull  terrier,  and  to  claim  that  the  smooth  white  terrier  with  hound 
markings,  or  any  of  the  markings  we  now  know,  was  the  universal  dog  of 
1825  to  1850  is  entirely  contradicted  by  the  facts.  It  is  doubtful  whether 
Colonel  Thornton's  terriers  were  bred  on,  for  he  went  to  France  and  re- 
mained there,  giving  up  his  English  breeding,  and  there  is  no  knowledge 
of  any  connecting  links  with  any  of  his  terriers.  The  terriers  were  bred 
for  work,  and  while  some  had  ideals,  as  they  had  in  the  case  of  hounds  or 
pointers,  they  were  exceptional  cases.  The  mistake  many  have  made  is  to 
conclude  that  because  terriers  were  used  for  going  to  earth  in  fox  hunting 
they  were  fox  terriers  and  called  by  that  name,  and  as  we  have  fox  terriers, 
the  old  and  the  present  were  therefore  one  and  the  same  dog.  We  have 
never  come  across  the  name  fox  terrier  in  any  of  the  old  sporting  books,  nor 
seen  any  quotation  of  the  name  except  the  single  instance  of  the  rough 
black-and-tan  terrier  which  Mr.  Lee  uses  as  an  illustration  in  his  book  on 
the  fox  terrier.  The  illustration  is  from  a  mezzotint  of  a  painting  by  De 
Wilde,  published  in  1806.  The  name  is  too  exceptional  to  permit  us  to 
accept  it  as  evidence  of  nomenclature  of  that  period. 


The  Smooth  Fox  Terrier  421 

The  exhibition  of  fox  terriers  as  a  distinct  breed  dates  from  the  second 
exhibition  of  the  North  of  England  Club  which,  singular  to  say,  was  held 
in  London,  and  took  place  in  June,  1862.  As  a  matter  of  record  we  give 
a  verbatim  copy  of  this  portion  of  the  catalogue  of  that  show: 

CLASS  2 — Fox  TERRIERS 

2.  Exhibitor:    Thomas  Wootton,   Esq.,   Daybrook    Cottage,  Nottinghamshire,   "Pincher." 

Age,  4  years.     By  Pincher — Old  Nettle.     £50. 

3.  Exhibitor:   Thomas  Wootton,  Esq.,  Daybrook  Cottage,  Nottinghamshire,  "Fan."     Age,  3 

years.     Breeder,  Jack  Morgan.     Twenty  guineas. 

4.  Exhibitor:   Thomas  Wootton,  Esq.,  Daybrook  Cottage,  Nottinghamshire,  "Jerry."     Age, 

3  years,  4  months.     Breeder,  Jack  Morgan.     By  Captain  William's  Jack — Old  Pep- 
per.    Twenty  guineas. 

5.  Exhibitor  and  breeder:  W.  Chowler,  Esq.,  Harlston  Park,  Northampton,  "Trusty."     Age, 

I  year,  4  months.     By  Turk — Crafty.     £1,000. 

6.  Exhibitor  and  breeder:    W.  Chowler,  Esq.,  Harlston  Park,  Northampton,  "Vic."     Age, 

4  years.     By  Jack — Nettle.     £1,000. 

7.  Exhibitor  and  breeder:    J.  H.  D.  Bayly,  Esq.,  Ickwell  House,  near  Biggleswade,  Beds. 

"Trimmer."     £50. 

8.  Exhibitor  and  breeder:    The  Rev.  W.  M.  Honyman,  United  University  Club,  London, 

"Rake."     Age,  9  months.     By  Mr.  Poole's  (of  Marbury)  Gamester — Vixen.     £500, 

9.  Exhibitor  and  breeder:    The  Rev.  W.  M.  Honyman,  United  University  Club,  London. 

"Viper."     Age,  9  months.     By  Mr.  Poole's  (of  Marbury)  Gamester — Vixen.     £500. 

10.  Exhibitor:   Henry  Hartshorn,  Esq.,  Nottingham,  "Fly."     Age,  I  year  6  months.     £1,000, 

11.  Exhibitor:  Henry  Hartshorn,  Esq.,  Nottingham,  "Luce."     Age,  I  year,  2  months.    ;£i,ooo. 

12.  Exhibitor:    Matthew  Hedley,  Esq.,  2  Star  Court,  Bread  Street,  Cheapside.     Breeder,  Mr. 

W.  Long,  late  huntsman  to  the  Duke  of  Beaufort.     "Jack."     Age,  I  year  2  months. 
By  Mr.  Long's  Venture — Kate.     Five  guineas. 

OMfTTED    FROM   CLASSIFICATION 

797.  Exhibitor:  W.  MacDonald,  Esq.,  27  Long  Acre,  "Dick."    Age,  I  year,  6  months.     £10 

This  was  a  small  beginning,  but  it  was  not  long  before  good-looking 
terriers  for  showing  were  found  in  various  parts  of  England,  and  their 
appearance  gave  rise  to  no  end  of  correspondence  in  the  press  as  to  their 
pedigrees,  which  of  course  only  added  to  the  interest  in  the  new  breed. 
Birmingham  and  other  important  shows  soon  opened  classes,  and  the  history 
of  the  fox  terrier  in  England  is  on  a  par  with  what,  years  afterward,  was 
done  with  Boston  terriers  in  this  country.  Ten  years  after  the  show  at 
Islington,  which  gave  the  first  class  for  fox  terriers,  there  was  a  show  at 
Nottingham  at  which  273  fox  terriers  were  benched.  Fancy  the  judges' 
task  with  seventy-three  puppies  in  one  class,  seventy-four  in  the  open  dog 
class  and  109  in  the  bitch  class.  The  Hon.  T.  W.  Fitzwilliam  was  the 


422  The  Dog  Book 

judge,  and  he  is  entitled  to  be  named  in  connection  with  this  best  on  record 
in  the  way  of  a  class  entry. 

As  in  the  case  of  the  early  large  entries  of  Boston  terriers,  there  was  a 
good  deal  of  rubbish  in  the  English  shows  of  that  time,  for  it  is  the  belief  of 
every  Englishman  that  he  knows  a  fox  terrier,  if  he  knows  anything  in  this 
wide  world,  and  at  that  time  the  inherent  belief  was  stronger  than  now, 
hence  all  sorts  of  dogs  were  sent  to  the  shows.  But  class  became  more 
apparent  after  a  time,  and  the  large  sum  a  good  terrier  has  always  com- 
manded was  an  incentive  to  owners  to  continue  breeding  and  exhibiting. 
Anything  like  a  history  of  the  breed  in  England  would  be  an  impossibility 
in  the  space  at  our  disposal,  and  those  seeking  for  that  information  are 
referred  to  Mr.  Lee's  most  thorough  work  on  the  breed.  His  knowledge  of  a 
good  terrier  is  fully  recognised,  hence  we  cannot  do  better  than  give  his 
draughting  of  the  ten  best  smooth  fox  terriers  in  England  up  to  1890.  At 
the  head  he  put  Result,  followed  by  Old  Jock,  Chance,  Tyrant,  Dorcas, 
Buffet,  Olive,  Venture,  Richmond  Olive  and  Vesuvienne.  Of  these  Rich- 
mond Olive  was  the  only  one  that  came  to  America,  we  being  instrumental 
in  purchasing  her  for  Mr.  John  E.  Thayer,  then  our  leading  fox-terrier 
exhibitor.  The  actual  price  paid  Mr.  Raper  for  the  bitch  was  £180,  the 
asking  price  being  £200,  and  Mr.  Thayer  declined  to  receive  the  check  for 
what  balance  was  left  of  his  $1,000  after  paying  the  expenses.  That  was 
the  largest  price  paid  for  a  fox-terrier  bitch  and  the  largest  for  any  dog 
imported  up  to  that  time. 

From  the  very  first  of  the  dog  shows  in  this  country  the  fox  terrier  has 
been  well  represented,  not  of  course  to  the  same  relative  extent  as  were  the 
sporting  dogs  for  many  years,  but  they  always  have  been  a  factor  in  forming 
the  show  total  of  entries.  At  the  first  show  in  Boston,  held  in  1878,  there 
were  nine  entries  in  the  one  class  for  the  breed,  and  two  of  these  were  from 
England.  Mr.  T.  H.  Scott,  whose  sketch  of  early  show  terriers  in  England 
we  have  quoted  from,  sent  over  his  bitch  Vic,  by  Vandal,  with  which  he  had 
won  a  first  and  four  seconds  at  North  of  England  shows;  and  Mr.  J.  A. 
Doyle,  still  a  leading  authority  on  the  breed,  was  represented  by  his  dog 
Lottery,  late  Tricard,  with  which  he  won  second,  but  the  only  record  we 
have  at  hand  does  not  name  the  winner.  Lottery  was  successful  at 
one  or  two  Western  shows,  but  at  that  time  we  were  in  England,  so 
that  our  first  personal  knowledge  of  fox  terriers  here  dates  from  New 
York  in  1880. 


The  Smooth  Fox  Terrier  423 

On  that  occasion  there  were  two  classes  for  the  breed,  with  seventeen 
dogs  and  an  equal  number  of  bitches,  totals  which  compare  very  well  with 
what  we  have  had  of  late  of  this  breed.  The  winner  was  a  white,  black- 
and-tan  dog  named  Shot,  owned  by  Mr.  James  Mortimer,  who  then  had 
opportunities  of  picking  up  dogs  brought  over  from  England,  and  had  a  few 
terriers  and  one  or  two  bulldogs  with  which  he  won  quite  a  number  of  prizes 
Now  we  know  him  as  the  equal  of  any  all-around  judge  that  ever  stepped 
into  a  ring,  one  whom  no  owner  willing  to  accord  the  right  of  personal 
opinion  declines  to  show  under,  and  in  no  position  is  he  more  acceptable 
than  when  judging  terriers.  Mr.  F.  R.  Hitchcock,  who  was  afterward 
well  known  as  a  pointer  and  setter  owner,  but  is  all  for  racehorses  now, 
Was  second  with  an  imported  dog  called  Bounce;  and  the  brothers  J.  and 
Prescott  Lawrence  came  third  with  Paulo.  In  the  bitch  class  the  late  Lewis 
Rutherfurd  took  first  and  second  with  Active  and  Chance,  the  former 
winning  the  championship  at  New  York  in  1881.  Mr.  Winthrop  Ruther- 
furd was  not  so  successful  as  his  brother,  neither  of  his  entries  getting  any 
mention.  The  classes  contained  nothing  approaching  class,  but  at  the  top 
there  were  some  fair  terriers,  followed  by  a  very  scratch  company.  The 
judging  could  not  have  been  very  good  on  the  whole,  for  we  notice  that  a 
bitch  entered  as  Tip,  by  Mr.  R.  Gibson,  of  Canada,  only  got  commended. 
We  judged  this  bitch  a  few  months  later,  and  gave  her  first  and  special  for 
the  best  fox  terrier  at  Toronto;  at  New  York  in  1881  she  won  in  the  cham- 
pion class,  beating  Active,  but  we  find  from  our  catalogue  of  the  1881  show 
that  our  fancy  was  for  the  third  competitor,  Tussle,  who  with  Active  was 
shown  by  L.  and  W.  Rutherfurd,  the  fraternal  partnership  which  lasted  for 
so  many  years,  until  the  death  of  the  elder  brother. 

Mr.  Gibson's  Tip,  or  Tipsey  as  she  was  by  rights,  was  a  neat,  cobby 
bitch,  smart  and  terrier-like,  but  she  had  bad  feet  and  was  too  fine  in  coat. 
The  winning  dog  in  the  champion  class  was  the  Rutherfurds'  Bowstring, 
then  six  years  old.  He  was  quite  a  large  dog  for  those  days,  when  they  ran 
to  eighteen  or  nineteen  pounds  as  the  top  weight.  He  stood  high  on  the  leg 
and  was  a  stockily  built  dog.  The  winner  in  the  open  class  was  Moslem  II., 
one  of  the  large  kennel  of  dogs  Mr.  C.  H.  Mason  had  just  brought  over  from 
England.  He  was  quite  the  best  fox  terrier  in  the  show — a  small,  smart 
dog,  that  would  be  turned  out  of  the  ring  as  out  of  place  amid  the  big  ones 
we  have  become  accustomed  to,  yet  this  dog  had  won  many  prizes  and  was 
an  English  champion,  or  at  least  had  won  in  champion  classes  there.  Next 


424  The  Dog  Book 

to  Moslem  was  the  Rutherfurd's  Royal,  a  new  dog,  though  six  years  old. 
In  many  ways  he  equalled  the  winner,  but  was  not  so  good  in  feet  or  coat. 
The  bitch  class  was  quite  below  the  average  of  the  dog  class,  and  in  this 
Mr.  Mason  won  with  his  English  winner  Twilight,  a  punchy  little  terrier. 
As  only  five  were  mentioned  out  of  a  class  of  twenty-six  shown  in  the  ring, 
little  need  be  said  as  to  the  others.  The  first  wire-haired  terrier  we  know 
of  in  this  country  was  here  shown  as  a  puppy  by  the  late  William  R.  Hill, 
of  Albany,  who  got  V.  H.  C.  for  his  Trouble.  [Mr.  Hill  was  better  known 
among  oarsmen,  and  it  was  to  him  we  owed  the  success  of  the  Beaverwyck 
four-oared  crew  over  the  picked  four  sent  over  by  the  London  Rowing  Club 
to  the  Centennial  regatta  of  1876.]  The  best  puppy  was  a  very  smart- 
looking  black  and  tan  marked  dog  named  Joker,  bred  by  the  Messrs.  Ruther- 
furd,  and  by  Nailer  out  of  their  winning  bitch  Active.  This  was  the  first 
American-bred  terrier  that  made  a  name,  and,  in  addition  to  minor  prizes, 
he  won  first  in  the  open  class  at  New  York  in  1882  and  in  the  champion  class 
in  1883.  His  sire  was  an  imported  son  of  BufF. 

It  was  not  until  1886  that  the  breed  was  advanced  to  anything  like  the 
position  it  has  since  maintained.  Mr.  John  E.  Thayer,  who  had  had  one 
or  two  medium-class  dogs,  got  over  Raby  Tyrant  in  1884  and  did  very  well 
with  this  dog.  Mr.  Belmont  also  took  up  the  breed  again  and,  they,  with 
the  new  kennel  of  the  late  Edward  Kelley  and  quite  a  number  of  other  exhibi- 
tors, not  only  improved  the  appearance  of  the  classes  but  added  largely  to 
their  numbers.  In  1886  Mr.  Belmont  was  showing  Bacchanal,  Diadem, 
Marguerite,  Safety  and  some  good  home-bred  ones.  Mr.  Kelley  had  im- 
ported the  great  English  dog  Spice,  but  he  was  only  a  relic  of  what  he  had 
been,  though  he  won  two  firsts  before  he  died;  he  then  got  his  son,  Earl 
Leycester,  and  a  few  others,  but  it  was  a  long  way  from  being  so  strong  a 
kennel  as  the  other  leaders.  Mr.  Thayer,  having  imported  Richmond 
Olive  and  bought  Belgrave  Primrose  from  the  Messrs.  Rutherfurd,  soon 
added  to  them  Raby  Mixer.  At  the  same  time  the  Messrs.  Rutherfurd 
had  Splauger,  Diana,  Cornwall  Duchess,  and,  as  always,  as  good  as  anyone 
in  home-bred  terriers.  Not  content  with  these  good  dogs,  importations 
were  being  made  continually,  and  in  this  Mr.  Belmont  took  the  lead. 

Of  the  dogs  in  the  country  at  and  about  this  time,  the  best  dog  was 
undoubtedly  Mr.  Belmont's  Lucifer,  an  all-white  dog,  with  a  spot  or  two 
of  black  on  his  ears.  He  was  about  the  right  size  for  a  fox  terrier,  weighing 
seventeen  pounds  in  show  condition.  His  eyes  were  off  in  colour  and  he 


{••1 


The  Smooth  Fox  Terrier  425 

was  not  quite  full  enough  in  muzzle — slightly  hollow  a  little  way  in  front 
of  the  eyes — but  outside  of  those  defects  he  was  a  beautiful  terrier,  teeming 
with  character  and  quality.  He  had  a  great  career  in  this  country,  and  his 
defeat  by  Valet  at  New  York  in  1887  was  very  freely  criticised.  Valet, 
however,  was  a  dog  that  it  was  no  discredit  to  run  second  to,  and  under  a 
judge  who  insisted  upon  perfect  front  and  good  feet  Valet  was  almost  a 
certain  winner.  In  coat  he  was  soft,  his  expression  was  hardly  correct  and 
he  was  narrow  and  lacked  substance  in  loin  and  quarters.  Mr.  Redmond, 
of  England,  put  him  first  at  the  Newport  show  of  the  Fox  Terrier  Club  after 
he  had  been  beaten  at  Hartford,  where  Splauger  won  and  Bacchanal  and 
Shovel  were  also  placed  over  him.  The  class  against  him  at  Newport  was 
better,  and  there  he  won  the  special  for  the  best  terrier  in  all  the  classes. 
Bacchanal  was  a  dog  that  excelled  in  body,  outline  and  hindquarters,  and 
also  in  length  of  neck.  He  could  have  done  with  a  better  front  and  his  feet 
were  not  of  the  best,  while  he  failed  slightly  in  expression,  but  he  was  all- 
over  a  grand  terrier — one  of  the  good  all-round  dogs  that  might  go  down 
under  a  faddist,  but  if  judged  by  points  would  score  remarkably  high. 
Raby  Mixer  was  not  a  dog  we  fancied  to  any  extent,  for  he  lacked  substance 
in  body  and  had  a  leggy  appearance,  though  he  improved  in  those  respects. 
His  best  points  were  his  head  and  expression,  and  but  for  a  fulness  in  cheek 
his  head  was  about  as  good  as  anything  then  being  shown.  It  had  the  right 
look  for  a  terrier,  being  keen  and  full  of  the  expression  of  gameness.  Mr. 
Kelley's  Earl  Leycester  failed,  as  did  his  sire  Spice,  through  having  a  soft, 
spongy  coat;  he  had  a  number  of  defects,  but  nevertheless  always  got  recog- 
nition for  all-around  character. 

At  the  head  of  the  bitches  we  place  Richmond  Olive,  the  only  terrier 
imported  to  America  that  Mr.  Lee  included  in  his  list  of  the  ten  best  terriers 
of  England  up  to  twelve  years  ago.  She  was  a  lovely  bitch,  and  we  would 
have  liked  her  even  better  than  we  did  had  she  had  a  little  more  of  the 
terrier  snap  and  fire,  for  she  always  seemed  to  us  to  be  more  suited  to  fill 
the  post  of  a  "parlour  terrier,'*  as  Colonel  Thornton  called  his  Vixen.  In 
a  terrier,  especially  a  fox  terrier,  there  should  be  snap,  dash  and  go  in  every 
movement,  and  Olive  lacked  a  little  in  that.  Her  coat  could  have  been 
denser  with  advantage,  and  she  was  a  shade  long-cast.  But  she  stood 
right  out  in  front  when  it  came  to  quality,  while  her  quarters  and  finish 
behind  were  a  picture  in  themselves.  She  was  quite  a  large  bitch  as  they 
ran  then,  being  full  eighteen  pounds,  while  few  were  over  sixteen  and  from 


426  The  Dog  Book 

that  down  to  below  fourteen  pounds.  Cornwall  Duchess  was  not  over 
thirteen  pounds  and  Mr.  Belmont's  Marguerite  was  no  heavier,  while 
Diadem  was  under  fifteen  pounds.  Of  quite  a  different  type  from  these 
small  toys,  as  we  would  now  call  them,  and  the  stoutly  built  Olive  was 
Richmond  Dazzle,  an  imported  puppy  Mr.  Thayer  showed  in  1887.  This 
was  a  bitch  bred  by  Mr.  Raper,  by  Raby  Mixture  out  of  Richmond 
Puzzle,  a  medium  bitch  as  to  weight,  and  of  the  new  type  of  what  was  form- 
erly called  weedy  terriers,  but  which  became  the  correct  thing  in  a  short 
time.  For  several  recent  years  it  would  have  been  possible  to  show  the  best 
imported  dogs  in  one  class  and  only  call  upon  the  judge  to  decide  upon 
individual  merit  between  a  lot  of  dogs  of  close  resemblance,  but  such  was 
not  the  case  at  the  time  we  are  writing  of,  and  still  less  before  that.  Every 
new  crack  dog  that  came  over  was  different  from  the  others,  and  we  were 
all  astray  as  to  which  of  the  several  styles  of  English  winners  was  proper, 
only  to  have  any  new  opinion  upset  by  the  next  wonder's  different  appear- 
ance. Here  we  had  as  competitors  Mr.  Belmont's  thirteen-pounders  Mar- 
guerite and  Diadem,  Mr.  Thayer's  eighteen-pound  Olive  and  his  light-built 
sixteen-pound  Richmond  Dazzle.  Mr.  Mason  called  the  latter  an  exaggera- 
tion of  a  good  type,  but  that  was  what  we  followed  from  that  time  on,  led 
by  the  importations  from  England  which  ran  that  way.  Then  more  sub- 
stance was  added,  and  finally  we  got  to  the  stage  where  fox  terriers  of  about 
twenty-four  pounds  were  winning.  Happily  we  have  returned  to  some- 
thing a  little  more  reasonable,  and  now  have  a  combination  of  character, 
shape  and  size  that  should  last. 

The  many  importations  that  we  had  at  that  time  only  accentuated  more 
strongly  the  failure  on  the  part  of  home  breeders  to  produce  anything  fit 
for  comparison  with  the  good  English  dogs.  A  dog  called  Luke,  bred  by 
Mr.  Hoey,  was  the  best  American  bred  of  1886-7.  He  was  a  fair  terrier, 
but  plain  and  lacking  quality  from  a  present-time  point  of  view;  such  a  dog 
as  would  now  get  an  H.  C.  card  in  good  company.  We  can  only  recall  one 
bitch  of  any  class  at  about  that  time  among  American-breds,  and  that  was 
Lady  Warren  Mixture,  bred  by  the  late  W.  T.  McAlees  of  Philadelphia, 
and  by  Mr.  Thayer's  little  dog  Mixture  out  of  the  Rutherfurd  bred  bitch 
Warren  Lady.  The  Messrs.  Rutherfurd  bought  and  did  very  well  with  her 
as  a  puppy.  She  had  lots  of  style  and  was  a  gay  shower,  with  a  good  length 
of  head  and  racing  outline.  Another  of  the  coming  style  of  terrier  was  Mr. 
Belmont's  Safety,  a  larger  bitch  than  his  other  named  ones.  She  was  quite 


The  Smooth  Fox  Terrier  427 

too  light  for  that  day,  but  was  a  showy  customer  and  did  well  as  a  filler  for 
kennel  prizes  in  combination  with  the  cracks  of  the  kennel. 

Exhibitors  of  recent  years  perhaps  imagine  that  there  never  was  such 
keen  and  heavy  competition  as  during  their  days,  but  that  is  a  great  mistake. 
Duplicate  entries  make  great  padding  in  estimating  competition,  but  do 
not  add  to  the  number  of  dogs  at  a  show.  We  will  take  the  1888  New  York 
show  and  compare  it  with  that  of  1905.  Champion  fox  terriers — equivalent 
to  our  open  class — had  three  in  dogs  and  five  in  bitches;  this  year  the  total 
entry  in  open  dogs  was  seven,  of  which  four  would  not  have  been  eligible 
under  the  old  rules.  The  open  class  of  1888,  now  our  limit  class,  had  eigh- 
teen entries;  this  year's  limit  class  had  ten  entries,  of  which  only  five  could 
have  shown  under  the  old  rules.  The  1888  novice  was  for  both  sexes  and 
had  twenty-four  entries,  and  under  similar  conditions  this  year  there  would 
have  been  twelve  entries.  The  dog  puppy  classes  show  little  difference, 
eleven  in  1888  and  twelve  in  1905,  but  the  bitches  in  1888  numbered  twenty- 
three  and  in  1905  but  thirteen.  The  comparison  in  the  other  bitch  classes 
shows  still  greater  differences,  and  that  of  the  totals  is  startling:  in  1888 
103  fox  terriers  were  entered  in  the  smooth  division  of  the  breed,  whereas 
in  1905  there  were  actually  but  forty-nine  dogs,  and  even  the  duplicate  entries 
only  increased  the  total  entry  to  eighty-one.  There  were  also  thirty-one 
entries  for  the  three  stakes  of  1888,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  there  were  ten  at 
New  York  this  year  that  were  stake  competitors. 

The  cause  for  this  decadence  in  fox  terriers  is  not  hard  to  find.  The 
breed  has  for  many  years  now  been  under  the  control  of  some  one  or  two 
leading  exhibitors,  but  that  of  itself  has  not  killed  off  competition,  for  other 
breeds  have  been  similarly  situated  and  grown;  but  these  kennels  have 
toured  the  country  from  one  end  to  the  other  and  left  nothing  to  the  local 
men  but  the  ribbons  of  the  local  classes  or  the  equally  unsatisfying  cards 
of  commendation.  That  some  of  the  wiser  heads  in  the  American  Kennel 
Club  are  aware  of  what  is  being  done  to  the  injury  of  dog  showing  is  evident 
by  the  recent  restriction  of  the  novice  classes  to  American-bred  dogs.  That, 
however,  is  plugging  a  large,  round  hole  with  a  small,  square  peg.  The 
foreigner  can  only  win  one  or,  at  most,  two  novice  classes,  whereas  the  travel- 
ling kennels  keep  on  winning  in  the  good  classes,  and  it  is  these  kennels  and 
not  the  imported  dogs  in  the  novice  classes  that  have  numbed  the  ambition 
of  fox-terrier  men  throughout  the  country.  Nothing  but  a  rule  placing 
the  American  dog  owned  beyond  a  certain  distance  from  the  place  of  the 


428  The  Dog  Book 

show — with  the  exception  of  a  very  limited  number  of  such  shows  as  New 
York  and  San  Francisco,  which  command  national  support  and  are  the 
battle-grounds  for  the  fanciers  of  the  country  east  and  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains — in  the  same  category  as  the  imported  dog,  and  extending  the 
embargo  to  the  limit  classes,  will  fully  answer  the  purpose  sought  to  be 
attained  by  barring  imported  dogs  from  our  novice  classes.  We  have  said 
more  upon  this  subject  than  some  perhaps  may  think  warranted,  but  it  had 
to  be  taken  into  consideration  some  time  or  other,  and  no  place  can  be  more 
appropriate  that  where  it  is  shown  that  in  smooth  fox  terriers  there  were  103 
dogs  at  New  York  in  1888,  as  compared  with  but  49  in  1905. 

The  next  importations  of  importance  were  Dusky  Trap,  Rachel  and 
New  Forest  Ethel  to  Mr.  Belmont's  kennels  and  Raffle  to  the  Messrs.  Ruther- 
furd's  Warren  Kennels.  Rachel  was  by  far  the  best  of  the  Belmont  three, 
and  Dusky  Trap  was  a  dog  we  never  fancied,  although  he  won  prizes  enough. 
He  was  first  in  the  challenge  class  at  New  York  in  1890,  when  we  thought 
Raby  Mixer  should  have  beaten  him.  Trap  was  light  in  bone,  lacked 
substance,  showed  slackness  of  loin,  and  his  feet  were  very  poor.  Mixer 
on  that  occasion  was  at  his  very  best  and  had  improved  quite  a  good  deal. 
Raffle  was  a  far  better  dog,  possessing  bone  and  quality,  and  was  a  terrier 
of  class,  size  being  about  the  only  objection  to  urge  against  him.  The  long 
looked  for  improvement  in  the  puppy  classes  was  very  pronounced  at  this 
show,  and  the  get  of  Raffle  were  quite  prominent,  as  were  those  of  Blemton 
Rubicon,  a  good  dog  bred  by  Mr.  Belmont,  though  sired  in  England,  being 
by  Result  and  out  of  imported  Rachel,  so  not  American  bred.  Mr.  Fred 
Hoey  judged  at  New  York  in  1891  and  put  Raby  Mixer  over  Dusky  Trap 
and  Rubicon,  the  two  he  had  placed  first  and  second  the  year  before.  There 
had  been  no  importations  of  consequence  for  this  show,  and  Raffle  was  again 
first  in  open  class.  Though  not  at  New  York  in  1891,  Mr.  Belmont  showed 
his  home-bred  Blemton  Victor  II.  at  various  shows,  taking  three  firsts. 
This  was  a  dog  by  Dusky  Trap  out  of  Verdict  and  had  a  deservedly  success- 
ful career,  for  he  was  the  best  American  bred  we  had  up  to  his  day.  At 
New  York  in  1892  he  beat  Raffle  in  the  challenge  class,  and  took  the  special 
for  the  best  fox  terrier  in  the  show,  defeating  Mr.  Thayer's  new  purchase, 
Starden's  King,  a  large  dog  built  on  terrier  lines  that  had  made  a  name  in 
England  and  won  the  open  class  special  at  this  show. 

For  the  next  few  years  there  was  a  falling  off  in  importations,  but 
several  good  ones  were  brought  over.  Mr.  Thayer's  challenge-class  winner 


The  Smooth  Fox  Terrier  429 

of  1893  and  1894  was  the  Redmond  bitch  Dona,  and  he  also  had  Miss 
Dollar  from  Mr.  Tinne's  kennel,  both  very  good  bitches.  To  the  Warren 
Kennels  had  come  Warren  Safeguard,  a  dog  that  did  the  Messrs.  Ruther- 
furd  a  great  deal  of  good  and  produced  many  winners.  Another  good  one 
that  they  also  advanced  to  the  challenge  class  was  Warren  Captious,  but 
Blemton  Victor  II.  held  all  competitors  safe.  The  New  York  show  of  1895 
was  a  red-letter  one  for  the  Warren  Kennels,  as  Safeguard  was  second  in  his 
challenge  class;  Captious  won  in  hers;  Daybreak  and  Captor  were  second 
and  fourth  in  open  dogs;  Capture  and  Sentence  first  and  third  in  open 
bitches;  and  in  puppy  and  novice  classes  four  firsts,  one  second  and  a  third 
all  went  to  dogs  with  the  prefix  of  Warren.  Mr.  Reginald  Mayhew  judged 
on  that  occasion. 

Mr.  Thayer  shortly  after  this  retired  from  exhibiting  and  matters 
became  rather  quiet  in  the  fox-terrier  fancy  until  Mr.  George  H.  Gooder- 
ham,  of  Toronto,  got  together  the  beginning  of  his  eventually  very  strong 
Norfolk  Kennels.  The  crack  of  his  kennel  was  Norfolk  Veracity,  who, 
over-sized  as  he  undoubtedly  was,  was  such  a  thorough  terrier  that  it  was 
first  or  put-him-back-for-size  when  he  came  into  the  ring.  As  no  one  put 
him  back  we  had  as  our  best  fox  terrier  a  dog  that  we  were  told  weighed 
twenty-one  pounds,  and  was  tall  at  that.  Of  quite  a  different  stamp  was 
Claudian,  brother  to  Claude  Duval  who  came  over  later — quite  a  gentle- 
man's dog  in  style  and  manners,  yet  a  terrier  in  every  way.  He  won  in 
the  novice  and  open  at  New  York  in  1897,  and  in  the  limit  in  1898,  but  was 
beaten  by  Veracity  in  the  open  class.  As  a  companion  to  Veracity  Mr. 
Gooderham  had  Handicraft,  a  rare  quality  bitch,  particularly  good  in  head 
but  somewhat  long  in  loin  or  in  the  couplings,  but  nevertheless  the  best 
bitch  of  her  day  till  True  Blue  was  bred  at  the  same  kennels  and  started  on 
her  great  career. 

After  a  year  of  the  Norfolk  Kennels  the  struggle  for  first  place  was 
confined  to  the  efforts  of  that  and  the  Warren  Kennels,  but'there  was  no 
period  in  the  history  of  the  fox  terrier  in  this  country  when  there  were  more 
exhibitors.  It  was  a  time  when  there  was  a  fair  prospect  of  getting  "some 
of  the  money"  with  a  good  dog,  and  we  note  that  in  the  dog-puppy  class  at 
New  York  in  1899  sixteen  owners  were  competing,  fifteen  in  the  novice  class 
and  nine  in  the  limit  class,  which  is  in  marked  contrast  to  what  has  been 
seen  recently.  At  this  show  Claude  Duval  was  exhibited  by  George  Raper. 
Exactly  the  counterpart  of  Claudian  in  his  white  body  and  black-and-tan 


43°  The  Dog  Book 

head,  he  was  a  sufficiently  better  dog  to  beat  his  older  brother,  and  they 
were  placed  first  and  second  by  Mr.  Mayhew  at  New  York,  Veracity  not 
being  shown.  Handicraft  was,  however,  and  won  the  breed  special,  Mr. 
Mayhew  remarking  that  she  was  a  better  bitch  than  when  he  saw  her  in 
England.  During  the  next  year  or  two  the  Norfolk  Kennels  added  many 
show  dogs  to  their  muster  rolls,  some  by  purchase  and  others  bred  at  the 
kennels,  till  they  had  a  very  formidable  team  on  the  road,  and  few  showrs, 
from  Boston  to  San  Francisco,  were  missed  by  the  Norfolk  dogs  in  charge 
of  Charley  Lyndon.  It  was  from  this  period  that  the  decadence  of  the 
smooth  fox  terrier  is  to  be  noted,  and  in  the  brief  space  of  two  years  the 
exhibiting  owners  in  the  puppy  class  at  New  York  had  dropped  from  sixteen 
to  three,  the  novice  from  fifteen  to  seven,  with  the  limit  at  nine  in  both 
cases.  Major  Carnochan  was  judge,  hence  it  was  not  a  question  of  capa- 
bility in  the  ring,  but  of  hopelessness  in  attempting  to  beat  the  big  kennel. 

At  this  1901  show  a  single  entry  was  made  of  a  dog  called  Norfolk 
Victorious,  owned  by  a  newcomer  named  F.  H.  Farwell,  of  Orange,  Texas. 
Victorious  was  a  dog  that  had  earned  his  right  to  the  title  of  champion, 
and  was  then  sold  when  in  his  prime.  The  result  was  that  he  failed  to  do  so 
well  for  his  new  owner  as  might  have  been  looked  for,  and  even  if  he  had  been 
capable  his  chance  was  ended  when  he  was  smothered  on  the  railroad. 
Mr.  Farwell  had  bought  his  first  show  experience  dearly,  and  very  few 
would  have  had  grit  enough  to  begin  again,  but  he  had  it  and  to  spare  and 
was  back  at  New  York  in  1902  with  four  entries.  One  was  Rowton  Besom, 
who  had  had  his  share  of  luck  in  winning  the  year  before,  but  only  got 
V.  H.  C.  this  time,  and  the  rest  of  the  dogs  from  Texas  did  no  better. 

Mr.  Farwell  wisely  concluded  that  buying  by  letter  was  poor  business 
and  only  resulted  in  spending  money  on  dogs  not  good  enough  for  his 
purpose.  He  therefore  placed  the  matter  of  purchase  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
George  Thomas,  and  all  fox-terrier  men  know  the  result.  It  was  now  a 
fight  between  the  Norfolk  Kennels  and  this  new  Sabine  Kennels,  the  name 
of  the  latter  being  taken  from  the  Sabine  River,  near  where  the  kennels 
are  situated,  at  Orange,  Texas.  Mr.  Belmont  continued  to  show  one  or 
two  dogs  at  New  York;  one  or  two  came  on  from  Chicago,  where  Mr. 
Ingwersen  was  the  leader,  and  Major  Camochan  entered  a  few  home-bred 
ones;  but  all  the  prizes  that  did  not  go  to  Toronto  went  to  Texas  when  Mr. 
Rutherfurd  judged  at  New  York  in  1903,  and  the  Warren  dogs  were  there- 
fore absent.  The  best  dog  at  that  show  we  considered  to  be  Sabine  Result, 


The  Smooth  Fox  Terrier  431 

but  Norfolk  Parader  was  put  over  him,  a  position  he  never  again  occupied, 
for  he  was  never  so  good  as  he  was  then  in  his  puppyhood,  and  Result 
we  must  say  was  very  much  over-coated  and  ruffy  about  the  neck,  making 
him  look  short  there  and  wrong  in  shoulders.  Norfolk  True  Blue  was  still 
in  her  prime,  and  both  champion  prizes  thus  went  to  Toronto,  with  the 
reserves  to  Sabine,  whose  best  bitch  was  the  extremely  taking  Sabine  Laven- 
der. 

Last  year  another  important  kennel  made  its  first  entry  at  New  York 
under  Mr.  E.  Powell,  Jr.,  one  of  the  best-known  English  exhibitors.  The 
new  kennel  was  that  of  Mr.  C.  K.  Harley,  of  San  Francisco,  who  got  some 
of  Mr.  Raper's  best  smooth  and  wire-haired  terriers  and  entered  ten.  With 
the  exception  of  one  class  not  confined  to  American-bred  dogs,  Sabine  and 
Wandee  terriers  won  every  first  prize,  the  exception  being  a  win  by  Norfolk 
All  Blue.  The  high  honours  went  to  Sabine,  with  two  firsts  in  the  winners 
classes  with  Sabine  Result  and  Sabine  Victory,  a  new  bitch.  This  year  was 
but  a  repetition,  the  exceptions  to  the  successes  of  the  two  Western  kennels 
being  the  two  puppy  wins  of  Warren  Radical  and  Warren  Receipt.  It  is 
a  show  which  will,  however,  be  remembered  as  the  last  appearance  of  Mr. 
Gooderham's  dogs,  that  gentleman  having  announced  his  retirement  from 
competition  and  the  dispersal  of  his  kennels.  Mr.  Lyndon,  who  did  so 
much  for  the  success  of  the  Norfolks,  is  now  in  San  Francisco  in  charge  of 
the  Wandee  Kennels,  and  the  duel  between  California  and  Texas  promises 
to  be  as  interesting  as  ever,  not  only  in  the  way  of  importations  but  in  home- 
bred terriers,  for  Mr.  Farwell  is  paying  great  attention  to  breeding  at  his 
home  kennels,  and  Mr.  Lyndon  was  the  man  really  responsible  for  what 
was  done  at  the  Norfolk  Kennels,  Mr.  Gooderham  giving  him  full  sway. 

The  standard  adopted  by  the  American  Fox  Terrier  Club  is  that  of 
the  English  club,  and  is  as  follows: 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — The  skull  should  be  flat  and  moderately  narrow,  and  gradually 
decreasing  in  width  to  the  eyes.  Not  much  "stop"  should  be  apparent, 
but  there  should  be  more  dip  in  the  profile  between  the  forehead  and  top 
jaw  than  is  seen  in  the  case  of  a  greyhound.  The  cheeks  must  not  be  full. 
The  ears  should  be  V-shaped  and  small,  of  moderate  thickness  and  drooping 
forward  close  to  the  cheek,  not  hanging  by  the  side  of  the  head  like  a  fox- 


432  The  Dog  Book 

hound.  The  jaw,  upper  and  lower,  should  be  strong  and  muscular;  should 
be  of  fair  punishing  strength,  but  not  so  in  any  way  to  resemble  the  grey- 
hound or  modern  English  terrier.  There  should  not  be  much  falling  away 
below  the  eyes.  This  part  of  the  head  should,  however,  be  moderately 
chiselled  out,  so  as  not  to  go  down  in  a  straight  slope  like  a  wedge.  The 
nose,  toward  which  the  muzzle  must  gradually  taper,  should  be  black.  The 
eyes  and  the  rims  should  be  dark  in  colour,  small  and  rather  deep  set,  full 
of  fire,  life  and  intelligence;  as  nearly  as  possible  circular  shape.  The  teeth 
should  be  as  nearly  as  possible  together,  i.  e.,  the  upper  teeth  on  the  outside 
of  the  lower  teeth. 

Neck. — Should  be  clean  and  muscular,  without  throatiness,  of  fair 
length,  and  gradually  widening  to  the  shoulders. 

Shoulders. — Should  be  long  and  sloping,  well  laid  back,  fine  at  the 
points  and  clearly  cut  at  the  withers. 

Chest. — Deep  and  not  broad. 

Back. — Should  be  short,  straight  and  strong,  with  no  appearance  of 
slackness. 

Loin. — Should  be  very  powerful  and  very  slightly  arched.  The  fore 
ribs  should  be  moderately  arched,  the  back  ribs  deep  and  the  dog  should  be 
well  ribbed  up. 

Hind  Quarters. — Should  be  strong  and  muscular,  quite  free  frorh'droop 
or  crouch;  the  thighs  long  and  powerful;  hocks  near  the  ground,  the  dog 
standing  well  up  on  them  like  a  foxhound,  and  not  straight  in  the  stifle. 

Stern. — Should  be  set  on  rather  high,  and  carried  gayly,  but  not  over 
the  back  or  curled.  It  should  be  of  good  strength,  anything  approaching 
a  "pipe-stopper"  tail  being  especially  objectionable. 

Legs. — Viewed  in  any  direction  must  be  straight,  showing  little  or  no 
appearance  of  ankle,  in  front.  They  should  be  strong  in  bone  throughout, 
short  and  straight  in  pastern.  Both  fore  and  hind  legs  should  be  carried 
straight  in  travelling,  the  stifles  not  turned  outward.  The  elbows  should 
hang  perpendicularly  to  the  body,  working  free  of  the  sides. 

Feet. — Should  be  round,  compact  and  not  large;  the  soles  hard  and 
tough;  the  toes  moderately  arched  and  turned  neither  in  nor  out. 

Coat. — Should  be  smooth,  flat,  but  hard,  dense  and  abundant.  The 
belly  and  under  side  of  the  thighs  should  not  be  bare. 

Colour. — White  should  predominate;  brindle,  red  or  liver  markings 
are  objectionable.  Otherwise  this  point  is  of  little  or  no  importance. 


The  Smooth  Fox  Terrier  433 

Symmetry,  Size  and  Character. — The  dog  must  present  a  generally  gay, 
lively  and  active  appearance;  bone  and  strength  in  a  small  compass  are 
essentials;  but  this  must  not  be  taken  to  mean  that  a  fox  terrier  should  be 
cloggy  or  in  any  way  coarse — speed  and  endurance  must  be  looked  to  as 
well  as  power,  and  the  symmetry  of  the  foxhound  taken  as  a  model.  The 
terrier,  like  the  hound,  must  on  no  account  be  leggy,  nor  must  he  be  too 
short  in  the  leg.  He  should  stand  like  a  cleverly  made  hunter,  covering  a 
lot  of  ground,  yet  with  a  short  back,  as  before  stated.  He  will  then  attain 
the  highest  degree  of  propelling  power,  together  with  the  greatest  length 
of  stride  that  is  compatible  with  the  length  of  his  body.  Weight  is  not  a 
certain  criterion  of  a  terrier's  fitness  for  his  work — general  shape,  size  and 
contour  are  the  main  points;  and  if  a  dog  can  gallop  and  stay  and  follow 
his  fox  up  a  drain,  it  matters  little  what  his  weight  is  to  a  pound  or  so,  though, 
roughly  speaking,  it  may  be  said  that  he  should  not  score  over  twenty  pounds 
in  show  condition. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Head  and  ears 15      Legs  and  feet 20 

Neck 5     Coat 10 

Shoulders  and  chest 15  Symmetry  and  character.. . .   15 

Back  and  loin 10 

Hind  quarters 5         Total 100 

Stern 5 

DISQUALIFYING  POINTS 

Nose. — White,  cherry  or  spotted  to  a  considerable  extent  with  either 
of  these  colours. 

Ears. — Prick,  tulip  or  rose. 

Mouth. — Much  undershot  or  much  overshot. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII 
THE  WIRE-HAIRED  Fox  TERRIER 

HOSE  who  have  based  their  knowledge  of  the  wire-haired 
variety  of  fox  terrier  upon  what  other  writers  have  had  to 
say  as  to  its  origin  had  better  dismiss  from  their  thoughts 
all  they  have  read  regarding  its  being  a  variety  of  the  smooth 
and  of  much  more  recent  date  as  to  its  origin.  It  is  quite 
the  other  way  about;  the  wire-haired  terrier  being  the  original  terrier, 
whether  called  terrier  or  fox  terrier,  and  the  smooth  dog  the  later  variety. 
Fashion,  however,  made  the  smooth  the  popular  dog  when  they  began  to 
find  favour  as  companions,  and  they  are  likely  always  to  be  so  with  the  90 
per  cent,  of  dog  owners  who  like  what  they  decide  is  a  pretty  dog  and  know 
nothing  of  what  a  good  dog  is  or  what  terrier  character  means.  This  was 
the  state  of  affairs  at  the  early  dog  shows  in  England,  and  was  so  here  up 
to  within  a  very  few  years. 

We  will  acknowledge  that  the  smooth  dogs  were  the  first  to  become 
universally  known  as  the  fox  terrier,  and  that  more  attention  was  paid  for 
many  years  to  their  being  bred  for  show  points  than  was  the  case  with  the 
wire-haired  dog,  and  it  is  for  this  reason  that  when  the  latter  were  taken  up 
in  a  definite  manner  they  were  looked  upon  as  a  variety  of  an  older  recog- 
nised breed;  but  they  were  the  original  dog,  otherwise  we  would  not  have 
had  all  the  terrier  delineations  of  a  century  since  showing  dogs  of  a  rough 
coat,  whether  black-and-tan  or  white-pied.  To  those  who  hold  to  the 
contrary,  we  say  show  us  another  picture  of  a  smooth  terrier  with  fox- 
terrier  characteristics  painted,  or  drawn,  or  etched  prior  to  even  as  late  as 
1825,  other  than  the  one  of  Sprite,  painted  in  1790,  and  which  latter  has 
never  been  reproduced  in  England  by  any  writer  on  the  breed  that  we  have 
any  knowledge  of.  It  does  not  do  to  write  dog  history  and  say  that  such 
and  such  things  were  the  case,  simply  because  one  thinks  so  or  wishes  it 
to  be  so,  or  because  somebody  else  said  it.  Still  another  thing  is  that  to 
know  the  past  history  of  any  one  breed  a  very  large  outside  field  has  to  be 
covered,  and  with  a  perfectly  unbiased  mind,  sifting  all  evidence  having 

435 


436  The  Dog  Book 

any  bearing  upon  the  subject  and  basing  one's  opinion  upon  the  facts 
adduced.  We  have  already  completed  more  than  half  of  the  present  book 
and  will  frankly  acknowledge  that  we  have  had  to  change  our  ideas  upon 
something  like  half  the  breeds  treated  upon,  for  the  reason  that  in  quite 
unexpected  quarters  some  reliable  facts  has  cropped  out  when  reading 
up  an  entirely  different  subject,  and  these  would  not  have  been  found  if  the 
investigation  had  been  confined  to  a  few  breeds. 

When  the  wire-haired  terrier  was  first  provided  with  classes  he  was  not 
recognised  as  a  fox  terrier.  We*  have  an  old  Birmingham  catalogue  of  1879 
before  us,  and  find  that  fox  terriers  followed  hounds  and  preceded  setters 
in  the  sporting  dogs'  division;  and  away  back  in  the  catalogue,  just  preceding 
Yorkshires,  there  are  two  classes  for  wire-haired  terriers.  At  small  shows 
they  were  permitted  to  be  entered  in  the  classes  then  in  vogue  for  broken- 
haired  terriers,  which  by  some  peculiar  stretch  of  the  imagination  included 
Yorkshire  terriers.  By  this  name  of  wire-haired  terriers  they  were  regis- 
tered until  1882,  when  the  English  Kennel  Club  stud  book  for  that  year 
changed  the  classification  title  to  "Wire-Haired  Fox  Terriers."  So  that 
as  a  matter  of  fact  fox  terrier  up  to  that  time  was  a  name  applicable  only 
to  the  smooth  dog,  the  wire-haired  dog  still  retaining  its  old  title  of  terrier, 
with  the  division  title  specifying  coat. 

In  America  the  wire-haired  dog  was  first  recognised  at  the  New  York 
show  of  1883,  when  three  were  shown  in  the  one  class  for  dogs  and  bitches- 
Mr.  Jack  Grainger's  Tyke,  from  the  Carrick  Kennels,  was  the  winner,  and 
was  first  in  this  class  for  four  years.  Two  years  later  the  breed  was  given 
one  champion  class  and  a  dog  and  a  bitch  class,  the  first  and  last  being 
added  classes,  the  original  schedule  providing  but  one  class  for  the  breed. 
This  was  again  changed  the  following  year  and  only  the  dog  and  bitch  classes 
were  provided,  all  novices  being  entered  in  the  same  classes  as  the  smooths. 
At  this  time  Mr.  Mortimer  was  the  principal  exhibitor,  and,  as  he  was  also 
the  superintendent,  the  absence  of  any  champion  class  may  be  attributed 
to  his  not  desiring  to  be  seemingly  pushing  the  breed  for  his  own  advantage. 
Certainly  the  entries  by  this  time  fully  warranted  enlargement,  there  being 
ten  dogs  and  five  bitches  entered  in  the  two  open  classes  at  the  New  York 
show  of  1892.  Finally,  in  1894,  the  breed  was  promoted  to  a  first-class 
classification  of  challenge,  open  and  novice  for  each  sex,  and  a  puppy  class. 
This  was  none  too  much,  for  Messrs.  H.  H.  Hunnewell,  G.  W.  Ritchie, 
R.  H.  Mayhew,  the  Hempstead  Farm  and  H.  W.  Smith  were  now  in  the 


CHAMPION  GO  BANG  CHAMPION   THORN  FIELD   KNOCKOUT 

Two  good  terriers  formerly  owned  by  Major  G.  M.  Caroochan 


Photo  by  H'atso 

THE  GREAT  MEERSBROOK   BRISTLES 
The  most  famous  of  all  terrier  sires.    Imported  and  exhibited  in  America  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Keyes,  East  Pepperell,  Mass. 


The  Wire-Haired  Fox  Terrier  437 

breed  and  the  classes  had  much  improved.  Mr.  Hunnewell  had  Oakleigh 
Bruiser;  Mr.  Smith  had  Cribbage,  Janet  and  Pattern;  Mr.  Mayhew  had 
Brittle;  and  Mr.  Ritchie  and  the  Hempstead  Farm  had  some  very  good 
American-bred  dogs,  mainly  the  get  of  Brittle  and  Suffold  Trimmer,  the 
Hempstead  Farm  dogs  being  the  ones  Mr.  Mortimer  had  bought  and  bred. 
The  great  improvement  in  the  breed  came  with  the  advent  of  the  get 
of  that  wonderful  dog,  Meersbrook  Bristles,  the  first  of  whose  progeny 
to  reach  this  country  were  Endcliffe  Banker  and  Endcliffe  Brisk.  The 
former  won  in  the  open  dog  class  at  New  York  in  1895  and  Brisk  won  in  the 
dog  puppy  class.  Banker  was  a  very  good  dog,  and,  passing  into  the  kennel 
of  Mr.  Lynn,  then  of  Port  Huron,  Mich.,  he  quite  made  that  kennel  by  the 
excellence  of  his  puppies.  He  then  went  to  Toronto  and  sired,  among 
others,  Bank  Note,  a  great  winner  in  his  year.  Considering  the  limited 
opportunities  Banker  had  he  did  great  work  as  a  sire,  and  it  is  no  credit  to 
wire-haired  breeders  that  a  dog  which  showed  himself  such  an  excellent  sire 
was  so  completely  ignored  by  all  but  his  owners. 

Not  only  did  Meersbrook  Bristles  change  the  type  of  the  wire-haired 
terrier,  but  he  had  quite  an  influence  upon  such  breeds  as  the  Irish  and 
even  the  Welsh  terriers.  Since  the  days  of  the  Irish  setter  Elcho  we  have 
known  no  dog  to  so  thoroughly  stamp  type  and  quality  on  a  breed  as  did 
Meersbrook  Bristles.  They  came  with  more  length  and  better  carried-out 
muzzles  and  showed  more  than  the  ordinary  cleanness  in  cheeks,  giving 
as  a  whole  a  long,  moderately  wide  head,  the  skull  showing  only  a  slight 
widening  at  the  ears.  Added  to  this  was  a  keen,  typical  expression,  and, 
as  there  was  a  strong  family  resemblance,  type  was  more  thoroughly  estab- 
lished than  at  any  time  in  either  section  of  the  fox  terriers. 

How  this  dog's  influence  came  to  extend  to  other  terriers  was  owing 
to  a  very  large  amount  of  the  all-round  judging  being  done  in  England  by 
some  three  or  four  judges,  all  terrier  men  in  the  main.  This  Meersbrook 
Bristles  type  of  head  was  undoubtedly  most  taking,  and  it  became  the  type 
more  or  less  for  all  terriers  judged  by  these  all-round  judges.  Some  of 
the  Welsh  terriers  sent  over  a  few  years  ago  were  an  approach  to  the  wire- 
haired  terrier,  and  the  Irish  terrier  was  in  danger  of  being  ruined  by  the 
craze  for  a  long,  narrow  head.  Fortunately  the  customary  ebb  in  dog  fads 
set  in  again  and  we  are  getting  back  to  correct  variety  type. 

Thornfield  Knockout  was  one  of  the  early  good  ones  of  this  line,  and 
was  one  of  the  first  importations  to  Major  Carnochan's  very  successful 


43  8  The  Dog  Book 

kennel  of  this  breed.  He  was  a  nice  size  and  a  thorough  terrier,  and  so  far  as 
we  know  was  sound  in  coat,  while  he  did  good  service  as  a  sire.  Another  that 
came  later  was  Go-Bang,  which,  after  a  most  brilliant  career  in  England,  was 
bought  at  a  record  figure  for  the  very  strong  Cairnsmuir  Kennels.  Go-Bang 
was  a  show  dog,  and,  while  he  got  some  good  terriers,  among  them  Hands  Up, 
yet,  considering  his  demand  as  a  sire,  he  was  a  failure  when  compared  with 
such  a  dog  as  Barkby  Ben,  who  was  a  later  purchase  for  the  Cairnsmuir  Ken- 
nels. It  falls  to  the  lot  of  very  few  dogs  to  be  a  successful,  even  a  passably 
successful,  sire,  and  it  is  the  exceptional  phenomenon  who  is  really  successful. 

Mr.  Charles  W.  Keyes  had  in  1899  imported  Meersbrook  Bristles, 
and  the  puppy  classes  at  New  York  the  following  year  had  some  good  ones 
by  him  at  the  head  of  the  lists.  Mr.  Hunnewell  had  entries  from  two  litters 
by  him,  Mr.  Keyes  had  a  brace,  and  that  sterling  good  Canadian  fancier, 
Mr.  A.  A.  Macdonald,  of  Toronto,  made  his  annual  southern  trip  with 
the  best  of  the  previous  year's  breeding,  which  included  the  Bristles  puppy 
Aldon  Bristles,  second  to  the  Go-Bang  puppy  Cairnsmuir  Growler.  It  was 
at  this  show  that  Hands  Up  came  out  and  made  such  a  sensational  series 
of  wins.  It  was  currently  reported  that  Mr.  Astley,  the  English  judge  who 
put  him  so  high,  offered  $1,500  for  the  dog,  then  seventeen  months  old. 
The  dog  was  both  lauded  and  decried,  and  was  then  sent  to  England,  where 
he  was  moderately  successful.  Our  opinion  of  the  dog  is  that  he  was 
put  about  right  at  the  English  shows,  for  we  always  considered  him  light 
in  bone,  and  most  certainly  when  placed  so  high  by  Mr.  Astley  he  was  leggy 
and  light,  but  that  was  the  type  at  that  time.  Another  thing  he  has  been 
very  fortunate  in  doing  is  the  taking  of  so  many  prizes  as  an  American-bred 
dog,  whereas  he  has  no  claim  to  that  distinction,  being  only  born  in  this 
country  and  his  dam  not  being  here  before  she  was  bred,  which  is  the  one 
exception  in  the  case  of  the  sire  being  a  foreign  dog. 

Mr.  Knowles,  of  Magnolia,  Mass.,  took  up  the  breed  three  years  ago 
and  got  together  a  winning  kennel,  but  he  was  compelled  to  give  up  his 
interests  in  dogs  after  going  to  great  expense  for  them  and  also  for  his  kennels. 
His  place  has  been  well  taken  by  the  Wandee  dogs  of  Mr.  Harley,  which 
Sydney  Loomis  showed  so  successfully  up  to  this  spring,  but  which,  with 
the  smooths  of  the  same  kennel,  are  now  in  charge  of  Charley  Lyndon, 
while  Mr.  Loomis  has  now  got  the  Cairnsmuir  dogs  to  look  after,  and  it  is 
sincerely  to  be  hoped  that  good  luck  will  put  the  only  New  York  kennel  of 
this  breed  in  its  place  of  a  few  years  ago.  . 


The  Wire-Haired  Fox  Terrier  439 

No  standard  is  issued  for  this  variety,  though  there  certainly  should 
be  one,  for  it  no  longer  bears  that  close  resemblance  to  the  smooth  terrier 
in  head  that  was  the  case  when  the  standard  was  adopted  in  England  and 
the  following  was  decided  upon  regarding  the  wire-haired  dog: 

"This  variety  of  the  breed  should  resemble  the  smooth  sort  in  every 
respect  except  the  coat,  which  should  be  broken.  The  harder  and  more 
wiry  the  texture  of  the  coat  is  the  better.  On  no  account  should  the  dog 
look  or  feel  woolly,  and  there  should  be  no  silky  hair  about  the  poll  or  else- 
where. The  coat  should  not  be  too  long,  so  as  to  give  the  dog  a  shaggy 
appearance,  but  at  the  same  time  it  should  show  a  marked  and  distinct 
difference  all  over  from  the  smooth  species." 


THE    FIRST   AIREDALE    ILLUSTRATION    (18791 

This  appeared  in  The  Book  of  the  Dog  (Shaw)  in  connection  with  the  first  information  regarding 
the  breed  given  in  any  book 


BROADLANDS   BRUSHWOOD 

One  of  the  first  winners  in  America 


CH.   CLONMEL   MONARCH 

A  grand  dog  individually  and  a  good  producer 


CHAMPION   THE   NEW    KING 

Property  of  Mr.  Edward  Merritt,  Mattapan,  Mass. 


CHAPTER  XXIX 


THE  AIREDALE  TERRIER 


T  WILL  probably  be  amusing  to  the  Airedale  fancy,  here  as 
well  as  in  England,  to  leam  that  our  opinion  is  that  the 
Airedale  and  the  Yorkshire  terriers  are  from  the  same 
parent  stock,  and  that  was  a  medium-sized  grizzle-and-tan 
terrier  common  in  Yorkshire  within  the  memory  of  "the 
oldest  inhabitant,"  and  perhaps  of  some  considerably  younger.  It  does 
seem  a  ridiculous  statement  to  make  when  we  look  at  the  dogs  known  by 
those  names  at  the  present  time,  but  look  at  the  picture  of  Bounce  in  the 
Stonehenge  illustration,  given  in  the  introductory  chapter  to  terriers.  This 
appeared  in  the  first  edition  of  "Dogs  of  the  British  Islands"  in  illustration 
of  dogs  "not  being  Skyes,  Dandies,  fox  or  toys."  It  also  appeared  as  the 
frontispiece  in  the  second  edition  of  1872.  Bounce  was  the  Halifax  terrier, 
the  blue-tan  terrier  that  the  late  Peter  Eden  of  Manchester  also  had  at 
that  time,  and  within  less  than  ten  years  we  had  from  this  strain  dogs  with 
perfect  blue-tan  coats  nearly  to  the  ground — much  better  in  colour  as  a 
rule  than  those  we  see  now  when  colour  is  sacrificed  for  length. 

If  Bounce  was  an  improved  terrier  from  the  common  run,  what  could 
his  progenitors  have  been  like,  say  in  1840  ?  Does  it  seem  such  "absurd  non- 
sense" now  as  when  the  above  statement  was  first  read  ?  Here  we  have 
Bounce — a  dog  as  large  as  the  white  terrier,  which  became  the  wire-haired 
terrier  and  then  the  wire-haired  fox  terrier,  and  as  large  as  the  Manchester 
black-and-tan;  in  fact  rather  larger  than  either,  if  anything,  and  a  dog  of 
fifteen  pounds  at  least.  Now  take  the  Airedale.  To-day  he  is  a  dog  run- 
ning up  to  nearly  sixty  pounds,  as  seen  in  some  recent  winners.  In  1880 
the  standard  was  published  describing  the  breed,  and  it  provided  for  dogs 
of  forty  to  fifty-five  pounds  and  for  bitches  from  thirty-five  to  fifty  pounds. 
It  was  got  up  by  Mr.  Reginald  Knight,  who  was  booming  the  breed  and  had 
dogs  which  ran  over  the  generally  accepted  size.  Mr.  C.  H.  Mason  was  at 
that  time  the  most  prominent  Yorkshire  man  in  the  show  world,  and  he 

declined  to  sign  Mr.  Knight's  description  because  in  his  opinion  no  Airedale 

441 


442  The  Dog  Book 

should  be  over  forty-five  pounds.  Mr.  Mason  lived  near  Bradford,  knew 
Airedales  well  and  exhibited  them,  and  the  bulk  of  the  fancy  were  of  his 
opinion  as  to  weight.  We  very  well  remember  the  occasion  when  we  first 
heard  of  this  breed.  We  were  sitting  at  Verrey's,  in  Regent  Street,  in  com- 
pany with  Mr.  Krehl,  Mr.  Alfred  Benjamin  and  one  or  two  others,  when 
Vero  Shaw  dropped  in  fresh  from  a  trip  to  some  Yorkshire  show,  and  told 
us  as  the  latest  news  in  dogdom — that  they  had  a  terrier  in  the  north  that 
weighed  forty  pounds.  Every  person  present  expressed  the  opinion  that  no 
dog  of  anything  like  that  weight  should  be  considered  or  called  a  terrier. 
That  was  some  time  in  1879  or  the  early  months  of  1880.  In  Vero  Shaw's 
"Book  of  the  Dog"  the  illustration  shows  a  dog  with  long  hair  on  the  skull, 
and  he  was  a  leading  prize  winner. 

Finally,  as  showing  consanguinity,  we  have  the  Airedale  and  Yorkshire 
puppies  born  black  and  tan,  and  not  coming  to  their  colour  till  they  change 
their  coats  so  that  it  is  not  anything  so  much  out  of  the  way  to  say  that  these 
two  extremes  of  the  terrier  family  came  from  the  small  grizzle-and-tan 
rough  terrier  of  the  Bradford  district  of  Yorkshire. 

How  the  Airedale  was  made  is  well  known  to  old-timers.  Starting 
with  this  game  little  fellow,  kept  as  a  vermin  and  fighting  dog  by  the  quarry- 
men  and  mill  hands,  a  cross  was  made  with  the  bull  terrier,  great  accounts 
having  reached  Yorkshire  as  to  the  smooth-coated  dog's  fighting  ability. 
This  gave  more  size  to  the  home  dogs,  and  some  of  them  were  then  crossed 
with  the  otter  hounds  kept  in  the  adjoining  Wharfedale,  which  was  not  a 
manufacturing  district,  so  that  otters  were  found  in  the  Wharfe  but  not  in 
the  factory-lined  Aire.  From  this  mixture  of  blood  came  a  game  dog  fit 
for  fighting  or  poaching,  two  of  the  recreations  of  the  tough  element  of  that 
section  of  Yorkshire. 

The  bull  terrier,  being  at  that  time  little  more  than  half  bull  and  half 
game  terrier  of  indefinite  breeding,  did  not  seem  to  affect  the  stronger  bred 
blue  grizzle-and-tan  in  the  way  of  colour,  and  as  the  otter  hounds  were 
little  more  than  a  cross  between  the  same  kind  of  terrier  and  a  foxhound 
or  harrier,  this  infusion  assisted  in  opposing  any  white  influence  from  the 
bull  terrier.  From  the  otter  hound,  however,  came  heavier  ears,  and  these 
were  conspicuous  faults  in  the  Airedales  of  twenty  and  even  ten  years  ago. 
In  Yorkshire-bred  Irish  terriers  there  is  far  more  inclination  to  heavy  ears 
than  in  those  of  pure  Irish  strains,  and  this  we  have  attributed  to  some  illicit 
mixing  of  the  varieties,  as  it  is  an  Airedale  attribute  and  never  was  Irish. 


The  Airedale  Terrier  443 

Having  been  kept  and  fostered  as  fighting  dogs,  it  can  be  readily  under- 
stood that  when  first  introduced  to  the  dog-showing  public  Airedales  did 
not  have  the  best  of  credentials  as  to  temper.  They  would  fight  at  the  drop 
of  the  hat — before  it  if  they  got  the  chance — so  it  was  with  the  utmost 
surprise  that  we  saw  on  one  of  our  visits  to  England — 1897,  if  we  mistake 
not — that  the  Airedale  was  quite  the  fashion  as  a  ladies'  companion  about 
London.  On  our  return  we  mentioned  this  to  Mr.  Mason,  who  was  equally 
surprised,  and  said  that  they  could  not  have  done  that  with  the  sort  they 
had  when  he  kept  them.  It  was  Mr.  Mason  who  brought  over  the  first 
Airedale  shown  in  this  country,  a  dog  named  Bruce,  with  which  he  won 
first  in  the  rough-haired  terrier  class  at  New  York  in  1881.  The  last  time 
we  saw  Bruce  was  at  a  dog  auction  at  the  American  Horse  Exchange.  Mr. 
Easton  was  stuck  at  a  bid  of  $5,  so  to  help  him  out  we  chimed  in,  and  by  the 
time  the  price  was  up  to  $15  there  were  two  rival  bidders;  between  them 
the  price  rose  to  $21.  We  told  his  former  owner  of  this  the  next  time  we 
met,  and  he  said  we  might  be  thankful  we  did  not  get  him,  for  he  was  the 
worst-tempered  dog  of  all  he  brought  over.  Mr.  Lacy  also  brought  two 
Airedales  over,  which  were  on  exhibition  at  New  York  in  1881,  and  these 
he  entered  as  blue-and-fawn,  which  we  may  take  it  was  a  customary  descrip- 
tion of  that  time. 

Airedales  were  dormant  for  a  very  long  time  after  Bruce's  single  appear- 
ance in  1 88 1,  and  it  was  not  until  1898  that  classes  were  opened  for  them 
at  New  York.  Messrs  J.  Lorillard  Arden,  A.  De  Witt  Cochrane,  P.  Mal- 
lorie,  J.  Hopkinson  and  J.  Carver  were  the  early  supporters  of  the  breed; 
the  latter  showing  in  the  miscellaneous  class  at  Brooklyn  in  1897  and  Mr. 
Hopkinson  joining  in  the  following  spring,  as  did  Mr.  Mallorie.  Mr. 
Hopkinson  won  in  the  dog  class  with  Broadlands  Brushwood,  while  Mr. 
Mallorie  won  in  the  bitch  class  with  Rustic  Jill.  After  that  there  was  no 
stopping  the  advance  of  the  Airedales,  and  all  named  above  were  exhibiting 
before  the  year  was  out.  Once  in  the  fancy,  Mr.  Arden  meant  to  be  leader, 
so  when  he  found  that  a  prominent  English  exhibitor  was  sending  dogs  to 
the  New  York  show  he  entered  into  communication  with  him  by  cable, 
with  the  result  that  Clonmel  Marvel,  Clonmel  Sensation  and  Clonmel 
Veracity  were  shown  in  his  name,  and  with  the  first  two  named  he  won  all 
he  competed  for  throughout  the  year.  They  were  a  long  way  ahead  of 
anything  we  had  previously  had  here,  and  were  prominent  winners  before 
being  sent  from  England.  Another  very  nice  dog  at  that  show  was  Rock- 


444  The  Dog  Book 

ferry  Pounder,  brought  over  by  Mr.  Raper  for  Mr.  Kershaw,  his  owner, 
and  this  dog  also  joined  the  Arden  Kennel.  Mr.  Cochrane  added  some 
new  ones  to  his  kennel,  including  Barkerend  Lillian,  a  good  one;  but  there 
was  nothing  the  equal  of  Clonmel  Marvel  till  Mr.  Clement  Newbold,  of 
Philadelphia,  imported  Clonmel  Monarch.  Not  only  was  this  the  best  dog 
of  his  day,  but  as  a  sire  we  owe  much  to  him,  for  his  descendants  have  been 
important  factors  in  the  wonderful  progress  we  have  made  in  breeding  Aire- 
dales during  the  last  year  or  two. 

Philadelphia  then  took  up  the  breed  and  set  the  pace;  Mr.  Buckley, 
Mr.  Russell  H.  Johnson,  Jr.,  Mr.  Whittem  and  Mr.  Barclay  all  entering 
with  spirit  into  the  friendly  rivalry.  New  York  had  then  to  depend  upon 
Mr.  Foxhall  Keene,  but  he  was  soon  joined  by  Mr.  Theodore  Offerman, 
who,  showing  as  the  York  Kennels,  has  been  the  leader  since  the  withdrawal 
of  Clonmel  Marvel.  Mr.  E.  A.  Woodward  was  also  very  prominent  for  a 
year  or  two,  while  Mr.  Matthew  Morgan  is  always  to  be  depended  upon 
for  an  entry  or  two  at  New  York  since  he  bought  Accrington  Crack  from 
Mr.  Perry  Tiffany.  Crack  was  a  dog  that  should  not  have  been  so  neglected 
by  breeders  as  was  the  case. 

Down  East  has  to  depend  upon  Mr.  Arthur  Merritt  to  uphold  the 
Airedales,  and  he  is  a  whole  company  in  himself,  for  not  only  does  he  know 
them  from  intimate  knowledge  of  the  breed  since  boyhood,  but  he  is  a  true 
fancier,  and  while  the  ephemerals  flash  into  the  limelight  and  then  drop  out 
of  the  scene  as  suddenly,  such  an  exhibitor  as  Mr.  Merritt  keeps  on  the  even 
tenor  of  his  way  and  is  always  somewhere  near  the  front  at  the  biggest  of 
the  shows.  Among  the  good  dogs  he  has  shown  the  best  is  The  New  King, 
a  sterling  good  Airedale  that  takes  the  very  highest  type  to  beat  him.  Her 
Majesty  is  another  who  has  not  only  been  a  good  winner  but  stands  near 
the  head  of  the  list  as  a  brood  bitch,  while  as  American-breds  from  this 
kennel  we  have  Prince  Hal,  Manxman,  Mona's  Queen  and  many  others. 

At  Montreal  Mr.  Joseph  Laurin  has  for  some  years  supported  the 
breed  liberally,  and  there  are  probably  more  Airedales  in  the  country  with 
the  prefix  of  Colne  than  that  of  any  other  breeder.  His  best  dog  up  to  date 
has  been  Lucky  Baldwin,  to  which  the  prefix  of  Colne  was  added.  Still 
New  York  is  not  to  be  denied  as  the  leader,  with  Mr.  OfFerman's  dogs  in 
evidence,  even  now  that  Mr.  Woodward's  strong  Sandown  collection  has 
been  retired  from  competition.  We  cannot  help  thinking  that  Tone  Master- 
piece was  injudiciously  changed  in  name  to  York  Masterpiece,  but  it  is  a  mis- 


A  SWIMMING  MATCH  AT  THE  BURNLEY  KENNELS.    NETHERWOOD,  PLAINFIELD,  N. 


CLONMEL  ROYAL  RULER 


COLNE  LUCKY  MISS 


Owned  by  the  Burnley  Kennels,  Netherwood,  Plainfield,  N.  J. 


The  Airedale  Terrier  445 

take  many  of  our  breeders  make.  We  consider  that  a  dog  which  has  made  a 
great  reputation  should  never  have  his  name  changed.  What  is  to  connect 
York  Masterpiece  with  York  Sceptre,  formerly  the  far  better  known  Dum- 
barton Sceptre  ?  Tone  Masterpiece  was  her  sire,  and  is  so  given  by  Mr. 
Offerman,  although  the  dog  is  York  Masterpiece  now.  Sceptre  and  Master- 
piece have  proved  strong  individually,  and  as  a  team  have  been  very  hard 
to  beat  in  the  new  variety  classes  when  it  comes  to  a  brace  prize. 

How  wonderfully  the  breed  has  progressed  is  shown  by  the  very  large 
entries  which  have  been  made  this  year.  At  New  York  there  were  17  dog 
puppies,  13  novices,  9  limit  and  7  open  dogs,  besides  9  in  an  American-bred 
class  and  8  in  a  class  for  dogs  bred  by  the  exhibitor.  In  the  bitch  division 
the  totals  were  12  puppies,  10  novices,  n  limit  and  8  open,  beside  8  in  the 
extra  classes.  That  this  was  not  a  one-show  effort  is  demonstrated  by  what 
was  done  at  Wissahickon  in  June  last.  A  total  entry  of  73  dogs  and  bitches 
was  made,  and  with  duplicate  entries  this  was  increased  to  144  for  the  sixteen 
classes.  Very  few  breeds  increase  as  Airedale  terriers  have  done  in  the 
seven  years  of  their  recognition  in  this  country.  The  fancy  is  strong  and 
healthy,  and  is  still  growing  and  spreading  throughout  the  country,  for  the 
reputation  of  the  dog  as  willing,  obedient  and  a  deadly  foe  to  vermin,  with 
the  ability  to  "lick  anything  its  weight/*  has  gone  abroad,  and  there  are 
plenty  of  people  who  want  just  that  kind  of  dog. 

Another  surprise  in  this  breed  is  the  marked  progress  made  in  breeding 
good  ones  here.  We  can  only  account  for  this  exception  to  the  general 
rule  which  calls  for  years  of  building  up  of  the  breeding  stock  by  the  suppo- 
sition that  a  much  better  class  of  dogs  and  bitches  was  imported  than  was 
the  case  in  many  other  breeds.  We  started  with  high  class  from  the  Clon- 
mell  Marvel  importation,  and  have  kept  it  up.  In  addition  to  that,  we 
were  undoubtedly  fortunate  in  getting  dogs  of  influence  as  sires,  and,  what 
was  of  still  more  importance,  breeders  bred  to  the  best  dogs  and  took  the 
best  chance  to  breed  up.  To  sum  it  up,  we  started  level  with  the  English- 
men, barring  numbers,  in  1900,  and  we  have  bred  upon  their  principle  of 
breeding  to  the  best  dogs. 

The  Airedale  differs  from  other  terriers-  in  head  and  expression  more 
than  in  anything  else.  The  skull  shows  only  moderate  diminution  of  width 
from  ear  to  eye,  and,  while  the  standard  says  it  should  be  flat,  it  is  neverthe- 
less a  little  rounder  at  the  sides  than  in  the  fox  terrier.  In  front  of  the  eye 
the  greatest  difference  is  apparent,  owing  to  the  decided  strength  of  the 


446  The  Dog  Book 

muzzle  and  jaws.  The  depth  of  the  muzzle  as  well  as  its  width  is  well  car- 
ried out  to  the  nose.  The  eye  has  a  more  sedate  expression  than  in  any 
of  the  other  terriers.  Then  the  ears  must  not  look  small,  while  of  course 
they  should  not  be  heavy — a  good-sized  ear  and  carried  more  to  the  side 
of  the  head,  showing  the  full  width  of  the  skull.  The  ears  should  also  be 
somewhat  wide  across  the  top  and  devoid  of  anything  suggestive  of  the 
hanging  hound  ear.  A  good  reach  to  the  neck  adds  materially  to  the 
appearance  of  the  dog,  and  of  course  he  should  have  good  shoulders  and  a 
good  "front,"  as  well  as  firm,  thick-padded  feet.  We  do  not  consider  that 
the  work  of  the  Airedale  terrier  calls  for  small  feet,  for  a  "waterside  terrier," 
as  this  was  and  is  yet,  is  in  need  of  pretty  good  sized  feet,  and  so  long  as 
they  are  firm  and  sound  in  pad  they  will  do.  The  length  of  the  legs  should 
be  enough  to  prevent  any  suggestion  of  shortness,  yet  a  leggy  dog  is  an 
abomination  in  any  terrier  when  it  is  carried  too  far.  A  leggy  terrier  is 
either  prone  to  be  light  in  middle  piece  or  long  in  the  back,  and  thus  loses 
character.  With  well-placed  shoulders,  the  Airedale's  back  should  not  look 
long  and  should  be  carried  out  to  the  tail  without  any  droop  in  quarters. 
The  quarters  must  be  muscular,  with  good  length  to  the  hocks.  In  move- 
ment the  action  should  show  strength  and  freedom.  The  latest  standards 
say  that  the  colour  may  be  black  or  dark  grizzle,  with  tan  head  and  ears, 
and  legs  up  to  the  elbows  and  thighs.  The  grizzle  is  by  far  the  preferable 
colour,  and  we  think  that  as  a  rule  the  harsh  and  wiry  feel  of  the  coat  is 
better  in  those  of  that  shade  than  in  others  that  show  a  denser  black  and  a 
redder  tan.  What  is  perhaps  of  more  importance  is  that  the  coat  should 
show  no  softness  or  be  thin  and  devoid  of  filling.  It  should  be  weather 
resisting.  The  Airedale  should  be  provided  with  a  sound  mouth,  teeth 
strong  and  large  and  meeting  evenly  in  front. 

The  following  is  the  descriptive  points  and  standard  which  meet  with 
our  .views  better  than  some  which  have  been  published,  though  this  is  far 
from  perfect,  even  if  it  is  that  of  the  Airedale  Club  of  England : 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — Long,  with  flat  skull,  not  too  broad  between  the  ears  and  nar- 
rowing slightly  to  the  eyes,  free  from  wrinkle.  Stop  hardly  visible  and 
cheeks  free  from  fulness.  Jaw  deep  and  powerful,  well  filled  up  before  the 
eyes,  lips  tight.  Ears  V-shaped  with  a  side  carriage,  small  but  not  out  of 


JLF&Et  fiLACii-AND-TAN   PUPPIES 


INGAFLORA    AT  3    MONTHS 


INGAFLORA   AT  6   MONTHS 


INGAFLORA    AT    10   MONTHS 
Reserve  winnsrs  class,  New  York,  1905 


THE  GROWTH  OF  AN  AIREDALE 


YORK   MASTERPIECE 

(Formerly  Tone  Masterpiece) 

Property  of  Mr.  Theodore  Offerman,  New  York 


FARLEIGH   MIKADO 
Special  for  bes*  American  bred,  Wissahickon,  1905 


The  Airedale  Terrier  447 

proportion  to  the  size  of  the  dog.  The  nose  black,  the  eyes  small  and  dark 
in  colour,  not  prominent  but  full  of  terrier  expression.  The  teeth  strong 
and  level. 

Neck. — Should  be  of  moderate  length  and  thickness,  gradually  widening 
toward  the  shoulders,  and  free  from  throatiness. 

Shoulders  and  Chest. — Shoulders  long  and  sloping  well  into  the  back, 
shoulder  blade  flat.  Chest  deep  but  not  broad. 

Body. — Back  short,  strong  and  straight.     Ribs  well  sprung. 

Hind  Quarters. — Strong  and  muscular,  with  no  droop.  Hocks  well  let 
down.  The  tail  set  on  high  and  carried  gayly,  but  not  curled  over  the  back. 

Legs  and  Feet. — Legs  perfectly  straight,  with  plenty  of  bone.  Feet 
small  and  round,  with  a  good  depth  of  pad. 

Coat. — Hard  and  wiry,  and  not  so  long  as  to  appear  ragged;  it  should 
also  be  straight  and  close,  covering  the  dog  well  all  over  the  body  and  legs. 

Colour. — The  head  and  ears,  with  the  exception  of  dark  markings  on 
each  side  of  the  skull,  should  be  tan,  the  ears  being  of  a  darker  shade  than 
the  rest;  the  legs  up  to  the  thighs  and  elbows  being  also  tan,  the  body  black 
or  dark  grizzle. 

Size. — Dogs,  40  to  45  pounds  weight.     Bitches  slightly  less. 

It  is  the  unanimous  opinion  of  the  club  that  the  size  of  the  Airedale 
terrier  as  given  in  the  above  standard  is  one  of,  if  not  the  most  important, 
characteristics  of  the  breed;  all  judges  who  shall  henceforth  adjudicate  on 
the  merits  of  the  Airedale  terrier  shall  consider  under-sized  specimens  of  the 
breed  severely  handicapped  when  competing  with  dogs  of  the  standard 
weight.  [The  difficulty  is  with  regard  to  oversized  specimens,  not  the 
undersized. — ED.] 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Head,  ears,  eyes,  mouth  ...  20        Legs  and  feet 15 

Neck,  shoulders  and  chest  .    10         Coat 15 

Body 10         Colour 10 

Hind  quarters  and  stern. .     5         General       character,       ex- 
pression   15 

Total. .  100 


CHAPTER  XXX 
THE  BULL  TERRIER 


P  THE  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century  we  have  the 
first  information  regarding  the  cross  of  the  bulldog  on  the 
terrier,  though  there  is  no  reference  to  the  outcome  as  being 
anything  but  simply  terriers  until  about  1820.  In  the  first 
volume  of  "Annals  of  Sporting,"  published  in  1822,  there 
is  an  article  accompanying  a  picture  of  a  black-and-tan  smooth  terrier  bitch 
and  a  patched  bull  terrier.  Pierce  Egan,  a  celebrity  as  a  sporting  writer, 
and  whose  command  of  new  sporting  words  and  phrases  would  make  our 
entire  army  of  baseball  reporters  turn  green  with  envy,  was  the  first  to  draw 
attention  to  the  breed.  It  is  too  long  an  article  to  quote  in  its  entirety,  so 
we  condense  as  follows: 

"The  Tike  most  prominent  in  our  view  is  of  that  variety,  now  an 
established  one,  which  a  few  years  since  passed  under  the  denomination 
of  the  Bull-Terrier;  the  bitch  [the  smooth  black  and  tan]  is  intended  for  a 
full-bred  terrier.  .  .  .  We  are  not  aware  of  any  new  dub  for  the  half- 
bred  bulldog,  our  present  theme,  or  any  substitute  as  yet,  for  the  term 
Bull-Terrier.  This  deficiency,  if  such  it  be,  is  preferable  to  a  congress  of 
the  Fancy,  or,  perchance,  to  chance  medley,  another  notable  instance  of  ton. 
The  new  breed  is,  beyond  question,  admirably  well  adapted  to  the  purpose  of 
a  companion  and  follower  to  the  Swell  of  either  description,  whether  a  walking 
jockey,  or  one  mounted.  .  .  .  To  return  to  " elenchi"  or  rather,  the 
Bull-Terrier,  back  again,  he  is  a  more  sprightly  and  showy  animal  than 
either  of  the  individuals  from  which  he  was  bred,  and  equally  apt  for,  and 
much  more  active  in  any  kind  of  mischief,  as  it  has  been  well  expressed. 
.  .  The  true  bred  bulldog  is  but  a  dull  companion  and  the  terrier 
does  not  flash  much  size,  nor  is  sufficiently  smart  or  cocking,  the  modem 
mixed  dog  includes  all  of  these  qualities,  and  is  of  a  pleasant  airy  temper, 
without  losing  any  of  the  fierceness,  when  needed,  of  his  prototypes;  his 
colours,  too,  are  gay  and  sightly.  .  .  .  Much  depends,  with  respect  to 
the  flash  appearance  of  the  dog  under  notice,  on  the  management  of  his 

449 


45O  The  Dog  Book 

head  and  stern  during  his  early  puppyhood.  By  this  we  shall  readily  be 
understood  to  refer  to  his  ears,  which  must,  at  all  events,  in  order  to  his 
coming  to  a  good  place,  have  the  true,  upright,  pricked,  kiddy  crop,  and  in 
the  next  place  he  must  be  nicked  in  that  workmanlike  style,  which  shall 
produce  an  alternative  elevation  and  depression  of  his  stern,  in  exact  agree- 
ment with  the  model  we  have  exhibited. 

"We  have  been,  however,  performing  a  work  of  supererogation,  not  at 
all  necessary  to  our  sporting  salvation  or  flash  repute,  in  varnishing  the  new 
breed,  which  has  become  so  truly  the  go,  that  no  rum  or  queer  kiddy,  or  man 
of  cash)  from  Tothill  Street  in  the  West  to  North-Eastern  Holloway,  far 
less  any  swell  rising  sixteen,  with  a  black,  purple  or  green  Indiaman,  round 
his  squeeze,  the  corner  of  his  variegated  dab  hanging  from  his  pocket,  and 
his  pantaloons  well  creased  and  puckered,  but  must  have  a  tike  of  the  new 
cut  at  the  heels  of  himself  or  prad" 

The  first  book  pertaining  to  dogs  to  refer  to  the  bull  terrier  by  a  name 
and  give  it  a  chapter  is  Captain  Brown's  "Anecdotes  of  Dogs,"  published 
in  1829.  His  description  is  of  the  early  crosses. 

"He  has  rather  a  large,  square  head,  short  neck,  deep  chest  and  very 
strong  legs.  He  possesses  great  strength  of  jaw  and  draws  a  badger  with 
much  ease.  He  is  of  all  colours,  and  often  white,  with  large  black  or  brown 
patches  on  different  parts  of  his  body.  His  hair  is  short  and  stiff."  It  is 
very  evident  that  Captain  Brown  got  most  of  the  rest  of  his  chapter  from 
Egan's  sketch,  but  in  Brown's  chapter  on  the  Scotch  terriers  he  says  that 
the  cross  between  the  leggy  fifteen-inch  Scotch  terrier  and  the  bulldog  made 
the  best  bull  terrier.  Stonehenge  also  mentions  this  cross  in  his  first  edition, 
but  said  they  were  not  so  game  as  the  smooths. 

To  Captain  Brown  we  are  also  indebted  for  the  following  original 
anecdote  which  Sir  Walter  Scott  sent  to  him:  "The  wisest  dog  I  ever  had 
was  what  is  called  the  Bull-dog  Terrier.  I  taught  him  to  understand  a 
great  many  words,  insomuch  that  I  am  positive  that  the  communication 
betwixt  the  canine  species  and  ourselves  might  be  greatly  enlarged.  Camp 
once  bit  the  baker,  who  was  bringing  bread  to  the  family.  I  beat  him  and 
explained  the  enormity  of  his  offence,  after  which  to  the  last  moment  of  his 
life,  he  never  heard  the  least  allusion  to  the  story,  in  whatever  voice  or  tone 
it  was  mentioned,  without  getting  up  and  retiring  into  the  darkest  corner  of 
the  room  with  great  appearance  of  distress.  Then  if  you  said  'The  baker 
was  well  paid,'  or  'The  baker  was  not  hurt  at  all,'  Camp  came  forth  from 


The  Bull  Terrier  451 

his  hiding  place,  capered  and  barked  and  rejoiced.  When  he  was  unable, 
towards  the  end  of  his  life,  to  attend  me  when  on  horseback,  he  used  to  watch 
for  my  return,  and  the  servant  used  to  tell  him  his  master  was  coming  down 
the  hill  or  through  the  moor,  and  although  he  did  not  use  any  gesture  or 
explain  his  meaning,  Camp  was  never  known  to  mistake  him,  but  either 
went  out  at  the  front  to  go  up  the  hill,  or  at  the  back  to  get  down  to  the  moor 
side.  He  certainly  had  a  singular  knowledge  of  spoken  language." 

What  the  bull  terrier  of  that  period  resembled  we  show  by  reproduc- 
tions of  some  prints,  published  from  1820  to  1830.  The  badger  drawing  by 
Alken  is  a  fancy  sketch,  but  he  was  a  first-class  reproducer  of  sporting 
scenes  of  this  character,  and  in  all  probability  the  participants  are  portraits 
of  well-known  sporting  men  of  the  day,  so  we  may  accept  the  dogs  as  being 
typical.  The  black  markings  near  the  tails  on  both  dogs  suggest  fox  ter- 
riers as  much  as  bull  terriers,  but  they  are  of  the  same  type  as  the  illustration 
Pierce  Egan  wrote  the  description  for,  that  drawing  being  also  by  Alken. 
For  that  reason  we  place  this  with  the  bull  terriers.  Of  the  other  two 
engravings  there  is  no  doubt  whatever,  and  that  of  Venom  is  surprisingly 
good.  Her  short  tail  indicates  the  bulldog  cross,  which  is  much  more 
apparent  in  the  portrait  of  Brutus,  from  a  painting  by  Edwin  Cooper. 

Birmingham  was  the  city  where  the  show  bull  terrier  was  brought  to 
perfection.  The  most  of  the  good  imported  dogs  have  been  from  that 
district,  and  the  largest  exporter  to  this  country  is  Fred  Hinks  of  that  city, 
whose  father  was  also  a  bull-terrier  breeder  for  many  years.  Bull  terriers 
in  England  got  a  hard  set-back  when  the  anti-cropping  rule  of  the  English 
Kennel  Club  went  into  effect  a  few  years  ago,  and  to  the  eye  of  any  person 
accustomed  to  the  cropped  dog  those  with  natural  ears  look  soft,  cheeky 
and  anything  but  the  smart  bull  terrier  of  the  old  days.  Old  fanciers  gave 
the  breed  up,  and  although  there  are  some  signs  of  revival,  it  is  uphill  work, 
with  ears  of  all  sorts  as  to  shape,  size  and  carriage.  Bloomsbury  Burge  is 
claimed  to  be  about  the  best  dog  in  England  now,  and  our  readers  can  see 
what  a  good  uncropped  bull  terrier  looks  like  from  his  photograph.  Even 
if  the  Englishmen  still  had  their  dogs  cropped  they  could  not  show  classes 
at  any  show  the  equal  of  our  annual  New  York  display.  We  do  not  claim 
that  our  best  dog  will  always  be  a  better  one  than  the  best  English  dog,  but 
we  can  show  more  good  American-bred  bull  terriers  at  New  York  than  are 
shown  throughout  the  whole  of  England  in  the  entire  year.  It  is  the  old 
story  of  breeding  more,  and  therefore  having  more  to  select  from. 


452  The  Dog  Book 

The  first  bull  terriers  of  class  shown  in  America  were  the  pair  Sir 
William  Verner  sent  over  in  1880  for  exhibition  at  New  York.  These  were 
Tarquin  and  his  son  Superbus.  Tarquin  was  the  best  dog  in  England  at 
that  time,  or  one  of  the  best,  and  had  won  more  prizes  than  any  dog  then 
being  shown.  He  was  a  large-sized  all-white  dog,  and  it  was  a  long  time 
before  we  saw  his  equal  in  this  country.  Mr.  Mortimer  had  two  or  three 
that  he  was  showing  at  that  time,  and  he  was  the  most  successful  of  our 
exhibitors  till  Mr.  Frank  Dole  took  up  the  breed,  for  whom  we  bought  his 
first  bull  terrier  when  in  England  in  the  winter  of  1884.  This  dog  he  called 
The  Earl,  and  he  won  in  New  York  the  next  year  and  was  sold  to  Mr.  C.  A. 
Stevens.  Mr.  Dole  then  went  in  for  quite  a  series  of  purchases,  his  first 
good  dog  being  Count,  with  which  he  won  a  number  of  prizes;  then  came 
Jubilee  and  White  Violet,  followed  by  the  prominent  English  winning  bitch 
Maggie  May,  the  dam  of  that  wonderful  bitch  Starlight,  who  was  able  to 
win  even  when  she  had  hardly  a  front  tooth  left,  taking  first  in  winners  at 
New  York,  in  1899,  when  nearly  twelve  years  old. 

A  good  many  of  the  imported  dogs  of  this  period  were  by  a  dog  called 
Dutch,  usually  spoken  of  as  Old  Dutch.  He  was  never  shown,  as  he  was 
all  Wrong  in  front,  but  he  was  a  remarkable  good-headed  dog,  as  is  shown 
in  the  photograph  we  reproduce.  One  of  his  best  sons  was  Grand  Duke, 
imported  by  the  Livingston  Brothers,  and  this  dog  was  the  sire  of  Starlight. 
There  was  no  lack  of  competition  at  the  time  these  dogs  were  being  shown, 
for  Mr.  W.  F.  Hobbie  and  the  Retnor  Kennels  had  some  good  ones,  the 
former  showing  Spotless  Prince  and  Enterprise  with  success,  the  latter 
having  Diamond  King  and  Dusty  Miller.  Diamond  King  was  the  first 
of  the  get  of  the  great  sire  Gully  the  Great  to  come  to  this  country,  and  later 
on  Gully  himself  was  imported  by  Mr.  Dole.  Mr.  John  Moorhead,  Jr., 
of  Pittsburg,  was  the  next  new  exhibitor  to  make  a  stir,  as  he  won  in  the 
open  class  and  also  took  the  breed  special  with  Streatham  Monarch  in  1892, 
but  he  failed  to  do  anything  with  the  puppies  of  his  own  breeding. 

Gully  the  Great  made  his  first  appearance  at  the  New  York  show  of 
1893,  and  was  placed  second  to  the  American-bred  Young  Marquis,  which 
was  a  Dole-bred  dog,  being  by  Bendigo  out  of  Edgewood  Fancy,  who  was 
out  of  Starlight.  Edgewood  Fancy  is  the  first  with  the  prefix  which  Mr. 
Dole  has  rendered  very  much  akin  to  a  hallmark,  and  the  Edgewoods  have 
had  a  long  and  honourable  record  of  wins  since  that  time.  Carney  and 
Cardona  were  the  next  two  important  arrivals  from  England,  and  both 


The  Bull  Terrier  453 

were  by  Gully  the  Great.  Dr.  Rush  S.  Huidekoper  bought  Cardona  soon 
after  he  came  out  and  showed  him  successfully  for  several  years.  He  was 
a  very  good  dog  and  lasted  well. 

The  next  dog  of  eminence  was  Princeton  Monarch,  shown  by  W.  &  L. 
Gartner.  Although  not  always  successful,  he  had  a  long  list  of  wins  to  his 
credit,  and  even  when  seven  years  old  he  was  able  to  take  first  in  winners 
at  New  York  in  1904  under  the  English  judge,  Mr.  W.  J.  Pegg.  His  great 
rival  was  Woodcote  Wonder,  which  Mr.  Dole  imported,  and  for  some  time 
it  was  nip  and  tuck  between  them,  but  Wonder  finally  seemed  to  get  settled 
in  first  place  and  held  it  until  he  went  to  California,  where  he  remained  for 
a  year  or  two,  only  to  be  purchased  by  the  Bonnybred  Kennels  of  Brooklyn 
for  stud  purposes. 

Among  other  former  exhibitors  the  late  Frank  H.  Croker  was  one  of 
the  leaders  about  five  years  ago.  Fire  Chief  was  one  of  his  best  dogs,  but 
he  had  a  better  terrier  in  the  bitch  Yorkville  Belle.  Mr.  H.  F.  Church  is 
another  who  has  been  prominent,  more  particularly  with  lightweight  terriers, 
his  Little  Flyer  being  almost  invincible  at  his  weight,  and  from  him  came 
a  number  of  good  dogs.  Mr.  Church  is  still  exhibiting.  Mr.  James  Conway 
was  another  who  showed  some  terriers  that  were  winners,  but  he  went  in 
for  bulldogs  and  sold  out  his  terriers  to  Mr.  Arden.  Dick  Burge,  Modesty 
and  Southboro  Lady  were  three  he  owned.  James  Whelan,  of  New  York, 
is  another  of  the  old  fanciers,  and  he  had  much  to  do  with  Mr.  Croker's 
success.  Guy  Standing,  William  Faversham,  Mark  O'Rourke  and  James 
Parker  have  had  some  prize  winners  that  made  good  records,  and  Tommy 
Holden  is  getting  to  be  one  of  our  "oldest  exhibitors,"  though  he  does  not 
look  the  part  by  any  means.  Nor  must  the  Bay  View  Kennels  of  Canada 
be  omitted,  Mr.  Miller  having  owned  and  bred  many  winners  shown  with 
that  prefix.  Time  of  course  makes  changes  in  the  list  of  exhibitors,  and  at 
the  present  date  we  have  to  add  to  those  already  named  who  are  still  exhibit- 
ing Mr.  Clair  Foster,  J.  W.  Britton,  ad,  Elm  Court  Kennels  and  Isaac  H. 
Clothier,  of  Philadelphia. 

The  bull  terrier  is  one  of  the  breeds  in  which  America  holds  its  own, 
and  one  of  the  most  surprised  persons  at  the  New  York  show  in  1904  was 
the  English  judge,  Mr.  Pegg.  He  told  us  when  we  got  through  his  judging 
of  bull  terriers  and  bulldogs  that  the  former  gave  him  the  hardest  task  he 
had  ever  had  in  the  judging  ring.  Not  only  were  the  classes  large,  but 
they  exceeded  anything  he  had  ever  seen  for  the  number  of  sound,  good 


454  The  Dog  Book 

dogs.  We  noticed  in  Mr.  Pegg's  judging  that  he  did  not  favour  length  of 
head  or  muzzle,  but  dogs  that  showed  strength;  went  for  the  type  that 
Vero  Shaw  used  to  show  when  he  was  the  leading  exhibitor  in  England 
years  ago. 

There  has  been  an  inclination  on  the  part  of  many  judges  to  select  a 
dog  too  high  on  the  leg  for  the  proper  type  of  bull  terrier.  The  correct 
thing  is  a  dog  showing  substance  and  strength,  with  a  punishing  jaw.  The 
standard  says  that  the  skull  should  be  widest  "between  the  ears,"  which  is 
ridiculous,  for  the  ears  are  well  up  on  the  skull.  The  formation  of  the  head 
is  slightly  oval,  or  looks  so  owing  to  the  muscle  on  the  cheek,  but  as  little 
of  cheekiness  should  appear  as  possible.  The  set  of  the  eyes  is  peculiar, 
as  they  are  or  should  be  rather  close  together  and  set  obliquely,  black  and 
small.  The  fore  face  shows  no  drop  below  the  eyes  nor  the  muzzle  any 
snipyness.  The  latter  should  be  carried  well  out  to  the  nose,  and  in  profile 
the  under  jaw  should  show  strength.  Teeth  strong,  devoid  of  canker  and 
meeting  evenly  in  front.  Lips  showing  no  hang,  other  than  sufficient  to 
cover  the  teeth.  The  bull  terrier  is  the  widest  dog  in  front  of  any  of  the 
terriers,  not  out  at  elbows  but  wide  because  of  the  width  of  brisket.  A 
short  back  is  imperative  in  this  breed,  with  plenty  of  chest  room  and  short, 
strong  loin.  The  hind  quarters  should  show  great  strength  and  power, 
with  the  second  thighs  well  developed.  The  standard  we  give  is  that  in 
Vero  Shaw's  "Book  of  the  Dog,"  and  our  reason  for  selecting  that  some- 
what out-of-date  publication  is  because  Mr.  Shaw  was,  as  we  have  already 
stated,  a  leading  bull-terrier  exhibitor  and  had  a  better  knowledge  of  the 
breed  than  any  person  of  his  day  or  any  writer  since  then.  A  word  is  per- 
haps necessary  to  explain  the  term  "moderately  high"  with  reference  to  the 
fore  legs.  Fox  terriers  and  all,  with  the  exception  of  the  Irish  terrier,  were 
decidedly  cobby  compared  with  our  terriers.  We  know  the  type  of  terrier 
he  had  and  wanted.  Some  of  our  readers  may  recall  Mr.  Mason's  Young 
Bill;  if  they  do,  then  they  will  know  the  type  of  dog  Mr.  Shaw  meant  when 
he  wrote  his  description. 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — Should  be  flat,  wide  between  the  ears  and  wedge  shaped;  that 
is,  tapering  from  the  sides  of  the  head  to  the  nose;  no  stop  or  indentation 
between  the  eyes  is  permissible,  and  the  cheek  bones  should  not  be  visible. 


RANCOCAS  GINGER 
Property  of  Mr.  H.  Tatnall  Brown 


CH.    FAULTLESS  OF   THE   POINT 
Property  of  Mr.  Clair  Foster 


EDGEWOOD  j!  K  II. 

Property  of  Mr/ W.  f/ri'eWrxr' "iefld-kk, 


CH.   BLOOMSBURY  BURGE 

A  specimen  uncropped  English  dog 


CH.   EDGEWOOD   CRYSTAL 
Formerly  the  property  of  Mr.  F.  F.  Dole 


CH.   AJAX   OF  THE   POINT 
Property  of  Mr.  Clair  Foster 


The  Bull  Terrier  455 

Teeth. — Should  be  powerful  and  perfectly  regular — an  undershot  or 
overhung  mouth  being  very  objectionable — and  the  lips  thin  and  tight; 
that  is,  only  just  sufficient  to  cover  the  teeth,  and  not  pendulous  as  in  the 
bulldog. 

Nose. — Large,  quite  black,  and  damp,  with  the  nostrils  well  developed. 

Eyes. — Must  be  small  and  very  black.  As  regards  shape,  the  oblong 
is  preferable  to  the  round  eye. 

Ears. — Are  almost  invariably  cropped  and  should  stand  perfectly 
upright. 

Neck. — Should  be  moderately  long  and  arched,  free  from  all  trace  of 
dewlap  and  strongly  set  upon  the  shoulders. 

Shoulders.— Slanting  and  very  muscular,  set  firmly  on  the  chest,  which 
should  be  wide. 

Fore  Legs. — Should  be  moderately  high  and  perfectly  straight,  and  the 
dog  must  stand  well  on  them,  for  they  do  not,  as  in  the  case  of  the  bulldog, 
turn  outward  at  the  shoulders. 

Feet. — Moderately  long  and  compact,  with  toes  well  arched. 

Body. — Deep  at  chest  and  well  ribbed  up. 

Hind  Legs. — Long  and  very  muscular,  with  hocks  straight  and  near  the 
ground. 

Coat. — Short  and  rather  harsh  to  the  touch. 

Colour. — White. 

[Mr.  Shaw  was  strongly  opposed  to  any  marked  dogs,  and  we  agree 
with  him  on  this  point.  The  practice  of  giving  prominent  places  at  shows 
to  marked  dogs  is  increasing  and  should  be  stamped  out.  To  our  mind  a 
patch  is  as  much  a  disfigurement  on  a  bull  terrier  as  a  white  breast  spot  on 
a  black-and-tan  terrier. — ED.] 

Tail. — Fine,  set  low,  and  not  carried  up,  but  as  straight  from  the  back 
as  possible. 

In  general  appearance  the  bull  terrier  is  a  symmetrical  dog,  apparently 
gifted  with  great  strength  and  activity,  and  of  a  lively  and  determined  dis- 
position. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Head 30      Colour 20 

Body  and  chest 20      General  appearance 10 

Feet  and  legs 15 

Stern 5             Total 100 


THE    DOG    BOOK 


THE  DOG  BOOK 

A  Popular  History  of  the  Dog,  with  Practical 
Information  as  to  Care  and  Management  of 
House,  Kennel  and  Exhibition  Dogs ;  and 
Descriptions  of  All  the  Important  Breeds.  In 
Ten  Parts 


BY 


JAMES  WATSON 


PART   VII 


Illustrated  from  Photographs 


NEW  YORK 

DOUBLED  AY,  PAGE  &  COMPANY 
1906 


Copyright,   1906,  by 

Doubleday,  Page  &  Company 

Published,    April,   1906 


All  rights  reserved,  including  that  of 
translation  into  foreign  languages, 
including  the  Scandinavian. 


CONTENTS 

PART  VII 
CHAPTER  XXXI— PAGE  457 

BLACK  AND  TAN  TERRIER:  Early  descriptions  of  its  exclusive 
characteristics — The  large  or  Manchester  variety — First 
American  and  Canadian  importations — Mr.  Lever  the 
first  systematic  supporter  of  the  breed — Dr.  Foote's  long 
connection  with  the  Rochelle  dogs — Now  an  almost 
exclusively  Canadian  dog. 

CHAPTER  XXXII— PAGE  465 

BEDLINGTON  TERRIER:  A  close  relative  of  the  Dandie  Din- 
mont — Never  popular  in  America — Their  reputation  for 
gameness — A  breed  of  extended  pedigrees. 

CHAPTER  XXXIII— PAGE  469 

IRISH  TERRIER :  Probable  connection  with  the  wolfhound — 
Thirty  years  ago  they  were  a  mixed  lot — The  old-time 
dogs  of  Mr.  Jamison — Erin,  and  Graham's  famed  winners — 
The  "Taneous"  head  and  the  whiskers  craze — Fooling  the 
moneyed  Americans — Faking  and  trimming  discussed — 
Milton  Droleen,  the  "American  Erin" — Mr.  Pirn's  recol- 
lections of  dogs  up  to  1891 — Changes  in  type — The 
tendency  to  increase  in  weight — Present-day  sires  in  Eng- 
land— The  breed  in  America  and  the  early  exhibits — The 
roll  of  merit  in  later  years — Debut  of  Masterpiece — Mr. 
Brooks  and  Mr.  Martin  lead  as  American  breeders — Mr. 
Adams'  meteoric  connection — The  standard  discussed. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV— PAGE  495 

DANDIE  DINMONT  TERRIER:  A  breed  we  owe  to  Sir  Walter 
Scott — James  Davidson's  connection  with  the  variety — 
Poor  support  from  exhibitors  in  America. 


CHAPTER  XXXV— PAGE  SOI 

SKYE  TERRIER :  Probably  the  oldest  variety  of  terrier— Referred 
to  by  Oppian  as  the  Agasseus — Early  show  dogs  mainly 
drop-eared — "  American  Skyes  "  usually  poor  Yorkshires — 
A  dog  not  well-suited  for  a  hot-weather  country. 

CHAPTER  XXXVI— PAGE  507 

SCOTTISH  TERRIER:  Not  the  Scotch  terrier  of  the  dog  books 
before  1880 — First  known  as  a  variety  of  Skye  terrier  and 
claimed  to  be  the  genuine  type — Stonehenge's  curt  opinion 
of  the  new  terrier — The  Aberdeen  terrier  and  the  fight 
for  a  name — Ups  and  downs  in  America  till  Dr.  Ewing 
started  the  Scottish  Terrier  Club  — Mr.  Naylor  the 
pioneer — Success  of  the  Wankie  Kennels — Present  lead  of 
the  Craigdarroch  Kennels. 

CHAPTER  XXXVII— PAGE  515 

WELSH  TERRIER  :  The  Old  English  rough  terrier  under  a  new 
name— Mr.  Prescott  Lawrence  imports  the  first  pair  in 
1888 — Very  poor  support  till  1901  when  a  club  was  organ- 
ized and  the  breed  was  started  properly — What  the 
Welshman  looks  like. 

CHAPTER  XXXVIII-PAGE  521 

BOSTON  TERRIER:  An  American-made  breed  and  how  it  was 
started — First  known  as  the  Round-headed  Bull  and 
Terrier — How  the  name  was  changed  to  Boston  Terrier- 
Rose  ears  and  straight  tail  correct  in  1894 ;  cropped  ears 
and  screw  tail  the  proper  thing  in  1895 — Bulldog  versus 
terrier  type — The  screw  or  broken  tail  a  deformity- 
Weight  is  now  the  prominent  question — Mr.  H.  Tatnall 
Brown  on  the  four  prominent  sires — A  standard  for 
present-day  type. 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 
Maxine's   Boy,   Boston  terrier Frontispiece 

FACING  PAGE 

Ch.  Broomfield  Sultan,  Ch.  Daisy,  Walkden  Duke,  Topsy,  Ch. 
Razzle,  Peggie,  Ch.  Perfecto,  Ch.  Meersbrook  Maiden,  black  and 

tan  terriers 460 

Afton  Wallace,  Blyth  Bob,  Ch.  Afton  Jessie,  Bedlington  terriers 465 

IRISH    TERRIERS 

Ch.  Erin,  Ch.  Sport,  Ch.  Playboy,  Ch.  Bachelor,  Kathleen,  Iroquois 

Bencher,  Full  o'  Fight,  Royal  Bandmaster 469 

Ch.  Straight  Tip,  Leeds  Ambassador,  Blackbrook  Banker,  Ch.  End- 

cliffe  Muddler,  Sarah  Kidd,  Ch.  Brickbat 472 

Ch.  Breda  Muddler 476 

Ch.  Breda  Mixer 476 

Ch.  Historian,  Fiscal  Fighter,  Red  Irex 478 

Bogie- Rattler,  Biddy  III,  Benedict,  Bachelor,  Bronze  478 

Ch.  Lorton  Belle,  Ch.  Red  Gem,  Ch.  Inverness  Shamrock,  Meadows 

Bridget,  Lady  Hermit,  English  Nell 478 

Ch.  Mile  End  Muddler,  Ch.  Charwoman,  Ch.  Red  Hills  Doctor, 

Celtic  Demon,  Garryford,  Gaily,  Ch.  Moya  Doolan 485 

Red  Hills  Kennels  Irish  terriers  at  work 488 

DANDIE    DINMONT  TERRIERS 

Milverton  King,  Milverton  Lady,  Ch.  Blacket,  Jr 494 

SKYE    TERRIERS 

Moorland  Lass,  Queen,  Kelpie 497 

Wolverley  Wallie,  Ch.  Wolverley  Jock 497 

Mrs.  Ripley's  drop-eared  Skyes,  Sweetie 497 

Isle  of  Skye  terriers  (1840),  Sanderson's  Jim,  Ch.  Dalmeny 497 

Perfection 498 

White  Skye  terriers;  Puppies  by  Piper  Grey 501 

SCOTTISH    TERRIERS 

"Highland  Music,"  by  Sir  E.  Landseer 488 

Lady  Caroline  Montague,  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds 504 

"The  Scotch  Terrier,  1829,"  Stonehenge's  "Ugly  Brute" 504 

Ch.  The  Laird 507 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS— Continued 

FACING  PAGE 

"The  Skye  Terrier"  by  A.  Cooper,  W.  B.  Smith's  "Scotch  Ter- 
riers," Scotch  terriers  from  Jardine's  Natural  History 507 

Newcastle  Model,  Ch.  Heworth  Merlin,  Ch.  Silverdale  Queen, 

Betsy  Ross,  Ch.  Loyne  Ruffian  5°^ 

Ch.  Ems  Cosmetic,  Ems  Chevalier,  Group  of  Ems  Scotties 508 

OLD    ENGLISH    OR   WELSH    TERRIERS 

The  Old  English  Terrier  by  Cooper   513 

" Terrier  and  Rabbit,"  by  G.  Armfield 513 

Senny  Starlight,  Ch.  Senny  Dragon,  Brynafon  Mab,  Cymro  o'  Gymry  513 

BOSTON   TERRIERS 

Barnard's  Tom,  Wells's  Eph,  Hook's  Punch,  Hall's  Max,  Weiner's 

Bessie,  O'Brien's  Rossie,  Hollander's  Pete,  Atkinson's  Tobey 515 

Kimberly 516 

Barry .  516 

Oarsman,  Ch.  Col.  Monte,  Barry  Boy 521 

Ch.  Princess,  Sullivan's  Punch,  Moorhay's  Kennel  Group 521 

Ch.  Monte,  Ch.  Lord  Derby,  Ch.  Eastover  Lancelot 522 

Dabster,  Timothy,  Fussie  Dee 522 

Ch.  Boylston  Reina    524 

Bobs ; 524 

Goode's   Buster,  Ch.   Surprise,  Puck,  His    Nibs,   Shawmut,  Jewel, 

Sherlock  Holmes,  Finn's  Topsy 529 

Ch.  Lady  Dainty,  Ch.  Whisper,  Ch.  Kinsman,  Lady  Dimple   532 

Sunlight,  Viking,  Gordon  Boy,  Junior  II 532 


THE    DOG    BOOK 


CHAPTER  XXXI 
THE  BLACK  AND  TAN  TERRIER 

HE  large  size  smooth  black  and  tan  terrier  is  entitled  to 
rank  as  a  breed  with  the  old  rough  dog  of  the  same  colour. 
He  was  thoroughly  established  and  described  over  one 
hundred  years  ago,  and  the  description  showed  that  just 
as  he  differs  to-day  from  other  terriers  he  then  had  the  same 
particular  characteristics  which  mark  his  individuality.  Daniel  in  1803 
wrote  that  "  no  species  of  dog  will  fight  the  badger  so  resolutely  and  fairly  as 
terriers,  of  which  there  are  two  kinds;  the  one  is  rough,  short-legged,  long- 
backed,  very  strong,  and  most  commonly  of  a  black  or  yellowish  colour, 
mixed  with  white;  the  other  is  smooth-haired,  and  beautifully  formed, 
having  a  shorter  body  and  more  sprightly  appearance,  is  generally  of  a 
reddish  brown  colour,  or  black  with  tanned  legs." 

Twenty  years  later  we  have  this  more  definite  description  in  Captain 
Brown's  "Anecdotes,"  under  the  chapter  head  of  "The  English  Terrier." 
"This  is  a  handsome,  sprightly  dog,  and  generally  black  on  the  back,  sides, 
upper  part  of  the  head,  neck  and  tail;  the  belly  and  the  throat  are  of  a  very 
bright  reddish  brown,  with  a  spot  of  the  same  colour  over  each  eye.  The 
hair  is  short  and  somewhat  glossy,  the  tail  rather  truncated,  and  carried 
slightly  upwards,  the  ears  are  small,  somewhat  erect,  and  reflected  at  the 
tips,  the  head  is  little  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  body,  and  the  snout 
is  moderately  elongated.  This  dog,  though  but  small,  is  very  resolute,  and 
is  a  determined  enemy  to  all  kinds  of  game  and  vermin,  in  the  pursuit  and 
destruction  of  which  he  evinces  an  extraordinary  and  untaught  alacrity. 
Some  of  the  larger  English  terriers  will  even  draw  a  badger  from  his  hole. 
He  varies  considerably  in  size  and  strength,  and  is  met  with  from  ten  to 
eighteen  inches  in  height. 

"This  dog,  or  the  wire-haired  Scotch  terrier,  is  indispensably  neces- 
sary to  a  pack  of  foxhounds,  for  the  purpose  of  unearthing  the  game. 
From  the  greater  length  of  leg,  from  his  general  lightness,  and  the 
elegant  construction  of  his  body,  he  is  more  adapted  for  running, 

457 


458  The  Dog  Book 

and,  of  course,  better  enabled  to  keep  up  with  the  pack  than  the 
Scotch  terrier." 

We  have  already  mentioned  in  the  introduction  to  the  terriers  that  we 
have  seen  some  Parisian  reproductions  of  hunting  scenes  by  an  English 
artist,  in  one  of  which  there  is  a  very  nice  black  and  tan  terrier,  of  quite 
the  correct  shape  of  body  and  a  nice  length  of  head,  running  with  the  pack 
in  full  cry.  This  dates  from  about  the  time  Captain  Brown  was  writing. 
Of  the  same  period  is  Pierce  Egan's  description  of  the  new  bull  terrier,  the 
illustration  showing  a  bull  terrier  and  a  smallish  black  and  tan  bitch,  which 
he  refers  to  as  "  a  full-bred  terrier,"  as  if  it  was  one  of  the  recognised  type 
with  which  his  readers  were  thoroughly  acquainted. 

Although  there  was  some  cavil  a  few  years  ago  at  the  distinctive  name 
of  Manchester  for  the  large  show  black  and  tan  terrier  it  was  not  such  a 
very  far-fetched  distinction.  The  London  fancy  was  more  for  the  toy, 
it  being  bred  by  the  same  class  of  fanciers  that  went  in  for  toy  spaniels,  and 
held  their  occasional  displays  or  club  shows  at  various  public  houses  where 
they  met  for  social  purposes.  Through  Lancashire  and  eastern  Yorkshire 
the  fancy  ran  to  the  larger  dog,  and  head  and  colour,  with  markings,  took 
the  place  of  smallness.  Manchester  had  by  far  the  largest  number  of  the 
fanciers,  and  it  was  by  no  means  out  of  the  way  to  give  it  the  variety  name 
of  the  place  where  it  was  specially  fostered  and  encouraged.  It  is  a  pity 
that  some  of  those  who  have  written  regarding  the  "  unwarranted  assump- 
tion" of  Manchester  claiming  the  large  black  and  tan,  did  not  first  look 
up  their  own  stud  book — it  is  only  Englishmen  who  have  so  written — and 
noted  what  Manchester  did  for  the  breed. 

The  first  English  stud  book  contains  the  entry  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty-four  black  and  tan  terriers,  other  than  toys,  and  of  this  number  we 
can  without  any  reference  for  further  information,  but  solely  from  our  recol- 
lection of  where  many  of  the  exhibitors  and  breeders  resided,  pick  out  no 
less  than  fifty-two  hailing  from  Manchester  or  its  immediate  neighbourhood, 
or  bred  there.  Of  the  remaining  seventy  odd  entries  fully  half  of  them 
have  no  pedigrees,  and  of  the  rest  there  is  a  sprinkling  of  London  dogs,  a 
few  in  the  Birmingham  district,  and  as  far  north  as  Durham,  while  Sam 
Lang,  the  pointer  man,  had  some  at  Bristol.  The  leading  breeder  and 
exhibitor  at  that  time  was  the  late  Mr.  Harry  Lacy,  and  the  last  occasion 
of  our  meeting  him  was  at  Justice's  well-known  house  in  Salford,  at  the 
close  of  1894.  We  heard  nothing  but  black  and  tan  talk  that  evening, 


The  Black  and  Tan  Terrier  459 

for  Justice's  was  headquarters  for  the  fancy.  Others  we  recall  as  being 
present  were  Peter  Eden  and  John  Douglas;  in  fact  it  was  the  latter  who 
took  us  there  because  Mr.  Lacy  had  told  him  he  wanted  specially  to  meet 
us,  because  we  had  just  come  from  America.  Handley  and  Ribchester 
were  Manchester  men,  and  Fitter,  who  led  in  the  Birmingham  fancy,  got 
his  stock  from  Cottonopolis,  mainly  from  Mr.  Lacy.  Most  of  the  Rev.  J.  W. 
Mellor's  dogs  came  from  the  same  source.  Roocroft  of  nearby  Bolton  also 
had  them  as  well  as  white  terriers.  Jem  Hinks  of  Birmingham  had  his 
from  Manchester,  and  Henshall  of  Manchester  had  black  and  tans  as  well 
as  bulldogs.  It  was  little  wonder  that  as  a  hall-mark  of  good  breeding  the 
name  Manchester  became  associated  with  the  breed. 

Nowadays  when  there  is  a  wide,  unfilled  margin  between  the  black  and 
tan  proper  and  the  toy  of  under  seven  pounds,  the  name  of  the  breed  is 
sufficient  to  specify  a  large-sized  terrier,  but  it  was  not  so  thirty  years  ago, 
when  they  went  from  the  top  end  of  the  scale  down  to  seven  pounds,  with 
plenty  shown  under  ten  pounds.  These  middle  weights  are  not  seen 
nowadays  and  the  name  Manchester  is  not  needed,  but  what  the  men  of  that 
city  did  for  the  black  and  tan  should  not  be  forgotten. 

We  do  not  know  of  any  black  and  tan  terrier  proper  being  shown  here 
prior  to  1880,  when  we  brought  over  the  bitch  Nettle,  bought  from  Alf. 
George  of  Kensal  New  Town.  She  had  no  extended  pedigree,  but  was 
undoubtedly  a  highly  bred  bitch  and  she  certainly  was  a  very  nice  one. 
Sir  William  Verner  sent  over  some  dogs  to  New  York  that  year,  and  among 
them  was  the  black  and  tan  Salford,  quite  a  winner  on  the  other  side,  Sir 
William  sending  his  dogs  all  over  the  country.  Salford  was  a  very  nice 
coloured  dog  but  had  an  abominable  front,  and  Nettle  might  well  have 
won.  Dr.  Gordon  Stables,  who  was  judging,  thought  otherwise  and  that 
settled  it.  The  late  Hugh  Dalziel  was  also  brought  over  to  judge  at  that 
show,  and  the  only  thing  that  induced  the  club  to  have  Dr.  Stables  as  well 
was  the  latter's  offer  to  judge  in  Highland  costume.  This  Secretary  Tileston 
thought  would  be  an  immense  advertising  card,  and  the  cost  of  importing 
the  doctor  was  incurred  for  that  purpose  alone.  When  he  arrived  minus 
the  promised  costume  there  was  a  good  deal  of  disappointment. 

Nettle  was  bred  to  Salford  at  the  show  and  sold  to  Mr.  W.  R.  H. 
Martin  of  New  York,  and  to  this  litter  some  of  the  good  dogs  of  subsequent 
years  go  back.  One  was  the  bitch  Squaw,  that  went  to  Mr.  John  F.  Camp- 
bell of  Montreal,  and  we  mention  her  because  of  a  very  peculiar  circum- 


460  The  Dog  Book 

stance.  She  was  a  very  good  bitch  except  for  being  a  little  "smutty"  in 
colour,  the  thumb-marks  on  her  fetlocks  not  being  sharply  outlined,  but 
running;  into  the  tan  too  much.  Some  six  months  or  more  after  we  had  sent 

o 

this  bitch  to  Mr.  Campbell  we  had  a  letter  asking  about  the  former  owner, 
because  Squaw  had  coated  out  again  without  any  thumb-marks  at  all. 
In  reply  we  assured  him  that  Mr.  Martin  would  never  for  a  moment  think 
or  permit  of  tampering  with  any  of  his  dogs;  that  we  had  seen  Squaw 
repeatedly  and  that  she  had  always  had  the  smutty  forelegs  we  had  told  him 
of,  and  no  one  would  think  of  putting  on  thumb-marks  such  as  she  had  if 
any  faking  was  to  be  done.  That  satisfied  Mr.  Campbell,  but  the  mystery 
regarding  the  thumb-marks  became  more  puzzling  when  the  following  year 
they  came  back  again  much  as  they  had  been  originally.  Mr.  Campbell  was 
then  the  leading  terrier  exhibitor  of  Montreal,  and  up  to  three  years  ago 
was  showing  some  of  his  old  stock  and  winning.  We  never  saw  Squaw  after 
she  went  to  him,  but  no  one  who  knows  him  would  think  for  a  moment  of 
doubting  his  word,  and  we  had  more  than  one  letter  from  him  on  the  subject. 
In  the  fall  of  1880,  the  year  Nettle  was  shown,  the  first  of  the  now  very 
important  Toronto  Exhibition  shows  was  held,  and  there  was  a  very  nice 
medium-sized  terrier  named  Needle,  shown  there  by  Jimmy  Heasley,  and 
by  Wheel  of  Fortune  II.  out  of  Queen  III.,  so  there  was  nothing  lacking  in 
the  way  of  breeding  to  add  to  the  good  looks.  "  Jimmy"  was  Ned  Hanlan's 
trusted  assistant  when  the  Canadian  champion  went  to  England  in  1879 
to  demonstrate  that  he  could  beat  the  best  scullers  there,  and  Heasley  had 
but  one  wish  in  the  world  next  to  seeing  Hanlon  win  his  races — to  take 
back  to  Toronto  a  good  black  and  tan  terrier.  This  desire  he  told  to  every- 
one, so  that  Jimmy  and  his  terrier  became  quite  a  joke.  Finally  one 
of  the  visitors  from  this  side  of  the  Atlantic  inserted  an  advertisement  in  a 
Newcastle  paper  that  Mr.  James  T.  Heasley  wanted  to  purchase  a  good 
terrier,  and  dogs  were  to  be  shown  to  him  at  the  Ords  Arms,  Scotswood 
Suspension  Bridge,  Hanlan's  headquarters  at  the  upper  end  of  the  course. 
We  had  come  over  from  Manchester  by  night  train  to  see  how  things  were 
going,  and  driving  up  the  river  road  became  more  and  more  puzzled  by  the 
number  of  men  we  passed  accompanied  by  dogs — terriers  of  every  description. 
Finally  at  the  Ords  Arms  there  was  quite  a  gathering  of  men  and  terriers, 
but  Jimmy  had  long  since  disappeared,  having  made  his  escape  over  the  back 
wall  and  up  the  hill  to  the  rear  of  the  hotel.  He  got  a  dog  eventually,  and 
Needle  was  one  well  worth  bringing  over. 


The  Black  and  Tan  Terrier  461 

The  first  exhibitor  in  the  States  to  take  up  the  breed  systematically 
was  Mr.  Edward  Lever,  of  Philadelphia,  whose  Vortigern  and  Reveller 
were  well-known  winners.  These  were  terriers  of  rather  more  substance 
than  black  and  tans  of  later  days.  Mr.  Lever  then  went  in  for  bull  terriers 
and  Irish,  and  it  was  not  until  Dr.  H.  T.  Foote  of  New  Rochelle  took  up  the 
breed  that  we  got  a  fancier  with  the  necessary  persistence  for  this  breed, 
for  it  is  one  of  the  hardest  to  breed  to  perfection,  and  calls  for  unwearying 
patience  and  disregard  of  disappointments.  Dr.  Foote  stuck  to  the  breed 
for  twenty  years,  and  even  he  gave  it  up  when  Mrs.  Foote  took  to  Scottish 
terriers  and  he  fell  a  victim  to  their  enticing  qualities.  With  his  withdrawal 
the  death  knell  of  the  black  and  tan  in  the  United  States  seems  to  have 
been  sounded.  Canada,  particularly  the  Ottawa  district,  is  the  stronghold 
of  the  fancy,  and  at  Chicago  good  turn-outs  of  black  and  tan  terriers  may 
be  seen,  but  if  it  was  not  for  the  support  of  the  Canadians  New  York  shows 
would  have  meagre  displays  of  this  undoubtedly  handsome  dog,  as  can  be 
understood  when  we  state  that  out  of  seventeen  dogs  shown  at  New  York 
this  year,  1905,  nine  were  from  Canada,  while  another  Canadian  bred  was 
owned  at  Erie,  and  these  took  the  lion's  share  of  the  money. 

These  Canadian  dogs  are  of  better  type  than  those  bred  in  the  Chicago 
district,  for  there  they  are  getting  too  much  substance  for  their  size,  and 
with  that  comes  width  of  front  and  lack  of  the  symmetry  which  is  essential 
in  this  breed.  It  is  this  call  for  symmetry  and  also  the  imperative  demand 
for  correct  colour  and  markings,  that  makes  the  black  and  tan  such  a  difficult 
dog  to  turn  out  with  any  claim  to  merit.  It  is  a  breed  that  finds  its  best 
support  from  the  class  of  fanciers  one  finds  in  England  almost  exclusively, 
the  working  man  or  mill  operative  who  has  it  bred  in  him  for  many  genera- 
tions, and  to  whose  stick-at-it-iveness  we  are  indebted  for  nearly  all  the 
fancy  breeds  of  England,  to  which  we  have  become  heir  by  purchase. 

In  addition  to  this  drawback  in  the  way  of  breeding  the  black  and 
tan  has  suffered  from  two  causes,  though  this  is  more  applicable  to  England 
than  America.  Dyeing  is  resorted  to  by  unscrupulous  exhibitors  to  over- 
come nature's  colour  errors,  and  erratic  tan  hairs  on  the  hind  legs  and  else- 
where are  plucked.  This  we  are  pleased  to  say  is  practically  unknown 
here,  though  we  doubt  not  but  that  the  most  honest  exhibitor,  who  would 
spurn  the  suggestion  of  altering  colour,  would  not  hesitate  to  get  rid  of  a  tan 
hair  or  two  which  had  got  beyond  the  line  of  demarkation.  Still  the  pure 
and  deliberate  faking  that  was  much  too  prevalent  in  England  had  its 


462  The  Dog  Book 

effect  in  preventing  many  from  taking  up  the  breed,  and  with  lack  of  good 
buyers  prices  fell  and  fewer  were  bred.  Then  came  the  stopping  of  cropping 
by  enactment  of  the  English  Kennel  Club  and  plenty  of  the  old-timers 
threw  the  breed  up  in  disgust,  for  there  is  no  gainsaying  the  radical  difference 
it  makes  in  a  dog,  even  taking  one  with  nicely  held  natural  ears,  when  one 
has  been  used  to  the  smartly  cropped  dog.  Besides  which,  with  a  breed 
which  has  been  bred  regardless  of  ear  carriage,  and  when  naturally  stiff- 
leathered  ears  will  stand  better  when  cropped  and  must  therefore  have  been 
developed  by  a  process  of  selection,  it  could  not  be  expected  that  the  un- 
cropped  ears  of  dogs  so  bred  would  hang  properly.  We  have  not  got  the 
dyer  or  the  faker  here,  but  we  still  have  the  cropper. 

To  the  credit  of  the  black  and  tan  terrier  men  be  it  said  that  none  of 
them  opposed  Dr.  Foote's  vigorous  support  of  the  effort  made  a  few  years 
ago  to  suppress  cropping  by  rule  of  the  American  Kennel  Club,  and  in 
addition  to  that  he  had  classes  and  specials  offered  for  uncropped  dogs,  but 
all  to  no  purpose.  We  were  with  Dr.  Foote  in  that  fight  and  our  side  was 
disastrously  defeated.  We  regretted  at  the  time  that  what  then  seemed 
to  us  an  inevitable  action  had  been  foolishly  delayed,  but  when  we  saw 
the  uncropped  dogs  of  the  English  shows  a  year  ago,  long  enough  after  the 
rule  had  been  passed  for  the  necessary  improvement  to  have  been  made, 
we  found  it  was  not  there  in  such  breeds  as  bull  terriers,  black  and  tan 
terriers  and  Great  Danes,  all  of  which  looked  sadly  deficient  in  character 
as  compared  with  what  we  see  in  America.  On  the  other  hand  the  Irish 
terrier,  in  the  old  days  a  cropped  dog,  with  an  occasional  uncropped  one 
when  the  ears  happened  to  be  neat  and  small  and  were  left  on  for  those 
reasons,  has  in  no  way  suffered  in  expression,  nor  has  the  fox  terrier.  We 
should  perhaps  say  the  wire-haired  fox  terrier,  for  while  we  do  not  remember 
ever  seeing  a  cropped  smooth,  unless  cropped  through  ignorance,  we  have 
seen  a  good  many  wire-haired  so  treated.  The  last  we  recall  was  at  one 
of  the  Agricultural  Hall  shows  in  London,  about  1877.  We  had  made  up 
our  mind  to  give  the  catalogue  price  of  ten  pounds  for  this  dog,  though 
he  was  of  course  passed  by  the  judge,  and  on  going  to  take  another  look 
at  him  found  two  gentlemen  discussing  his  points,  one  of  whom  had  already 
claimed  and  paid  for  the  dog. 

We  would  much  like  to  see  a  revival  of  interest  in  the  black  and  tan 
terrier,  for  he  is  a  .handsome  dog,  in  addition  to  being  a  very  nice  house  dog 
and  companion.  He  may  not  be  so  robust  as  most  of  the  terriers,  for  his 


The  Black  and  Tan  Terrier  463 

coat  is  not  long  and  it  is  decidedly  short  on  the  legs  and  under  parts  of  the 
body.  Still,  they  have  pretty  hard  winters  up  Ottawa  way,  where  they 
have  more  and  better  specimens  of  the  breed  than  anywhere  else  in  the 
country,  and  if  they  thrive  there  they  should  do  so  at  any  place  on  the  con- 
tinent where  show  dogs  are  kept. 

Head,  symmetry  and  colour  are  the  essential  properties  in  this  breed, 
hence  they  dominate  the  points  when  it  comes  to  the  distributing  of 
values  in  the  standard. 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head, — Long,  flat  and  narrow,  level  and  wedge-shaped,  without  show- 
ing cheek  muscles;  well  filled  up  under  the  eyes,  with  tapering,  tightly 
lipped  jaws  and  level  teeth. 

Eyes. — Very  small,  sparkling  and  dark,  set  fairly  close  together,  and 
oblong  in  shape. 

Nose. — Black. 

Ears. — [The  English  description  necessarily  deals  with  uncropped 
ears,  but  there  has  never  been  any  official  change  from  that  of  the  original 
black  and  tan  terrier  club  standard.  As  we  still  have  these  terriers  cropped 
in  this  country,  it  is  only  necessary  to  say  that  the  fashion  is  to  have  as  long 
a  crop  and  carried  up  to  as  fine  a  point  as  possible. — ED.] 

Neck  and  shoulders. — The  neck  should  be  fairly  long  and  tapering 
from  the  shoulders  to  the  head,  with  sloping  shoulders,  the  neck  being 
free  from  throatiness  and  slightly  arched  at  the  occiput. 

Chest. — Narrow,  but  deep. 

Body. — Moderately  short,  but  curving  upwards  at  the  loin;  ribs  well 
sprung;  back  slightly  arched  at  the  loin,  and  falling  again  at  the  joining 
of  the  tail  to  the  same  height  as  at  the  shoulder. 

Legs. — Must  be  quite  straight,  set  on  well  under  the  dog,  and  of  fair 
length. 

Feet. — More  inclined  to  be  cat-  than  hare-footed. 

Tall. — Moderate  length,  and  set  on  where  the  arch  of  the  back  ends; 
thick  where  it  joins  the  body,  tapering  to  a  point  and  not  carried  higher 
than  the  back. 

Coat. — Close,  smooth,  short  and  glossy. 

Colour. — Jet  black  and  rich  mahogany  tan,  distributed  over  the  body 


464  The  Dog  Book 

as  follows :  On  the  head  the  muzzle  is  tanned  to  the  nose,  which,  with  the 
nasal  bone  (sic),  is  jet  black;  there  is  also  a  bright  spot  on  each  cheek  and 
above  each  eye;  the  under  jaw  and  throat  are  tanned,  and  the  hair  on  the 
inside  of  the  ear  is  of  the  same  colour;  the  forelegs  are  tanned  up  to  the  knee, 
with  black  lines  (pencil-marks)  up  each  toe,  and  a  black  mark  (thumb- 
mark)  above  the  foot;  inside  the  hind  legs  are  tanned,  but  divided  with 
black  at  the  hock  joints;  under  the  tail  is  also  tanned,  and  so  is  the  vent, 
but  only  sufficiently  to  be  easily  covered  by  the  tail;  also  tanned  on  each 
side  of  the  chest  [this  should  be  brisket. — ED.].  Tan  outside  of  hind  legs, 
commonly  called  "breeching,"  is  a  serious  defect.  In  all  cases  the  black 
should  not  run  into  the  tan,  or  vice  versa,  but  the  division  between  the  two 
colours  should  be  well  defined. 

General  appearance. — A  terrier  calculated  to  take  his  part  in  the  rat 
pit,  and  not  of  the  whippet  type. 

Weight. — From  sixteen  to  twenty  pounds  is  most  desirable. 


Head    .  . 

POINTS 
.   20         Body  

.    10 

Eyes 

.  .    10         Tail  

c 

Ears        !  

....     5         Colour  and  markings  .  .  . 

j 

1C 

....    10        General  appearance  and 

Feet  , 

,  .  .  .  .    10            terrier  character  

1C 

Total  . 

IOO 

466  The  Dog  Book 

dog's  body,  but  that  is  what  is  aimed  at  in  the  Bedlington,  hence  the  faking 
and  the  attending  disrepute  into  which  the  breed  has  fallen  abroad. 

We  rather  doubt  whether  the  fault  should  not  be  laid  at  the  doors 
of  unqualified  judges  who  took  it  for  granted  that  the  Bedlington  is  a  wire- 
haired  dog,  whereas  he  is  not,  but  a  dog  of  mixed  coat  of  soft  or  woolly 
feel,  thickly  shot  with  a  wiry  coat  not  any  longer  than  the  soft  coat  which  in 
many  breeds  would  have  been  a  thick  pily  undercoat.  The  extremely  clever 
judges  of  Yorkshire  and  the  South,  who  evolve  from  their  inner  conscious- 
ness requirements  of  dogs  they  know  little  about,  decided  that  this  double 
coat  must  be  all  wrong,  they  had  never  seen  it  before,  and  as  it  was  not  right 
in  other  terriers  it  could  not  be  right  in  this  breed.  The  result  was  that 
to  win  under  these  wearers  of  the  doggy  ermine  half  the  coat  had  to  be  taken 
out.  Finally  this  became  the  custom  to  such  an  extent  that  no  dog  could 
be  shown  with  a  chance  of  winning  unless  his  coat  was  more  or  less  tampered 
with. 

One  very  natural  result  of  such  a  condition  of  affairs  must  have  been 
that  it  mattered  very  little  what  kind  of  coat  a  dog  might  have  that  one 
thought  of  breeding  to,  for  the  progeny  would  have  to  be  prepared  for  the 
ring  anyway;  also  it  was  impossible  to  tell  what  kind  of  coat  a  dog  had 
naturally,  and  even  if  he  had  a  really  good  coat  it  would  be  supposed  that 
it  had  been  improved.  We  think  that  of  late  there  has  been  some  improve- 
ment with  regard  to  showing  dogs  more  naturally,  but  as  we  have  said  with 
respect  to  some  other  breeds,  a  dog  that  is  not  popular  in  his  own  country 
or  in  England  is  not  likely  to  succeed  here,  especially  when  there  are  so 
many  kinds  possessing  attractions  already  before  the  public. 

That  the  Bedlington  has  claims  we  readily  admit,  for  in  the  way  of 
gameness  none  ranks  higher.  We  sent  a  commission  to  England  some 
years  ago  for  a  fox  terrier,  thoroughly  game,  and  one  from  Mr.  Carrick's 
kennel  was  sent,  a  son  of  Tom  Firr,  with  the  message  that  if  he  was  not 
game  enough  no  fox  terrier  would  do,  and  the  buyer  would  have  to  get  a 
bull  terrier  or  a  Bedlington.  That  is  their  strongest  claim,  for  while  they 
have  decided  symmetry  in  body  and  legs,  yet  the  topknot  and  the  peculiar 
ears  make  them  somewhat  of  an  oddity.  They  are  also  rather  quiet 
dogs  except  when  roused,  and  need  knowing  well  before  they  can  be 
appreciated. 

Pedigrees  have  been  traced  farther  back  in  the  Bedlingtons  than  in 
any  breed  of  terriers,  in  fact  than  in  any  breed  of  dogs  except  greyhounds 


The  Bedlington  Terrier  467 

and  perhaps  the  records  of  a  few  packs  of  English  fox  hounds,  for  there  are 
plenty  of  Bedlingtons  that  can  be  traced  back  to  dogs  of  W.  Clark's  breeding, 
and  he  traced  his  dog  Scamp  back  to  Squire  Trevelyan's  Old  Flint,  a  dog 
whelped  in  1782.  There  are  no  end  of  broken  lines  in  such  a  pedigree  as 
that,  besides  which  we  know  absolutely  nothing  as  to  what  Old  Flint  looked 
like,  and  simply  to  suppose  that  Flint  was  a  Bedlington  such  as  we  have 
to-day  because  Bedlingtons  can  be  traced  back  to  him  is  absurd.  Further 
than  that,  we  know  as  a  matter  of  fact  that  some  of  the  dogs  of  about  1820 
named  in  this  old  pedigree  were  not  Bedlingtons  at  all.  At  least  one 
famous  bitch  was  brought  from  Staffordshire  with  a  company  of  nail  makers 
who  settled  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Rothbury,  by  which  name  the  breed 
was  known  until  quite  recently.  A  pack  of  fox  hounds  was  kept  there, 
and  as  a  matter  of  fact  these  were  simply  the  local  terriers  used  to  go 
to  earth. 

As  late  as  1875  Mr.  Pickett,  to  whom  more  than  any  other  person  was 
due  the  elevation  of  the  variety  into  the  station  of  a  recognised  breed,  wrote 
to  the  Live  Stock  Journal  of  London,  and  gave  the  dog  no  other  name  than 
a  northern  counties  fox  terrier.  He  wrote  as  follows  in  introducing  a 
description  of  the  breed :  "  I  have  in  my  possession  the  original  copy  of 
Tyneside's  pedigree,  dated  1839,  signed  by  the  late  Mr.  Joseph  Aynsley, 
who  was  one  of  the  first  breeders  of  this  class  of  dog,  and  who  also  acted 
as  judge  at  the  first  Bedlington  show,  and  quote  the  following  as  a  description 
of  what  a  northern  counties  fox  terrier  should  be,  viz.:  'Colour:  Liver, 
sandy,  blue-black,  or  tan.  Shape:  The  jaw  rather  long  and  small,  but 
muscular;  the  head  high  and  narrow,  with  a  silky  tuft  on  top;  the  hair 
rather  wiry  on  the  back;  the  eyes  small  and  rather  sunk;  the  ears  long  and 
hanging  close  to  the  cheeks,  and  slightly  feathered  at  the  tips;  the  neck 
long  and  muscular,  rising  well  from  the  shoulder;  the  chest  deep,  but 
narrow,  the  body  well  proportioned  and  the  ribs  flat;  the  legs  must  be  long 
in  proportion  to  the  body,  the  thinner  the  hips  are  the  better;  the  tail  small 
and  tapering,  and  slightly  feathered.  Altogether  he  is  a  lathy  made  dog/'1 
From  the  manner  in  which  this  description  is  introduced  the  supposition 
is  that  it  is  copied  from  the  pedigree  referred  to,  and  it  is  within  quotation 
marks  in  the  original  letter  in  the  Live  Stock  Journal,  showing  that  it  is  not 
Pickett's  own. 

The  standard  of  the  Bedlington  Terrier  Club,  adopted  thirty  years  ago, 
has  been  more  recently  condensed  as  follows: 


468  The  Dog  Book 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — Long.  Skull  narrow,  but  deep  and  rounded,  high  at  the  occiput 
and  covered  with  a  nice  silky  tuft  or  topknot.  Muzzle  long,  tapering,  sharp 
and  muscular;  as  little  stop  as  possible  between  the  eyes,  so  as  to  form 
nearly  a  line  from  the  nose  end  along  the  joint  of  the  skull  to  the  occiput. 

Eyes. — Small  and  well  sunk  in  the  head,  placed  obliquely  and  close  to- 
gether, but  not  round  in  shape.  The  blues  should  have  a  dark  eye,  the  blue 
and  tan  ditto,  with  amber  shade;  livers,  sandies,  etc.,  a  light  brown  eye. 

Nose. — Large  and  well  angled.  Blues  and  blue  and  tans  should 
have  black  noses;  livers  have  flesh  coloured  noses;  sandies,  flesh  coloured 
preferable,  but  black  admissable.  Lips  close  fitting  and  without  flews. 

Jaws. — Long,tapering,  sharp  and  muscular.  Teeth  level  or  pincer-jawed. 

Ears. — Moderately  large,  placed  low,  flat  to  the  cheek,  thinly  covered 
and  tipped  with  fine  silky  hair.  They  should  be  filbert-shaped. 

Neck. — Long,  deep  at  the  base,  rising  well  from  the  shoulders,  which 
should  be  flat  and  placed  we!'  hack. 

Body. — Chest  deep,  not  w  >;  back  slightly  arched;  body  well  flat- 
ribbed  up;  hind  quarters  light. 

Legs  and  feet. — Legs  of  moderate  length,  not  wide  apart,  straight  and 
flat  boned.  Feet  rather  long,  toes  close  and  well  arched. 

Tail. — Thick  at  the  root,  tapering  to  a  point,  slightly  feathered  on 
lower  side,  nine  to  eleven  inches  long  and  scimitar  shaped. 

Coat. — A  mixture  of  hard  and  soft  hair,  not  lying  flat  to  the  sides,  crisp 
to  the  feel. 

Colour. — Blue,  blue  and  tan,  liver,  liver  and  tan,  sandy  and  sandy  and 
tan.  Topknots  and  ear  tippings  as  light  as  possible. 

General  appearance. — A  light  made  up  lathy  dog,  but  not  shelly.  Not 
exceeding  sixteen  inches  at  the  shoulder. 

Weight. — Dogs  about  twenty-four  pounds,  bitches  about  twenty-two. 

Disqualifying  points. — Overshot  and  undershot  jaws  and  white  patches. 

POINTS 

Head 20         Legs  and  feet 15 

Eyes  and  nose 10         Coat 15 

Neck  and  shoulders 5         Colour  . 10 

Body 15         General  appearance  ....  10 

Total  100 


CH.  ERIN 

From    a   drawing  of   the   general    type  of 
Ideal  illustrations  about  1880 


»'.•«•     IROQUOIS  BENCHER 

wiMierc  aha  >.good  sire.     Property  of  Mr.  L.  Loring  Brooks, 

'.  i  i 1  i  '  '•.  1 1 '        Boston,  Mass. 


FULL  O'  FIGHT 

Illustrative  of  modern  ideas  as  to  the  Irish  terrier  in  the  "tinkering"  of 
the  photo.  The  old-time  ideal  is  shown  by  the  drawing  of  Ch.  Erin 
on  this  page 


CH.   PLAYBOY 


CH.  SPORT 

One  of  the  first  Irish  terriers  shown 


KATHLEEN 

The  first   Irish  terrier  shown  in  America,  entered  in  Miscellaneous  class, 
New  York,  1880. 


ROYAL  BANDMASTER 


CHAPTER  XXXIII 


THE  IRISH  TERRIER 

T  IS  little  use  trying  to  grope  back  for  any  history  of  the 
Irish  terrier.  In  1879,  wnen  tne  breed  was  being  taken 
hold  of  and  pushed  to  the  front,  Mr.  Ridgway  wrote  that 
there  were  references  to  it  in  old  Irish  manuscripts, 
but  the  only  way  to  make  that  evidence  tell  is  to  produce 
or  quote  from  these  alleged  old  manuscripts,  and  that  has  never  been  done. 
Billy  Graham's  quizzical  explanation  of  why  this  most  ancient  of  dogs 
was  not  mentioned  in  the  manifest  of  Noah's  ark  was  that  there  was  no  need 
for  him  to  have  inside  accommodations,  owing  to  the  ease  with  which  he 
could  swim  alongside.  Another  piece  of  excellent  evidence  for  those  who 
believe  in  jumping  at  every  straw  is  the  red  dog  with  green  head  in  an 
Egyptian  funeral  cortege,  painted  sundry  thousands  of  years  ago. 

Dismissing  untenable  conjecture,  we  find  that  from  the  time  the  terrier 
of  the  North  of  Ireland  became  in  any  way  known,  he  was  a  dog  which, 
from  his  being  the  rangiest  of  the  terrier  family  of  that  time  and  the  general 
resemblance  in  outline  of  the  best  specimens  to  a  rough,  coarse  greyhound, 
indicated  his  descent  from  the  hound  dog  of  Ireland,  the  Irish  wolfhound, 
brother-in-blood  to  the  Scotch  deerhound.  The  wolfhound,  whether  short 
or  rough  coated,  for  they  seem  to  have  been  of  both  varieties,  was  red  or 
fawn  in  colour,  and  the  terrier  ran  to  that  colour  also,  though  of  course  as 
he  was  of  mongrel  breeding  there  were  variations  of  colour.  At  the  early 
Irish  exhibition  of  terriers  they  were,  to  quote  the  words  of  Dr.  Carey,  the 
Irish  Terrier  Club  secretary,  "of  all  sorts,  sizes  and  colours."  The  first 
really  good  one  was  Spuds,  shown  in  1876.  The  illustration  in  Dalziel's 
book  is  a  good  one,  and  shows  what  was  considered  in  those  days  to  be  the 
correct  form  of  this  terrier.  She  was  cropped,  as  were  most  of  the  Irish 
terriers  of  her  time,  though  Mr.  Jamison's  Sport  was  not,  nor  was  Mr. 
Graham's  Sporter,  afterward  Mr.  George  Krehl's.  These  terriers  were 
soon  followed  by  Erin,  the  best  terrier  of  the  early  days,  and  while  there 

ma  have  been  a  better  one  since,  we  can  only  say  that  never  until  we  set 

469 


470  The  Dog  Book 

eyes  on  Mr.  O.  W.  Dormer's  American  bred  Milton  Droleen  did  we  see  any- 
thing that  in  any  way  reminded  us  of  the  great  Erin.  We  so  told  Mr. 
Donner  the  first  time  we  saw  her  on  the  occasion  of  our  judging  at  Providence, 
and  when  she  was  taken  to  England  Mr.  Krehl  wrote  of  her  as  the  "American 
Erin."  Droleen  was  a  cropped  bitch  and  showed  the  typical  head  of  Erin 
and  the  same  outline  of  body,  which  is  that  shown  in  Spuds.  We  first  saw 
Erin  when  we  ran  down  to  Barrow  from  Manchester  to  meet  "Billy'* 
Graham,  who  was  going  to  stop  there  over  Sunday  on  his  way  from  Belfast 
to  the  Palace  Show.  That  was  in  1879,  and  Erin  beat  all  comers  at  that 
show,  and  deservedly.  As  we  propose  quoting  from  an  article  on  the  early 
Irish  terriers  written  by  Mr.  J.  J.  Pirn,  who  had  a  far  more  thorough  ac- 
quaintance with  her  and  all  the  early  terriers  than  we  had,  as  well  as  of 
those  shown  after  we  left  England  in  1880,  we  will  not  go  into  particulars 
regarding  Erin.  We  do  not  dispute  for  a  moment  that  Mr.  Pirn,  who  knew 
her  so  well,  is  correct  in  saying  that  she  had  a  dark  red  coat,  but  if  we  had 
been  asked  from  recollection  to  give  her  colour  we  should  have  said  red 
wheaten.  In  the  old  days  what  we  now  call  red  wheaten  was  then  called 
red,  and  the  wheaten  was  a  much  lighter  shade.  Others  ran  into  a  sort  of 
grey,  resembling  the  colour  of  Mrs.  Murray  Bohlen's  Pinscher  dog.  In 
size  they  ran  from  Spuds  and  our  Banshee  down  to  terriers  of  the  size  of 
Breda  Tiny,  the  typical  little  terrier  imported  by  Mr.  Mitchell  Harrison,  and 
from  whom  came  Widow  Bedott. 

At  the  head  of  the  old  breeders  of  Irish  terriers,  as  well  as  exhibitors,. 
Mr.  George  Jamison  of  Belfast  is  entitled  to  the  first  rank,  and  he  still  has 
some  pretty  good  ones,  though  his  fancy  has  turned  to  trumpeter  pigeons, 
as  we  found  on  visiting  him  a  year  ago.  Mr.  Jamison  owned  Sport,  Spuds, 
and  a  whole  lot  of  good  ones  of  the  early  days,  and  bred  many  good  ones. 
Still,  there  is  no  gainsaying  that  Mr.  William  Graham,  the  great  "Billy" 
known  to  all  dog  men  interested  in  Irish  terriers,  and  the  original  "Irish 
Ambassador" — so  styled  from  his  constant  visits  to  all  the  important  shows 
in  England — was  the  man  above  all  others  who  did  most  for  the  advance- 
ment of  the  Irish  terrier.  In  addition  to  dogs  of  his  own  he  had  charge  of 
Mr.  J.  R.  N.  Pirn's  dogs,  and  all  the  get  of  Erin  we  owe  to  Graham.  After 
them  came  his  great  record  of  the  Bredas,  culminating  in  Breda  Mixer  and 
Breda  Muddler.  Graham  liked  the  dog  of  medium  size,  but  was  shrewd 
enough  to  show  what  would  win,  and  when  the  judges  began  to  display  their 
preference  for  the  larger  dogs  and  bitches  he  had  that  kind  to  put  in  front 


The  Irish  Terrier  471 

of  them.  To  mark  their  appreciation  of  what  the  late  Mr.  Graham  had 
done  for  the  breed  the  Irish  Terrier  Club  members  subscribed  for  a  cup, 
known  as  the  Graham  Challenge  Cup,  which  is  competed  for  by  all  comers 
at  certain  prominent  selected  shows  in  Ireland  and  England,  and  is  con- 
sidered the  blue  ribbon  trophy  of  the  breed.  Starting  as  he  did  with  the 
foundation  stock,  from  which  we  have  the  present  day  terrier,  Graham 
had  an  undoubted  advantage  over  the  English  breeders,  who  were  without 
intimate  knowledge  of  the  characteristics  of  some  of  the  early  and  unshown 
dogs  which  appear  in  old  pedigrees,  and  we  find  in  the  pedigrees  of  his 
latest  and  best  dogs  that  he  practically  relied  on  dogs  bred  either  by  himself, 
or  whose  parents  were  of  his  stock. 

Graham  was  not  a  stickler  for  pedigree,  but  stood  for  knowledge  of 
what  the  parents  looked  like  and  what  their  ancestors  were.  At  times  he 
would  breed  from  an  inferior-looking  dog,  such  as  in  the  case  of  Benedict, 
whose  brother  Bachelor  was  the  crack  dog.  One  of  the  valuable  photo- 
graphs we  got  from  Mr.  Jamison  shows  what  Benedict  looked  like,  and  it 
would  take  some  persuasion  for  any  person  to  breed  to  such  a  dog.  The 
story  was  that  Graham  visited  the  owner  of  the  two  brothers  with  the  real 
intention  of  buying  Benedict,  but  only  took  him  at  a  gift  price  when  his 
overtures  for  Bachelor  were  declined.  We  have  been  told  by  a  close  friend 
that  such  is  not  the  case,  and  that  he  only  took  Benedict  because  he  could 
not  get  the  other  and  did  not  want  to  go  home  without  doing  business. 

Something  that  can  easily  be  learned  from  these  old  illustrations  is 
the  change  of  type.  The  old  original  standard  was  framed  at  the  time  the 
breed  was  started  as  a  show  breed,  and  was  drawn  up  by  those  who  were 
best  qualified  to  know  the  correct  type.  These  old  dogs  we  illustrate  were 
considered  typical  specimens  under  that  standard,  but  they  in  no  way 
resemble  our  winners  of  two  years  ago.  Garryford  and  Gaily  are  good 
instances  of  what  the  cropped  Irish  terriers  looked  like,  but  there  is  not  one 
of  them  that  shows  what  has  been  called  the  "coffin"  muzzle,  which  began 
in  the  Meersbrook  Bristles  era  in  wire-haired  fox  terriers.  Selection  of  this 
style  of  foreface  could  to  some  extent  affect  the  type,  but  we  are  convinced 
that  in  many  of  the  English-bred  dogs,  particularly  those  of  Yorkshire 
breeding,  the  Airedale  has  been  introduced.  How  are  we  otherwise  to 
account  for  the  heavy  ears,  placed  Airedale  style,  and  the  gawky  hind  legs, 
together  with  the  tendency  to  overgrowth  ?  We  have  never  found  this  in 
the  Irish  strains,  nor  in  the  kennels  of  thoroughly  reputable  Yorkshire 


472  The  Dog  Book 

breeders  of  Irish  terriers,  but  among  those  of  shady  reputation  or  when  it 
comes  to  a  dog  bred  by  a  man  totally  unknown,  with  the  probability  that  the 
name  is  only  a  stop  gap.  It  is  very  risky  breeding  from  any  such  dog,  or 
his  or  her  descendants.  In  our  show  going,  which  has  extended  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  and  through  Canada,  we  have  met  with  large  red 
dogs,  frequently  smooth-coated,  all  possessing  the  heavy  side-placed  ears 
and  the  comparatively  sluggish  look  of  the  Airedale,  and  invariably  we 
have  found  that  they  have  been  bred  from  dogs  of  Yorkshire  origin. 

It  was  to  Yorkshire  we  owed  that  monstrosity,  the  "Taneous"  head, 
the  narrow  round  skull  with  sunken  temples,  sometimes  with  an  exaggera- 
tion of  length  of  foreface,  the  narrowness  of  which  was  covered  up  with  a 
wealth  of  fluffy  hair,  not  Irish  at  all.  None  of  the  old  dogs  we  illustrate 
show  any  of  this  exaggeration  of  whiskers.  "Oh,"  says  the  new 
beginner  who  has  learned  Irish  terriers  thoroughly  in  a  few  weeks,  "that 
is  the  beard,  the  standard  says  it  has  to  have  a  beard;  it  is  the  beard." 
Not  at  all;  the  beard  is  a  tuft  or  two  of  hair  growing  on  the  under  jaw,  and 
the  old  Irish  terrier  was  about  as  clean  muzzled  as  an  Airedale.  We  do 
not  object  to  a  little  bristly  growth  along  the  jaws,  so  long  as  it  is  free  from 
lintyness  or  fluff,  for  that  most  assuredly  indicates  that  the  body  coat  is  not 
sound,  no  matter  if  it  looks  so  for  the  time  being.  Dogs  of  this  kind 
are  seen  now  and  again  throughout  the  year,  but  have  periods  of 
retirement  during  which  the  all  -  the  -  year  -  round,  sound-coated  dog  is 
being  shown. 

Americans  are  not  so  much  to  blame  for  getting  astray,  as  they  did  a 
year  or  so  ago,  on  the  question  of  type.  Dogs  sent  from  the  other  side  were 
represented  to  them  as  being  the  correct  type.  We  saw  one  communication 
from  an  importer  to  the  effect  that  the  dog  he  was  then  trying  to  sell  was 
"the  new  type  that  is  doing  all  the  winning  on  the  other  side." 

Relying  upon  the  representations  regarding  these  dogs,  good  prices 
were  paid  for  them,  the  purchasers  not  realising  that  they  had  not  the 
correct  thing  until  the  next  importation  of  the  only  genuine,  correct  type 
was  received,  when  they  realised  that  "type"  meant  only  the  dog  that  was 
for  sale,  and  varied  as  the  dogs  did. 

This  could  not  last  for  ever,  and  the  importation  of  a  large  number  of 
good  dogs  that  were  winning  on  the  other  side,  where  also  there  had  been 
a  radical  return  to  something  nearer  the  old  type,  settled  the  question,  and 
the  day  of  the  dog  with  the  "Taneous"  head  was  at  an  end.  The  name 


The  Irish  Terrier  473 

Taneous  came  from  a  dog  which  had  a  very  narrow,  long  head,  and  anything 
approaching  his  style  of  head  still  goes  by  his  name. 

Another  change  of  a  desirable  nature  has  been  the  return  to  something 
more  like  the  right  thing  in  the  condition  of  coat  on  the  exhibition  dog. 
The  Irish  terrier  is  a  rough  dog  and  should  look  as  if  he  was  rough,  without 
it  being  necessary  to  rumple  up  the  coat  to  see  if  it  is  any  length.  We  have 
seen  Irish  terriers  win,  and  that  under  judges  whose  names  appear  on  the 
list  as  approved  by  our  Irish  Terrier  Club,  when  they  had  no  more  coat  than 
that  of  a  smooth  fox  terrier.  That  is,  however,  dying  out  with  the  Taneous 
head  and  the  equally  erroneous  idea  that  the  Irish  terrier  should  have  a  long, 
square  muzzle,  or  what  Mr.  Fred  Breakell  of  Manchester  calls  the  "coffin" 
muzzle.  What  we  want  to  preserve  in  the  Irish  terrier  is  the  expression. 
This  is  different  from  that  seen  in  the  fox  terrier,  the  Scotch,  the  Airedale 
or  the  bull  terrier,  just  as  each  of  them  differ  from  all  others. 

At  one  time  our  judges  went  solely  for  length  of  head,  but  that  has 
met  with  a  timely  death,  and  we  are  really  closer  to  the  correct  thing  in  our 
judging  than  for  some  years  now.  In  place  of  balking  at  everything  but  a 
narrow  head  and  long  foreface  the  same  men  are  now  going  to  the  opposite 
extreme,  and  we  have  short,  square-headed  dogs  winning,  for  no  reason 
than  that  they  have  good  legs  and  feet.  There  is  moderation  in  everything 
and  in  our  opinion  the  first  thing  a  judge  should  look  for  is  the  Irish  ex- 
pression, the  one  thing  especially  indicative  of  the  breed.  If  you  get  that 
the  head  is  pretty  sure  to  be  not  far  from  right.  Then  comes  the  racing 
outline  of  the  breed,  which  calls  for  not  too  much  width  of  chest,  though  the 
fox  terrier  front  is  equally  wrong,  the  pasterns  springing  a  little.  He  should 
show  sufficient  length  of  leg  to  look  as  if  he  could  extend  himself  a  bit,  and 
to  do  so  the  back  ribs  do  not  want  to  be  let  down  as  in  a  cobby  dog.  A 
modified  greyhound  cut-up  in  the  loin,  and  good  length  from  hip 
to  hock,  while  a  gay  carriage  of  tail  assists  materially  in  setting  off  the 
"Daredevil." 

In  the  old  days  we  showed  our  Irish  terriers  in  what  would  now  be 
called  the  rough.  They  were  brushed  with  a  dandy  brush,  and  the  only 
thing  we  learned  from  Graham  in  this  line  was  that  the  hair  which  was  apt 
to  overrun  the  edge  of  the  foot  and  make  it  look  large  and  flat,  should  be 
"shingled"  ofF  with  a  poor  cutting  knife  edge,  so  as  not  to  make  jagged 
cuts.  That  was  done  a  month  or  six  weeks  before  an  important  show. 
We  do  not  say  that  even  at  that  date  there  was  not  a  trimmed  or  plucked 


474  The  Dog  Book 

dog;  in  fact,  we  know  one  that  was.  That  was  Gaelic,  a  dog  Graham  had, 
and  as  at  that  time  there  was  little  love  between  Graham  and  the  club 
secretary,  Dr.  Carey,  we  were  surprised  to  hear  that  Graham  had  sold 
Gaelic  to  him,  for  the  dog  had  done  quite  a  bit  of  winning.  Next  time 
we  met  Billy  we  asked  the  reason  for  the  sale.  "Well,  Gaelic  is  not  the  best- 
coated  dog  in  the  world  and  I'm  a  busy  man.  Now  the  Doctor  isn't.  He 
ives  away  down  there  at  Borris,  with  hardly  a  thing  to  do,  and  he  is  in  a 
fair  way  to  go  to  the  bad  if  his  idle  hands  are  not  occupied,  so  out  of  real 
friendliness  and  a  desire  for  his  salvation  I  sold  him  Gaelic,  and — he'll 
keep  him  busy."  We  do  not  remember  the  dog  being  shown  much,  if  at 
all,  after  that.  Anyway  that  was  the  only  dog  that  we  ever  heard  of  that 
was  presumably  tampered  with  or  prepared.  We  never  used  the  terrier 
combs  that  are  a  necessity  nowadays  and  tend  to  tear  out  the  under  coat,  as 
well  as  the  old  coat  that  may  be  removed. 

That  style  of  showing  we  are  never  likely  to  return  to,  but  we  most 
certainly  are  exhibiting  our  dogs  more  naturally  than  was  the  case  a  year 
or  two  ago,  when  trimming  was  carried  to  an  unwarranted  extent.  We 
have  only  seen  one  case  of  extreme  trimming  this  season,  when  the  head 
of  a  well-known  bitch  was  outrageously  barbered.  That  was  bad  enough, 
but  we  regret  to  say  that  for  the  first  time  we  saw  during  the  present  year 
the  pernicious  filling  of  the  coat  with  a  preparation  of  rosin.  We  saw  two 
dogs  so  treated,  and  as  we  were  exhibiting  against  them  we  told  the  persons 
interested  in  them  to  brush  them  out  at  once  and  never  let  it  be  done  aeain 

o 

at  any  show  we  attended.  This  was  at  once  complied  with.  One  of  the 
dogs  was  owned  by  an  amateur  and  he  expressed  surprise  that  we  objected, 
saying  that  every  person  did  it.  We  responded  that  such  was  not  the  case, 
and  only  once  before  had  we  seen  such  a  thing.  It  is  perhaps  a  little  difficult 
to  say  exactly  where  preparation  by  trimming  ceases  to  be  legitimate.  Still, 
the  line  of  deception  as  to  a  dog's  demerit  is  not  altogether  undistinguishable, 
and  anyway  rosin  in  the  coat  is  fraud,  pure  and  simple.  The  question  is 
solely  that  of  deception  practiced  on  the  judge,  or  sought  to  be  practiced 
on  that  official,  and  not  that  of  the  preparation  of  the  dog  in  a  legitimate  way. 
It  is  not  deception  to  clean  up  a  dog's  feet  so  that  they  are  of  good  shape, 
round  and  well  knuckled  up,  for  that  is  not  deceiving  the  judge,  but  to  clip, 
singe,  or  pluck  a  naturally  woolly  headed  dog  is  deception,  for  with  his 
woolly  topknot  he  would  soon  be  turned  out  of  the  ring.  That  is  the 
vital  point  of  the  question  of  trimming. 


The  Irish  Terrier  475 

As  may  be  surmised  from  our  introductory  remarks  there  is  no  ancient 
history  of  this  breed.  We  go  back  to  about  1870  in  the  longest  extended 
pedigree  that  can  be  made  up  out  of  the  English  stud  book,  or  from  any 
other  source  that  we  have  knowledge  of.  Some  years  ago  Mr.  O.  W. 
Donner  asked  us  to  undertake  the  extending  of  the  pedigree  of  a  son  and 
daughter  of  his  Milton  Droleen,  and  by  Breda  Muddler.  We  did  so  as  far 
as  the  stud  book  data  would  carry  the  pedigree  and  then  sent  the  result 
across  the  Atlantic  to  a  friend,  who  had  instructions  as  to  every  line  of 
investigation  to  be  followed  and  who  to  see  or  write  to.  Every  person  lent 
the  readiest  assistance  and  Messrs.  Jamison  and  Graham  pored  over 
the  pedigree,  adding  links  here  and  there  from  their  old  recollections,  but 
there  was  no  getting  any  further  back  than  we  had  already  done  in  the 
longest  extended  lines,  and  they  came  to  an  end  with  dogs  that  did  not  go 
back  to  1870.  It  was  only  in  the  extension  of  the  same  dog's  pedigree, 
as  it  reoccurred,  that  we  reached  that  link.  It  is  not  an  old  breed  so  far 
as  pedigree  making  goes,  and  they  did  not  always  come  true  to  colour  in 
the  litters  either.  Others  besides  ourselves  ended  the  career  of  what  might 
have  turned  out  to  be  pretty  good  "Welsh  terriers"  had  there  been  such  a 
breed  in  existence  then,  but  all  black  and  tans  went  into  the  water  bucket. 
Mr.  Barnett  attributes  this  colour  to  Killiney  Boy,  who  he  says  was  out  of 
a  black  and  tan  dam,  but  we  drowned  black  and  tans  before  Killiney  Boy 
was  known  as  a  sire. 

The  good  dogs  of  those  days  were  picked  up  here  and  there  by  good 
judges,  and  when  it  was  known  that  a  man  would  give  a  good  price  for  a 
dog  he  would  have  dogs  offered  him  from  many  parts  of  the  country.  There 
was  no  pedigree  behind  them,  and  it  was  only  the  judicious  mating  by  such 
men  as  Graham,  though  he  was  almost  an  exception  in  the  way  of  ability 
in  this  direction,  that  laid  the  foundation  for  the  present  good  displays  of 
Irish  terriers.  Belfast  was  then  the  headquarters  for  the  breed  and  it  has 
ever  remained  so  in  respect  to.  Ireland,  though  as  may  be  supposed,  there 
have  been  and  are  many  other  breeders  there.  In  England  it  was  taken 
hold  of  by  Mr.  George  R.  Krehl,  who,  upon  the  advice  of  Mr.  Vero  Shaw, 
then  kennel  editor  of  the  Live  Stock  Journal,  kept  the  name  of  the  breed 
before  the  public  by  means  of  discussions  and  letters  contributed  by  himself 
and  friends  till  the  time  was  ripe  for  starting  a  specialty  club.  This  was 
done  in  1879,  and  in  May  of  that  year  Dr.  Carey,  who  is  still  the  secretary 
of  the  club,  issued  his  first  circular  giving  the  names  of  twenty-five  Irish 


476  The  Dog  Book 

and  twenty-seven  English  members.  Of  the  entire  number  we  believe  we 
are  the  only  one  on  the  list  who  is  showing  Irish  terriers  at  the  present  time. 
A  good  many  of  the  English  members  were  merely  friends  of  Mr.  Krehl 
and  never  owned  one  of  the  breed,  but  they  started  the  club  at  any  rate  and 
others  took  their  places.  One  of  the  important  steps  early  taken  by  the 
club  was  in  the  direction  of  natural  ears,  the  credit  of  which  is  due  Mr. 
Krehl,  who  pushed  the  original  movement  and  made  it  easy  for  those  who 
ultimately  got  the  Kennel  Club  to  accede  to  the  request  to  prohibit  cropping 
after  a  specified  date,  a  step  which  eventually  led  to  the  prohibition  being 
extended  to  all  breeds. 

At  that  early  date  there  were  a  good  many  uncropped  dogs.  Mr. 
Jamison's  old  dog  Sport  had  natural  ears,  so  had  Mr.  Krehl's  Sporter  and 
his  Moya  Doolan,  but  these  were  mainly  dogs  picked  up  here  and  there 
that  had  not  been  bred  in  kennels  where  show  dogs  were  raised.  The 
regulars  held  out  for  cropping,  in  the  main,  Graham  being  very  much  against 
any  change  as  spoiling  the  look  of  the  dogs.  When  the  rule  was  passed 
all  had  to  obey  it,  and  the  rule  was  followed  in  this  country  when  the  Irish 
Terrier  Club  of  America  was  organised.  In  those  old  days  we  made  a 
fuss  about  immaterials,  as  all  novices  do.  We  had  it  in  other  breeds  and 
while  St.  Bernard  men  thought  everything  about  dew  claws  we  discussed  the 
question  of  disqualifying  dogs  with  anything  but  black  toe  nails,  how  much 
white  might  be  permitted  on  a  dog's  breast  and  trivial  points  of  that  kind, 
just  as  new  beginners  do  to  this  day.  After  English  exhibitors  learned  more 
they  went  for  real  terriers  and  the  once  burning  question  of  the  colour  of  toe 
nails  was  buried,  though  it  still  survives  in  the  standard  as  a  relic  of  the  past. 

We  will  now  give  the  "recollections"  of  Mr.  J.  J.  Pim,  which  must 
have  appeared  originally  at  the  close  of  1891,  seemingly,  for  he  apparently 
wrote  on  dogs  shown  a  few  months  before.  We  extract  the  communication 
from  the  Irish  Terrier  Review  of  July,  1905,  which  fails  to  give  the  original 
source  of  publication,  though  stating  that  it  is  republished  by  Mr.  Pirn's 
permission: 

IRISH  TERRIERS — PAST  AND  PRESENT 

"Having  been  asked  to  give  'my  recollections'  on  the  above,  I  have 
tried  to  do  so  from  memory,  and  must  ask  my  readers  to  excuse  any  mistakes. 

"I  always  considered  the  Irish  terrier  of  the  North  of  Ireland  the 
truer  breed,  as  with  few  exceptions  those  from  the  South  were  neither 


Photo  byj.  Exley,  Bradford,  Eng. 
CH.  BREDA  MIXER 


The  Irish  Terrier  477 

high  enough  on  the  leg  nor  hard  in  coat.  I  am  now  speaking  of  those  at 
our  first  shows  in  1874  and  1875. 

"The  first  show  in  England  that  made  a  class  for  our  breed  was  Brigh- 
ton, 1876.  Mr.  Jamison  of  Belfast,  and  Mr.  Mawdsley  of  Liverpool,  won, 
the  only  exhibitors,  the  former  winning  both  prizes.  Glasgow  in  1875 
was  the  first  Scottish  Show  to  help  us.  Mr.  A.  T.  Arrol,  who  had  several 
goodish  ones,  was  probably  the  first  Scottish  exhibitor. 

"The  first  good  specimens  I  remember  were  Mr.  George  Jamison's 
Sport  (5,761),  first  Glasgow,  1875,  and  illustrated  in  your  paper  the  same 
year,  with  drop-ears  (several  of  our  present  winners'  pedigrees  go  back  to 
him),  and  Mr.  Norton's  Fly  (3,524),  first  Newtownards,  1874,  dam  of 
several  winners  in  1875  and  1876.  Mr.  Smith's  Spuds  (6,846),  cropped, 
the  best  we  had  yet  seen,  came  out  at  Cork,  1876,  and  then  found  her  way 
into  Mr.  Jamison's  kennels;  he  won  with  her  and  another  bitch,  Banshee 
(too  thick  in  head),  at  Brighton,  1876,  and  1877  at  the  Kennel  Club,  who 
had  also  given  the  breed  a  class  for  the  first  time.  I  well  remember  leading 
Spuds,  and  telling  Colonel  Owen,  the  judge,  that  I  thought  she  should  have 
beaten  Banshee.  I  then  bought  her,  and  she  was  my  first  show  Irish  terrier, 
and  won  first  at  the  Kennel  Club  Show,  beating  Banshee,  and  first  Bristol, 
1877,  etc.;  she  was  rather  large,  but  fit  to  be  in  it  even  now.  A  nice-sized 
dog,  Mr.  Graham's  Sporter  (7,844),  drop-ears,  was  also  shown  in  1877. 
Afterwards  Mr.  Krehl's  well-known  winner,  and  just  what  we  want  to-day, 
with  good,  bright,  red,  hard  coat;  it  may  here  be  mentioned  that  Mr.  Graham 
still  sticks  to  small-sized  ones;  my  idea  is  the  happy  medium. 

"1878.  We  first  saw  Dr.  Carey's  Champion  Sting  (cropped),  a  bitch 
who  lasted  marvellously;  I  judged  her  at  Armagh,  1882;  her  legs  and  feet 
were  as  good  as  ever,  although  twelve  years  old;  she  was  wheaten  in  colour. 
Mr.  Waterhouse's  Killiney  Boy,  a  rare  good  little  cropped  one,  rather  low 
on  the  leg;  I  gave  him  his  first  prize  at  Belfast,  1879;  he  afterwards  proved 
himself  a  very  valuable  sire. 

"1879.  I  think  everyone  will  agree  that  the  mother  and  star  of  the 
breed  (Erin,  9,704)  was  found  by  Mr.  Graham  in  her  hamper  before  being 
benched  at  Dublin  Show;  she  had  come  from  Ballymena,  County  Antrim; 
he  bought  her  out  at  the  Alexandra  Palace,  1879,  winning  first  and  Irish 
Terrier  Club  Challenge  Cup  the  first  time  competed  for,  which  trophy  she 
afterwards  won  outright  for  my  brother,  and  was,  I  think,  never  beaten. 
Most  of  my  readers  have  seen  her,  but  for  those  who  have  not  I  think  her 


478  The  Dog  Book 

worth  describing:  Beautiful  long  lean  head,  cropped,  with  that  game- 
looking  eye  and  expression  peculiar  to  the  breed  that  we  are  fast  losing; 
nice  neck,  with  perfectly  placed  shoulders,  good  legs  and  feet,  wonderfully 
perfect  body,  stern,  and  hard  dark  red  coat,  not  heavy  in  bone  or  forelegs, 
which  were  not  low,  but  forming  a  perfect  symmetry.  As  she  was  when  I 
bought  her  in  1880  she  could  have  beaten  any  terrier  now  showing.  She- 
poor  Vic! — died  last  year  in  my  brother  J.  R.  N.  Pirn's  possession.  He 
bought  her  from  me,  and  became  for  some  years  a  very  successful  exhibitor 
and  breeder.  Her  first  and  famous  litter  to  Killiney  Boy  produced  the 
Champions  Playboy,  Pagan  II.,  and  Poppy;  also  Pretty  Lass,  etc.,  the  best 
of  their  day  from  1882  to  1887  (I  consider  Playboy  the  best  dog  we  have 
ever  seen);  and  afterwards  Droleen  (first  Challenge  Darlington,  1891),  and 
several  other  good  ones. 

"The  club  was  now  started  (1879)  by  Dr.  Carey,  Mr.  George  Krehi, 
and  others;  it  still  stands  as  one  of  the  largest  and  best  of  to-day,  and  may 
it  long  remain  to  do  good  service  to  the  breed !  I  still  think  it  made  a  mistake 
in  stopping  cropping  too  quickly,  but  I  hope  in  a  few  years  to  see  as  good 
ears  on  Irish  as  on  fox  terriers. 

"1883.  Mr.  Waterhouse  had  a  grand  terrier,  Peter  Bolger  (13,548), 
cropped,  who  won  at  the  Kennel  Club  and  other  shows. 

"1884.  Mr.  Lamb's  Gaily,  a  good  bitch  with  a  white  chest;  Mr. 
Krehl's  Kitty,  very  nice,  with  also  too  much  white;  Mr.  Graves'  Phaudry, 
with  his  queer  expression;  and  Mr.  Waterhouse's  Killiney  Boxer  (16,711), 
a  rare  nice  terrier,  with  good  drop-ears  and  perfect  front,  but  hardly  an 
Irish  terrier;  can  a  light  tan  and  black  coat  be  the  thing  ?  Mr.  Graham's 
Garryford  (14,578),  a  good  dog  bar  his  wide  chest,  and  his  Gilford  (16,058), 
correct  in  type,  but  too  large. 

"1885.  Mr.  Barnett's  Bachelor  was  a  big  winner,  a  dog  a  little  too 
much  of  the  fox  terrier  in  build,  who  has,  I  am  afraid,  given  us  (with  his 
brother  Benedict)  that  dark  expression  in  their  progeny;  he  had  many 
good  points,  viz.,  ears,  legs,  feet  and  texture  of  coat;  Mr.  Backhouse's 
Buster  (16,057), a  ^r  dog  of  good  type;  Mr.  Kerrigan's  Fiddle  (first  Dublin), 
a  good  red  bitch,  but  wanting  in  character;  Mr.  Graham's  Extreme  Care- 
lessness, a  grand  one,  bar  her  black  hairs  (Mr.  Graves  was  now  buying  at 
big  prices);  and  Mr.  Nicholson's  Poppy  II.,  a  lovely  terrier,  light  of  bone — 
were  the  pick  of  this  year. 

"  1886.     Another  good  buyer  in  Mr.  Hoare  turned  up,  who  afterwards 


The  Irish  Terrier  479 

won  many  prizes  with  Poppy  II.  and  Gaily;  Mr.  Cotton's  Cruisk  (first 
Dublin),  a  good,  large,  drop-eared,  nice  coloured  dog;  he  ought  to  be  still 
a  good  sire,  as  he  has  already  made  a  name  in  that  line;  Mr.  Summer's 
Michael  (18,651),  famous  as  the  sire  of  Mr.  Wiener's  cracks,  but  not  in 
my  opinion  a  high-class  show  dog;  Mr.  Wiener's  No  rah  Tatters  (18,089), 
first  Crystal  Palace,  etc.,  great  quality,  but  not  true  in  type. 

"  1887.  A  very  large  entry  at  the  best  shows,  but  nothing  Ai  came  out. 
Mr.  Summer's  B.A.  (21,567),  good  head  (cropped)  and  colour,  but  I  think 
the  kennel  owned  a  far  better  in  Pedlar  (brother  to  Playboy),  one  of  the 
best  I  ever  saw,  but  when  I  was  at  Liverpool  he  was  getting  old  and  broad 
in  skull;  if  he  is  still  alive  he  ought  to  be  the  best  stud  dog  about;  Mr. 
Wiener's  Ballyhooley  (23,646),  a  great  winner,  but  although  good  in  body, 
coat,  legs  and  feet,  I  think  him  a  very  lucky  dog;  Mr.  Graham's  Breda 
Rattle  (23,652),  wonderfully  good  legs  and  feet,  very  hard  in  coat,  but  never 
a  good  sort;  Mr.  Backhouse's  Bumptious  Biddy  (23,686),  a  good  type,  a 
bit  short  in  muzzle,  but  the  best  of  this  year. 

"  1888.  Mr.  Wiener  made  this  year  to  be  remembered  by  the  bringing 
out  of  the  brothers  Brickbat  and  Bencher;  the  latter  is  perhaps  on  the 
large  side,  but  a  grand-headed,  typical  terrier,  and  ought  to  be  a  good  sire 
for  small-sized,  lightly  coated  bitches;  Champion  Brickbat,  when  he  came 
out,  was  a  bit  weak  in  face,  but  he  has  wonderfully  improved,  and  is  to-day 
the  best  living.  Mr.  Graves  brought  old  Playboy  again  to  the  front,  after 
retiring  for  a  time;  he  improved  with  age;  Mr.  Charley's  Mars  (25,938), 
by  Benedict,  a  grand  terrier  but  for  his  large  eyes  and  dark  expression; 
Mr.  McRae's  Irish  Ambassador  (25,932),  a  good  dog  as  a  sire,  and  the  right 
type.  I  had  the  honour  of  judging  the  largest  entry  the  Kennel  Club  have 
ever  had  (at  Olympia),  and  Dr.  Carey,  at  Liverpool,  the  largest  entry  at  any 
show  up  to  this  date. 

"1889.  Messrs.  Carey  came  to  the  fore  with  a  good  dog  in  Pilgrim 
(28,110),  drop-ears,  good  colour,  rare  bone,  legs  and  feet;  he  is  now  the 
property  of  the  Earl  of  Shannon,  who  paid  a  big  price  for  him;  Mr.  Taylor's 
Breadenhill  (28,o87),|cropped,  a  dog  with  one  of  the  very  best  heads  we  have 
ever  seen;  he  has  good  bone,  but  few  other  good  points;  he  is  a  favourite  with 
some;  Mr.Barnett's  Bouquet  (28, 130), drop-ears, a  grand  bitch,  spoiled  rather 
by  that  dark  expression  I  do  not  like;  Mr.  Norton's  Miss  Peggotty  (28,157), 
a  lovely  large-sized  bitch,  with  a  bull  terrier  sort  of  head;  Mr.  Charley's 
Dunmurry  (28,143),  a  very  typical  terrier,  with  one  fault — weak  ankles. 


480  The  Dog  Book 

"1890.  This  year  we  had  very  strong  classes,  and  a  very  level  lot. 
Mr.  Breakell's  Bonnet  (30,308),  a  very  good  one,  just  a  little  broad  in  skull, 
and  too  much  muscle  outside  her  front,  perfect  legs  and  feet,  colour,  coat, 
and  type;  Mr.  Graham's  Breda  Mixer  (30,269),  one  of  the  best  puppies  I 
ever  saw;  he  combines  character  and  quality,  with  good  head  and  nice  front; 
he  may  some  day  beat  the  lot;  he  is  now  the  property  of  the  plucky  Mr. 
Mayall.  Mr.  Backhouse's  Bumptious  Blue  Stocking  (30,013),  a  good 
typical  bitch,  rare  head  and  expression;  it  was  well  she  was  not  put  in  bucket 
in  her  early  youth,  as  she  was  sold  to  Mr.  Krehl  for  £100, 1  am  told,  and  he 
again  sold  her  to  the  Earl  of  Shannon.  Mr.  Backhouse's  Bumptious  Blazer 
(cropped  when  stolen),  a  very  good  little  dog;  I  like  him  very  much  when 
fit,  but  for  his  muzzle,  which  is  too  weak;  he  brought  in  another  £100  for  his 
lucky  breeder;  Mr.  Wiener's  Merle  Grady  (30,292),  a  rare  terrier,  just 
the  size  and  type;  he  is  a  bit  loose  in  elbows;  Mr.  Barnett's  Beautiful  Star 
(30,262),  a  wonderfully  well-made  terrier,  wrong  in  type  and  expression; 
Mr.  Krehl's  Dan'l  II.  (30,277),  a  good  little  sort,  not  straight;  Belfast 
Show  had  the  record  entry;  Mr.  Vicary  the  judge. 

"1891.  The  Earl  of  Shannon  is  buying  right  and  left,  and  we  all 
wish  him  good  luck;  but  he  has  two  very  good  kennels  to  beat — Messrs. 
Wiener's  and  Graham's.  Mr.  S.  Pratt's  Boddy  (first  Darlington),  a  very 
good  puppy,  with  nice  drop-ears,  good  bone,  front,  and  body,  matured- 
looking  for  her  age  when  we  judged  her  in  July,  and  too  profuse  in  "coat.  I 
only  hope  she  will  last  and  improve;  a  real  good  stamp.  Mr.  Wiener's 
Bucket,  a  nice  youngster,  with  bad  ears,  and  a  little  wanting  in  expression, 
but  one  like  improving  much,  and  I  expect  to  see  her  a  high-class  bitch, 
perfect  body,  front,  and  coat;  Mr.  Graham's  Breda  Ida,  a  very  grand  bitch, 
and  very  nearly  the  best  going;  her  ears  and  eyes  might  be  smaller;  bar  this 
she  is  good  everywhere;  Mr.  Boyle's  Churchtown  Chippie  (first  Armagh), 
a  good  typical  bitch,  a  rare  mover,  and  I  think  will  grow  into  a  champion; 
she  is  now  the  property  of  Mr.  Graham,  who  paid  a  goodish  price  for  her. 
Belfast  again  held  the  record  for  the  largest  entry  I  believe  ever  obtained; 
Mr.  Barnett  judged. 

"I  must  end  now,  and  ask  you  to  pardon  the  length  of  my  letter.  I 
have  only  mentioned  the  best  specimens  I  could  recollect,  and  I  am  sure 
I  have  missed  many  I  ought  to  have  written  of." 

In  this  same  issue  of  the  Irish  Terrier  Review  the  editor,  Mr.  T.  R. 
Ramsey,  has  this  to  say  under  the  head  of  "Progress": 


The  Irish  Terrier  481 

"Have  we,  as  many  say,  lost  the  type,  character,  and  expression  that 
distinguished  the  breed  ?  That  is  to  say,  have  we  now  produced  a  terrier 
without  the  keen,  varrninty  and  (in  profile)  sinister  appearance  and  racy 
outline  that  we  associate  with  an  Irishman  ?  No,  I  don't  think  we  have. 
Put  one  of  the  best  terriers  we  have  beside  a  photo  of  Brickbat  or  Ted 
Malone,  and  see  what  is  the  difference.  It  is  not  a  difference  in  type, 
character,  or  expression;  it  is  this,  and  this  only — Brickbat  lacked  ears  and 
face  (we  would  call  him  bitchy  to-day)  and  Ted  Malone  lacked  face  (re- 
sembling his  sire)  in  comparison  with  our  present  best.  The  varmintyness 
is  still  there,  but  the  absence  of  the  'crop*  detracts  from  it.  If  any  croaking 
is  required,  it  appears  to  be  that  we  must  keep  our  eyes*  on  the  coats,  and 
beware  of  insufficiently  bent  stifles  and  hocks  that  are  not  low  enough — a 
prevalent  fault.  No  doubt  fresh  faults  crop  up  (unless  it  be  that  old  faults 
become  more  noticeable),  but  they  are  quickly  observed  and  wonderfully 
quickly  eradicated.  Think  how  very  prevalent  the  exaggerated  and  soft 
whisker  was  a  few  years  since,  and  see  how  comparatively  rare  it  is  to-day; 
likewise  the  contracted  skull.  Both  are  practically  dead  with  the  disap- 
pearance from  the  ring  of  the  'pioneers'  of  these  faults,  whose  other  many 
excellencies  caused  the  faults  to  be  overlooked.  The  great  difficulty  now 
is  to  find  a  first-class  and  well-bred  stud  terrier  who  is  not  inbred  to  one 
particular  strain.  Undoubtedly  this  strain  has  done  wonders  for  the  breed, 
but  one  can  have  too  much  inbreeding,  and  Irish  terriers  are  bound  soon 
to  'progress  backwards'  unless  a  good  and  well-bred  outcross  to  remedy 
this  state  of  things  be  quickly  found  and  freely  bred  to.  There  is  another 
thing  most  of  us  do  not  give  sufficient  attention  to,  and  that  is  regularly 
using  our  terriers  to  some  form  of  sport.  Nothing  gives  a  terrier  life  and 
character,  hardness  and  self-reliance  to  such  an  extent  as  hunting,  whether 
it  be  rats,  rabbits,  or  cats." 

To  that  we  reply  as  follows :  The  Irish  terrier  of  to-day  is  not  what 
the  old  ones  were  like  and  what  the  standard  was  made  for,  more  particu- 
larly in  outline  and  in  foreface,  together  with  expression.  We  do  not  mean 
to  say  that  there  is  not  a  single  terrier  that  shows  any  one  of  the  character- 
istics named,  but  that  they  are  not  so  typical  of  the  breed.  Another  thing 
is  that  we  are  getting  the  Irish  terriers  too  large,  and  we  would  like  to  see 
our  Irish  Terrier  Club  adopt  a  rule  to  the  effect  that  no  club  prize  could 
be  won  by  any  terrier  over  a  specified  weight;  just  as  the  Spaniel  Club 
restricts  cockers  to  eighteen  pounds  and  under  twenty-four  pounds.  The 


482  The  Dog  Book 

Irish  Terrier  Club  of  England  and  that  of  this  country  have  the  same  standard 
description,  and  the  weight  given  "  as  most  desirable  "  is  twenty-four  pounds 
for  dogs  and  twenty-two  for  bitches.  We  think  it  would  be  almost  impos- 
sible to  get  a  first-class  show  dog  of  the  present  day  under  twenty-four 
pounds,  and  that  many  of  them  weigh  from  twenty-six  to  twenty-seven 
pounds.  We  have  made  the  same  mistake  the  fox  terrier  men  did  some 
years  ago  and  gone  in  for  dogs  that  are  over  size.  We  recently  placed  a  bitch 
that  weighed  close  to  twenty-two  pounds  over  quite  a  number  of  terriers 
that  had  been  winning  at  various  shows,  and  some  of  the  ring  side  critics 
wanted  to  know  why  we  placed  such  a  little  thing  in  first  place.  When 
told  that  she  was  the  only  terrier  in  the  whole  of  the  classes  that  was  within 
two  pounds  of  the  club  standard  weight  they  could  not  believe  it  possible 
and  wanted  to  know  what  the  standard  weight  was.  We  will  admit  that 
many  of  the  old-time  terriers  were  also  over  the  suggested  weight.  Spuds 
most  certainly  was  and  so  was  Banshee,  they  weighing  twenty-six  or  twenty- 
seven  pounds.  Erin  was  nearer  the  right  thing  than  the  most  of  those  shown 
in  her  time. 

Next  to  present  day  size  the  great  difference  is  ^in  foreface.  Mr. 
Ramsay  says  we  would  now  call  the  old  dogs  "bitchy"  in  face.  That  is 
because  the  Englishmen  have  gone  in  for  the  wrong  sort  of  forefaces  in 
their  dogs,  beginning  with  the  days  when  Meersbrook  Bristles  and  his 
type  swept  the  judges  ofF  their  feet  and  whiskers  and  an  exaggerated  face 
were  called  for  in  other  varieties  of  terriers  besides  the  wire-haired  fox. 
There  was  no  loss  of  "varminty"  expression  when  cropping  was  stopped, 
until  the  sleepy,  tired  look  came  in  with  the  "Taneous"  head  and  the 
fluffy  foreface.  Our  exhibitors  have  had  opportunities  of  seeing  Borthwick 
Lass,  formerly  the  English  champion  Winsome  Lass,  also  Borthwick  Rascal, 
formerly  Ulidia  Rascal.  The  latter,  if  cropping  made  the  difference, 
would  be  out  of  it  entirely,  for  his  fault  is  largish  ears,  yet  these  two  terriers 
are  the  two  that  would  probably  be  picked  as  showing  the  Irish  lookout, 
better  than  any  we  now  have.  Neither  is  in  any  way  exaggerated  in  fore- 
face,  in  fact  Lass  is  quite  medium  in  that  regard,  and  she  is  more  typical 
than  Rascal.  The  little  Raynham  Olivette  is  another  of  the  same  kind. 
Right  size,  racing  outline  and  keen  Irish  expression. 

Mr.  Ramsay  is  unfortunate  in  picking  the  photograph  of  Brickbat  as 
representative  of  the  old  type.  We  have  seen  that  photograph,  and  while 
Brickbat  may  have  been  a  good  dog  his  photograph  does  not  show  that 


The  Irish  Terrier  483 

he  was  anything  remarkable,  and  to  take  him  as  a  type  of  the  days  when 
the  standard  was  framed  is  certainly  erroneous.  We  cover  the  old  times 
more  fully  than  has  ever  been  done  with  the  many  photographs  we  reproduce 
of  old  dogs,  celebrities  in  their  days.  For  most  of  which  we  have  to  express 
our  indebtedness  to  Mr.  George  Jamison.  The  picture  of  Erin  which 
is  from  a  drawing  made  when  she  was  at  her  best  is  given  not  as  actualy 
representing  her  so  much  as  representing  what  was  to  the  eyes  of  Irish 
terrier  men  of  that  time  the  type  of  dog  they  wanted — in  other  words  their 
ideal.  Compare  this  with  the  tampered  photo  of  Full  o'  Fight  and  some 
others,  "improved"  to  suit  the  modern  ideas  of  what  an  Irish  terrier  should 
be  in  head.  Perhaps  we  ought  hardly  to  say  modern  as  applying  to  to-day, 
for  we  believe  there  is  a  disposition  to  let  the  "coffin"  foreface  follow  the 
whiskers  and  Taneous  head  into  oblivion. 

With  regard  to  Mr.  Ramsay's  remarks  as  to  too  much  inbreeding  to 
Breda  Mixer,  through  Muddler  and  Bolton  Woods  Mixer,  where  is  he  going 
to  get  the  out-cross  ?  What  dog  is  there  that  has  not  Bolton  Woods  Mixer 
blood  in  his  veins,  or  Breda  Muddler's  ?  But  that  is  nothing  to  worry  about, 
for  we  are  getting  away  from  them  and  are  already  finding  them  as  far  back 
as  the  third  and  fourth  remove  in  the  pedigrees  of  the  youngsters  of  to-day. 
It  has  been  good  blood  and  physically  there  has  been  no  deterioration, 
otherwise  we  would  not  now  be  complaining  of  our  dogs  getting  too  large. 

In  another  portion  of  the  same  article  Mr.  Ramsay  says: 

"Is  it  true  that  we  have  lost  the  old  Irish  terrier  and  replaced  him 
with  something  different  ?  Well,  in  a  sense  it  is  so.  Undoubtedly,  we 
have  a  different  terrier  to-day.  It  would  speak  badly  for  the  success  of  our 
attempts  at  breeding  up  to  an  ideal  standard  if  we  remained  where  we  were 
— all  improvement  must  entail  differences  between  the  dog  of  to-day  and 
his  forebear.  But  I  don't  for  a  moment  think  that  the  difference  is  retro- 
gressive; on  the  contrary,  it  is  progressive;  we  are  much  nearer  our  Club 
standard  than  ever  we  were." 

Mr.  Ramsay  is  best  answered  by  the  photographs.  If  the  drawing  of 
Erin,  and  we  have  several  others  of  that  period  drawn  on  similar 
lines,  and  the  other  photographs  represent  the  type  of  dog  that  the 
framers  knew  and  described  in  the  club  standard,  how  can  the  head  of  dogs 
fashioned  on  the  Full  o'  Fight  model  be  nearer  the  standard.  Such 
an  alteration  as  that  is  not  getting  nearer  the  standard,  for  the  standard 
was  never  made  for  such  a  dog  and  if  one  of  that  kind  had  been  led  into  the 


484  The  Dog  Book 

ring  in  the  days  of  Erin  and  Sporter,  he  would  have  got  the  gate  as  a  mon- 
strosity. It  must  be  understood  that  the  Full  o'  Fight  photograph  is  not 
the  dog  as  he  actually  was,  for  it  is  cut  out  below  the  jaw,  trimmed  down 
the  legs,  along  the  back  and  down  the  quarters,  and  we  only  use  it  to  show 
the  supposed  typical  dog  of  three  years  ago  as  compared  with  the  supposed 
typical  dog  when  the  standard  was  framed,  as  shown  in  the  drawings  of 
the  Erin  type.  Another  thing  not  to  be  overlooked  in  connection  with 
the  old  photographs  we  reproduce  is  that  they  were  taken  when  animal 
photography  was  in  its  infancy,  instantaneous  work  was  then  unknown,  and 
it  is  doubtful  if  a  single  photographer  in  England  or  Ireland  knew  the  first 
principles  of  posing  a  dog. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  go  into  details  regarding  the  growth  of  the  Irish 
terrier  in  England,  so  we  will  condense  matters  by  saying  that  Breda  Mixer, 
the  puppy  mentioned  by  Mr.  Pim  as  coming  out  in  1890  and  as  likely 
"some  day  to  beat  the  lot,"  fulfilled  his  estimate.  Mixer  did  beat  all 
comers,  was  chosen  to  represent  the  typical  Irish  terrier  when  the  Irish 
Terrier  Club  wanted  a  sketch  of  the  correct  type,  and  proved  himself  the 
great  stud  dog  of  the  breed.  His  two  sons,  Bolton  Woods  Mixer  and  Breda 
Muddler,  are  still  living,  and  Muddler  is  not  yet  past  his  days  of  usefulness 
as  a  sire,  even  at  his  advanced  age. 

What  descendants  they  have  left  from  which  their  successors  are 
to  be  produced  is  very  uncertain,  for  at  present  there  is  no  predominating 
sire  in  England.  Bolton  Woods  Mixer's  best  show  son  was  undoubtedly 
Straight  Tip,  now  in  this  country,  but  though  he  was  as  much  used  at  stud 
as  was  his  sire,  his  get  did  not  cut  such  a  swathe  as  did  the  Bolton  Woods 
Mixer's  in  the  high  day  of  their  successes.  It  is  likely  that  but  for  the 
government  prohibition  against  the  shipping  of  dogs  from  Ireland  to  Eng- 
land, the  merits  of  Champion  Colin  would  have  received  proper  recognition. 
It  was  to  countermine  the  government  order  that  clever  Mr.  Graham  at  once 
shipped  Breda  Muddler  to  England,  nearly  all  of  his  stud  patronage  coming 
from  there.  With  regard  to  Colin  we  recall  that  when  the  late  Mr.  Rodman, 
our  Irish  Terrier  Club  secretary,  returned  from  a  trip  to  England  and 
Ireland  he  told  us  that  he  considered  Colin  the  best  dog  he  had  seen.  When 
we  visited  Ireland  in  1904  we  saw  so  many  good  dogs  by  Colin  that,  bearing 
in  mind  Mr.  Rodman's  report,  we  specially  visited  this  dog  and  although 
he  had  not  the  freshness  of  youth  we  do  not  know  of  a  dog  that  impressed 
us  more  than  he  did,  and  but  for  the  positive  statement  of  his  owner  that 


The  Irish  Terrier  485 

money  could  not  induce  him  to  part  with  the  dog  we  would  have  made  every 
effort  to  buy  him.  He  was  thoroughly  Irish  in  type,  well-built  and  eminently 
sound  in  coat.  His  line  is  as  much  of  an  outcross  as  one  can  get  from 
Bolton  Woods  Mixer  and  Breda  Muddler  at  the  present  time  and  get  a 
winning  strain,  for  he  is  three  removes  from  Muddler,  reaching  him  through 
his  sire's  dam,  that  excellent  bitch,  Champion  Blue  Nettle.  Colin's  dam 
is  a  daughter  of  Bolton  Woods  Mixer,  but  her  dam  and  also  the  line  of 
Colin's  grandsire  are  outcrosses.  Mile  End  Muddler  is  another  good  dog 
of  the  Breda  Muddler  line,  but  he  does  not  seem  to  have  been  at  all  phenom- 
enally successful  as  a  sire,  in  fact  there  has  not  been  a  dog  in  England  since 
Bolton  Woods  Mixer's  day  that  has  filled  his  place.  We  note,  however, 
that  Mr.  Jowett's  Crow  Gill  Mike  seems  to  be  making  himself  conspicuous. 

It  is  now  time  to  turn  attention  to  the  Irish  terrier  in  America,  the 
history  beginning  with  the  advent  of  Kathleen,  the  bitch  we  brought  over 
in  1880  and  showed  in  the  miscellaneous  class  at  New  York  that  year. 
Kathleen  came  from  the  middle  counties  of  Ireland,  and  her  pedigree  did  not 
extend  beyond  her  sire  and  dam.  She  had  won  a  third  at  Dublin  before  we 
bought  her  from  Mr.  Graham,  and  for  us  she  won  two  firsts  and  a  second- 
She  was  bred  to  Mr.  Krehl's  Sporter,  and  when  lying  off  Staten  Island  she 
gave  birth  to  the  first  Irish  terrier  puppies  born  in  this  country,  one  of  which 
won  a  second  at  New  York  in  1881  and  when  sent  to  England  with  his  dam 
a  few  months  later  had  his  name  changed  and  won  a  prize  or  two  there. 
Dr.  J.  S.  Niven,  of  London,  Ont.,  was  the  next  to  import  a  few  of  the 
breed,  and  his  Norah  and  Aileen  were  winners  in  their  day.  Mr.  Lawrence 
Timpson  had  one  or  two  during  the  eighties,  including  the  dog  Garryowen, 
by  Paddy  II.  out  of  Erin,  but  there  was  nothing  here  of  any  account  to 
produce  good  results  from  this  dog.  Mr.  J.  Coleman  Drayton  also  imported 
Spuds  when  she  was  eight  years  old  and  showed  her  so  fat  that  she  had  not 
the  slightest  resemblance  to  the  flyer  we  had  seen  five  or  six  years  before. 

Mr.  Mitchell  Harrison,  who  was  king-pin  among  collie  exhibitors, 
bought,  when  in  Ireland  in  1887,  a  brace  of  Mr.  Graham's  terriers,  a 
fairly  good  dog  named  Breda  Jim,  and  a  nice  quality,  rather  small  bitch 
named  Breda  Tiney.  Mr.  Charles  Thompson,  also  of  Philadelphia,  at  the 
same  time  got  the  bitch  Geesela  and  had  her  bred  to  Benedict  before  bringing 
her  home  with  him.  From  this  line  came  the  various  Geeselas  that  have 
appeared  at  Philadelphia  shows.  Breda  Tiney  won  at  New  York  in  1888, 
but  Breda  Jim  was  beaten  by  another  Graham  dog  named  Greymount,  a 


486  The  Dog  Book 

son  of  Gilford.  Breda  Tiney  won  at  all  the  leading  shows  in  1889  and 
took  first  in  the  challenge  class  at  New  York  in  1890.  Mr.  Harrison  had 
by  this  time  got  a  few  more  of  the  breed  and  his  Roslyn  Dennis  and  Roslyn 
Eileen  each  took  a  second  at  New  York  in  1890,  while  their  son,  Roslyn  the 
Mickey, which  had  beensold  to  Mr.E.  Wetmore,wasfirst  in  the  open  dog  class. 

It  was  at  this  show  that  Mr.  Walter  Comstock  showed  Breda  Florence, 
a  beautiful  bitch  of  Mr.  George  Jamison's  breeding,  but  sold  by  him  to 
Mr.  Cinnamond,  who  named  her  Red  Isis  and  showed  her  at  Glasgow 
where  she  was  claimed  by  Graham,  who  renamed  her,  showed  her 
successfully,  and  then  sold  her  to  Mr.  Comstock. 

Before  Mr.  Comstock  got  her  she  had  been  bred  to  Bachelor  and  one 
of  her  litter  was  the  bitch  called  Iris,  sometimes  Breda  Iris  and  so  registered 
in  England,  also  Red  Iris,  and  she  is  a  litter  sister  to  Red  Inez.  This  bitch 
Breda  Iris,  as  she  was  then,  was  bred  to  Graham's  Breda  Mixer,  and  from 
this  mating  came  Breda  Muddler.  Mr.  Jamison,  as  late  as  1900,  wrote 
us  that  Breda  Florence  was  "the  best  bitch  we  ever  had  of  the  breed.'* 
It  was  Mr.  Comstock's  misfortune  to  lose  her  by  death  before  she  had 
been  here  over  a  year. 

With  the  year  1891  Irish  terriers  evidently  got  a  grip  hold,  for  thirteen 
dogs  and  seventeen  bitches  were  entered  in  the  two  open  classes  at  New 
York  that  year,  when  Breda  Tiney  again  did  duty  by  herself  in  the  challenge 
class.  First  in  dogs  came  Breda  Bill,  a  full  brother  to  Breda  Star,  the  sire 
of  the  dam  of  Breda  Mixer  and  many  others.  Second  to  this  dog  came 
Mr.  Comstock's  Mars,  a  brother  to  Sauce,  who  was  the  dam  of  the  dam 
of  Breda  Mixer.  This  shows  that  at  that  time  we  had  some  good  material 
in  this  country,  but  unfortunately  did  not  make  the  use  of  it  that  we  might. 
Mr.  Comstock  had  Dunmurry  to  take  the  place  of  Breda  Florence  at  the 
head  of  the  open  bitch  class.  There  was  a  dog  entered  at  this  show  named 
Bellman,  by  the  North  Fields  Yorkshire  kennels,  a  combination  of  Mr. 
Symonds  of  Salem,  Mass.,  and  Mr.  Toon  of  Sheffield,  England.  This 
Bellman  we  think  was  the  sire  of  the  dam  of  Champion  Merle  Grady's  dam, 
but  he  does  not  appear  to  have  been  shown.  As  he  was  entered  at  $1,000, 
while  the  same  kennel's  winner,  Breda  Bill,  was  only  priced  at  $250,  it  is 
evident  that,  although  entered  as  of  unknown  breeding,  he  must  have  been 
highly  thought  of.  The  Bellman  we  mean  had  won  well  in  England  in  1888 
and  1889.  Breda  Bill  was  then  bought  by  Mr.  Harrison  and  won  for  him 
at  a  number  of  shows. 


The  Irish  Terrier  487 

At  New  York  in  1892  Dunmurry  beat  Breda  Bill  in  the  challenge 
class,  and  Mr.  Comstock  took  first  and  second  in  open  dogs  with  Boxer  IV. 
and  Hanover  Boy.  Third  to  them  came  Toon  and  Symonds  Jack 
Briggs,  a  brother  to  Banty  Norah,  dam  of  Mr.  Donner's  future  champion, 
Milton  Droleen.  By  this  time  the  breed  had  become  so  established  that  in 
1893  it  was  advanced  to  the  first-class  rating  of  two  challenge  and  two  open 
classes,  with  one  for  puppies,  and  for  these  a  total  of  thirty-eight  entries  was 
made,  with  no  duplicates.  There  were  many  good  ones  in  evidence, 
Jackanapes,  owned  by  Colonel  Hilton,  taking  first  in  dogs  from  Merle 
Grady.  Jackanapes  is  a  dog  that  had  very  few  stud  opportunities,  but  his 
name  is  found  in  many  pedigrees  and  through  various  lines.  Merle  Grady 
later  on  won  his  championship  and  earned  fame  as  the  sire  of  Milton  Droleen. 
Mr.  Harrison  had  a  new  and  good  bitch  in  Candour  that  won  first  in  her 
class  and  was  afterwards  shown  by  Dr.  Jarrett. 

A  novice  class  was  added  to  the  schedule  for  New  York  in  1895,  prior 
to  which,  however,  we  should  mention  that  among  the  prominent  winners 
in  1894  were  Jack  Briggs,  Merle  Grady,  Jackanapes  and  Brickbat,  Jr.,  in 
dogs,  and  Dunmurry,  Candor  and  Hill  Top  Surprise,  a  daughter  of  Jack- 
anapes, who  won  first  at  New  York  and  other  shows.  At  this  show  of  1895 
the  entry  in  challenge  classes  was  excellent,  Jackanapes  winning  in  dogs 
and  Dunmurry  in  bitches.  In  open  dogs  Brian  O'K  won  in  some  mysterious 
way  from  Brigg's  Best,  but  that  was  not  the  only  peculiar  decision,  for 
Milton  Droleen  was  put  back  to  V.H.C.  in  the  novice  class.  Mr.  Taylor 
of  England  judged,  and  was  quite  out  of  his  element  with  the  Irish  terriers. 

The  next  event  of  importance  was  the  addition  of  Mr.  Oliver  Ames  to 
the  list  of  exhibitors,  together  with  Mr.  W.  W.  Caswell,  the  former  showing 
two  good  ones  in  Tory  and  Rum,  and  Mr.  Caswell  securing  the  renamed 
Willmount  Highwayman,  Endcliffe  Matchbox  and  a  few  others.  Leeds 
Muddler  was  also  sent  over  by  Mr.  Ashton  in  1898  and  after  being  shown  at 
Boston  and  New  York  was  bought  by  Messrs  Rodwell  and  Van  Schaick, 
who  a  year  later  disposed  of  the  dog  to  Mr.  Howard  Willetts  and  he  was 
retired  from  public  service.  Milton  Droleen,  who  had  had  a  successful 
career  in  1896  and  1897,  was  not  in  her  usual  good  condition  this  spring  and 
after  being  defeated  at  Boston  was  not  shown  at  New  York,  permitting 
Rum  and  Mr.  CaswelFs  Endcliffe  Fusee  to  contest  the  honours  in  the  Free 
for  All  at  Madison  Square  Garden.  In  1899  the  roll  of  exhibitors  was 
added  to  by  the  appearance  of  Mr.  John  I.  Taylor  of  Boston,  who  purchased 


488  The  Dog  Book 

9  ^J 

EndclifFe  Muddle  from  Toon  and  Thomas,  and  won  three  firsts  at  New 
York  show.  Mrs.  Kernochan  also  showed  as  the  Hempstead  Kennel's, 
her  best  being  Red  Gem,  which  had  a  very  successful  career  for  many 
years,  and  after  this  show  she  purchased  Lorton  Belle,  which  Mr.  Raper 
brought  over  and  got  second  with  her  to  Rum  in  the  winners'  class. 

Lorton  Belle  did  not  hold  her  own  for  long,  as  at  the  next  New  York 
show  she  was  beaten  by  both  Red  Gem  and  another  new  one  of  Mrs. 
Kernochan's,  renamed  Meadows  Bridget.  Inverness  Shamrock,  shown 
on  this  occasion  by  Mr.  Raper  and  placed  second  to  a  dog  called  Ardle 
Topper,  was  then  added  to  the  Hempstead  Kennels,  which  could  now  show 
an  excellent  kennel  of  four  and  won  many  specials  with  them.  During 
this  year  Mr.  George  Thomas  sold  his  Irish  terriers  to  the  Rushford  Kennels 
and  imported  some  new  ones  to  add  thereto,  with  the  result  that  it  soon 
became  the  most  conspicuous  contestant,  and  Mr.  Bruckheimer's  Master- 
piece was  the  only  terrier  able  to  contend  successfully  against  the  Rush- 
ford's  in  1902.  Masterpiece  came  out  at  the  show  of  the  Pet  Dog  Club, 
held  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House  in  November,  1900,  and  carried 
all  before  him,  indeed,  the  dog  was  never  beaten  till  he  met  Celtic  Badger 
at  New  York  in  1903.  This  was  beyond  doubt  the  best  American  bred  dog 
of  his  day,  or  up  to  the  present  time.  Indeed,  not  a  few  excellent  terrier 
judges  considered  that  on  that  occasion  Celtic  Badger  was  fortunate.  We 
take  no  sides  in  the  matter,  but  we  are  fully  of  the  opinion  that  Badger 
improved  quite  a  good  deal  during  the  following  year,  for  he  was  slow  in 
developing  and  when  first  shown  at  New  York  he  was  not  so  good  in  pasterns 
as  he  became  later  on.  Mr.  Jowett  after  judging  Badger  at  the  Boston 
show  of  1905,  told  us  that  he  was  a  greatly  improved  dog  since  he  last  saw 
him,  adding  that  had  they  had  any  idea  he  would  be  the  dog  he  then  was 
it  is  extremely  doubtful  if  he  would  ever  have  been  allowed  to  come  to  this 
country.  His  criticism  of  Badger  as  nearly  as  we  can  recall  his  words  were: 
"His  head  is  not  altogether  what  I  want,  for  it  is  a  little  on  the  Taneous 
order  in  its  straightness  of  the  side  lines.  He  has  a  good  eye  and  carries 
his  ears  well.  His  neck  is  first-class  and  his  back  is  good.  His  hind 
quarters  could  not  be  improved  upon  and  he  has  just  the  kind  of  coat  I 
like." 

At  the  Philadelphia  show  of  November,  1902,  Mr.  L.  Loring  Brooks 
of  Boston  showed  a  very  nice  puppy  named  Iroquois  Muddle,  which  Mrs. 
Harding  Davis  bought  later  on,  and  won  third  to  Badger  and  Masterpiece 


". 


RED   HILLS   KENNEL  IRISH   TERRIERS   AT   WORK 


m 


"HIGHLAND   MUSIC" 

By  Sir  Edwin  Landseer,  R.  A 

Painted  probably  about  1835.      Showing  the  ordinary  run  of  Highland  Terriers  from  which  the  Scottish  was  produced 


The  Irish  Terrier  489 

at  New  York.  Outside  of  these  three  the  quality  was  not  high.  Drogheda 
should  perhaps  be  excepted  from  that  remark,  for  he  was  a  very  useful  dog, 
with  a  keen  expression  somewhat  lacking  in  Mrs.  Kernochan's  Inverness 
Shamrock,  who  was  not  a  good  shower.  The  new  comers  of  1904  included 
Selwonk  Kudos  and  Red  Hill's  Doctor  in  dogs  and  a  nice  collection  of  bitches 
shown  by  Mr.  E.  S.  Woodward  in  the  name  of  the  Raynham  Kennels. 
His  best  bitches  were  better,  we  consider,  than  the  dogs  named,  and  he 
won  many  prizes  with  them  wherever  shown.  They  included  Olivette, 
Radium,  Surprise,  all  with  the  prefix  of  Raynham,  and  of  these  Olivette 
was  the  best,  for  though  smaller  than  we  usually  see,  she  has  excellent 
expression  and  for  her  inches  shows  much  of  the  desirable  racing  outline. 

In  addition  to  Mr.  L.  Loring  Brooks,  who  has  been  very  prominent  as 
a  breeder  for  many  years,  Mr.  S.  P.  Martin  of  Philadelphia  has  for  some 
time  been  showing  terriers  of  his  own  breeding,  many  of  them  very  good 
in  outline  but  rather  too  pointed  in  face,  a  fault  which  he  is  breeding  out  in  a 
judicious  manner,  and  as  his  entries  show  improvement  he  is  and  will 
continue  to  be  a  dangerous  factor  in  home-bred  and  American-bred 
classes. 

In  the  fall  of  1904  a  much  needed  impetus  was  given  to  this  breed 
by  the  importation  of  a  number  of  terriers  by  Mr.  R.  B.  Adam  of  Buffalo, 
but  at  that  time  our  judges'  ideas  were  very  much  astray  as  to  the  right 
type  of  the  Irish  terrier  and  were  of  the  opinion  that  the  narrow  Taneous 
head  with  heavy  fluffy  whiskers  were  the  proper  thing.  The  result  was 
that  as  the  new  importations  were  flatter  and  wider  in  skull  they  were  hardly 
done  justice  to,  and  Celtic  Bella,  a  bitch  that  had  for  the  previous  six 
months  defeated  the  pick  of  the  dogs  and  bitches  in  England  at  every  show 
she  was  exhibited  at  in  England  and  Ireland,  and  twice  won  the  Graham 
Cup,  was  roughly  treated.  To  be  sure  of  defeating  the  new  comers  other 
exhibitors  also  imported  at  very  heavy  expense,  and  as  the  only  dogs  that 
they  could  purchase  as  winners  in  England  were  similar  in  head  to  Mr. 
Adam's  dogs,  he  at  least  had  the  satisfaction  of  thus  demonstrating  that  his 
dogs  were  correct  as  to  type  of  head. 

Mr.  Adam  also  strengthened  his  kennel  for  the  New  York  show,  with 
the  result  that  when  Mr.  Jowett  saw  the  turnout  at  Madison  Square  Garden 
last  February  he  made  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  it  was  the  best  all-round 
exhibition  of  the  breed  he  had  seen  anywhere  for  many  years.  On  this 
occasion  the  new  Rowsley  Kennels  won  with  the  recently  imported  dog 


The  Irish  Terrier  489 

at  New  York.  Outside  of  these  three  the  quality  was  not  high.  Drogheda 
should  perhaps  be  excepted  from  that  remark,  for  he  was  a  very  useful  dog, 
with  a  keen  expression  somewhat  lacking  in  Mrs.  Kernochan's  Inverness 
Shamrock,  who  was  not  a  good  shower.  The  new  comers  of  1904  included 
Seiwonk  Kudos  and  Red  Hill's  Doctor  in  dogs  and  a  nice  collection  of  bitches 
shown  by  Mr.  E.  S.  Woodward  in  the  name  of  the  Raynham  Kennels. 
His  best  bitches  were  better,  we  consider,  than  the  dogs  named,  and  he 
won  many  prizes  with  them  wherever  shown.  They  included  Olivette, 
Radium,  Surprise,  all  with  the  prefix  of  Raynham,  and  of  these  Olivette 
was  the  best,  for  though  smaller  than  we  usually  see,  she  has  excellent 
expression  and  for  her  inches  shows  much  of  the  desirable  racing  outline. 

In  addition  to  Mr.  L.  Loring  Brooks,  who  has  been  very  prominent  as 
a  breeder  for  many  years,  Mr.  S.  P.  Martin  of  Philadelphia  has  for  some 
time  been  showing  terriers  of  his  own  breeding,  many  of  them  very  good 
in  outline  but  rather  too  pointed  in  face,  a  fault  which  he  is  breeding  out  in  a 
judicious  manner,  and  as  his  entries  show  improvement  he  is  and  will 
continue  to  be  a  dangerous  factor  in  home-bred  and  American-bred 
classes. 

In  the  fall  of  1904  a  much  needed  impetus  was  given  to  this  breed 
by  the  importation  of  a  number  of  terriers  by  Mr.  R.  B.  Adam  of  Buffalo, 
but  at  that  time  our  judges'  ideas  were  very  much  astray  as  to  the  right 
type  of  the  Irish  terrier  and  were  of  the  opinion  that  the  narrow  Taneous 
head  with  heavy  fluffy  whiskers  were  the  proper  thing.  The  result  was 
that  as  the  new  importations  were  flatter  and  wider  in  skull  they  were  hardly 
done  justice  to,  and  Celtic  Bella,  a  bitch  that  had  for  the  previous  six 
months  defeated  the  pick  of  the  dogs  and  bitches  in  England  at  every  show 
she  was  exhibited  at  in  England  and  Ireland,  and  twice  won  the  Graham 
Cup,  was  roughly  treated.  To  be  sure  of  defeating  the  new  comers  other 
exhibitors  also  imported  at  very  heavy  expense,  and  as  the  only  dogs  that 
they  could  purchase  as  winners  in  England  were  similar  in  head  to  Mr. 
Adam's  dogs,  he  at  least  had  the  satisfaction  of  thus  demonstrating  that  his 
dogs  were  correct  as  to  type  of  head. 

Mr.  Adam  also  strengthened  his  kennel  for  the  New  York  show,  with 
the  result  that  when  Mr.  Jowett  saw  the  turnout  at  Madison  Square  Garden 
last  February  he  made  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  it  was  the  best  all-round 
exhibition  of  the  breed  he  had  seen  anywhere  for  many  years.  On  this 
occasion  the  new  Rowsley  Kennels  won  with  the  recently  imported  dog 


4QO  The  Dog  Book 

Historian,  next  to  him  coming  Mr.  Adam's  new  puppy,  Borthwick  Benedict. 
High  honours  in  the  bitch  division  went  to  Mr.  Munson  Morris's  new  im- 
portation, Courtlandt  Kate  Kearney,  who  excels  in  front  and  body.  Since 
the  New  York  show  England's  best  known  dog,  Straight  Tip,  has  been 
imported  by  Mr.  Giffbrd  A.  Cochrane,  and  only  on  one  occasion  has  he  been 
defeated  since  his  arrival,  and  that  by  Historian,  when  Mr.  Van  Schaick 
judged  at  Brooklyn.  Of  this  decision  we  are  not  justified  in  speaking,  as 
we  were  at  the  Chicago  show  that  week.  Straight  Tip  is  not  always  equally 
good.  We  know  that  horses  sulk  and  decline  to  put  forth  their  best  efforts, 
and  sometimes  it  may  be  that  this  dog  does  not  care  about  doing  his  best 
to  win,  or  to  impress  the  judge.  When  he  does  show  himself  we  know  of  no 
dog  that  can  beat  him  for  a  certainty,  and  no  person  would  be  justified  in 
saying  off-hand  that  Badger  could  do  so,  for  he  has  not  met  a  dog  of  the 
calibre  of  Straight  Tip  at  his  best.  Both  are,  however,  getting  on  in  years, 
and  it  is  full  time  that  some  good  new  dog  made  his  appearance. 

There  is  every  indication  that  we  have  got  very  near  to  an  equal  footing 
with  English  breeders  in  producing  promising  stock,  for  of  late  we  have 
seen  quite  a  number  that  show  distinct  advance  in  type  and  character  from 
what  has  been  the  case  previously.  There  is  in  this  breed,  as  in  some 
others  where  advance  has  been  made,  evidence  that  breeders  have  given 
up  the  idea  of  producing  good  ones  from  sires  and  dams  from  good  parents 
and  not  themselves  good,  and  when  we  reach  that  stage  it  is  presumptive 
evidence  that  we  may  look  for  improvement. 

We  have  already  expressed  some  opinions  regarding  the  desirable 
points  in  this  breed  and  now  repeat  in  condensed  form  what  they  were. 
We  consider  that  the  essentials  to  be  regarded  by  the  judge  are :  Type  in 
body,  meaning  the  racing  outline  characteristic  of  this  breed;  expression 
and  shape  of  head,  and  given  the  former  the  latter  can  hardly  be  wrong, 
providing  it  is  not  narrow  and  round  skulled;  coat  of  correct  texture  is 
another  essential,  and  that  implies  no  fluffy  whiskers  on  the  lips;  a  closer 
approach  to  the  standard  weight  should  also  be  seen  to  by  all  judges,  so 
that  we  may  place  the  Irish  terrier  in  his  proper  place  as  a  red  wire-haired 
dog  somewhat  larger  than  the  fox  terrier,  and  not  a  small  Airedale. 

The  standard  by  which  dogs  are  supposed  to  be  judged  is  very  old 
and  was  the  work  of  a  committee  many  being  amateurs  more  or  less 
ignorant  of  the  breed  from  practical  experience.  A  very  much  clearer 
and  more  easily  understood  text  is  the  original  description  drawn  up  by 


The  Irish  Terrier  491 

Mr.  R.  G.  Ridgway  and  endorsed  by  twenty-four  of  the  best  known  Irish 
breeders.  It  was  this  combination  of  breeders  which  induced  Stonehenge 
to  recognise  the  breed,  though  it  was  done  reluctantly:  "Head  long  and 
rather  narrow  across  the  skull  [This  is  a  comparative  term  suitable  for 
that  period,  and  the  illustrations  of  the  old  winning  terriers  show  what 
rather  narrow  then  meant. — ED.];  flat,  and  perfectly  free  from  stop  or 
wrinkle.  Muzzle  long  and  rather  pointed,  but  strong  in  make,  with  good 
black  nose  and  free  from  loose  flesh  and  chop.  Teeth  perfectly  level  and 
evenly  set  in  good  strong  jaws.  Ears,  when  uncut,  small  and  filbert- 
shaped,  and  lying  close  to  the  head,  colour  of  which  is  somewhat  darker 
than  rest  of  body;  hair  on  ears  short  and  free  from  fringe.  Neck  tolerably 
long  and  well  arched.  Legs  moderately  long,  well  set  from  shoulders, 
with  plenty  of  bone  and  muscle;  must  be  perfectly  straight,  and  covered, 
like  the  ears  and  head,  with  the  same  texture  of  coat  as  the  body,  but  not 
quite  so  long.  Eyes  small,  keen  and  hazel  colour.  Feet  strong,  tolerably 
round,  with  toes  well  split  up;  most  pure  specimens  have  black  toe  nails. 
Chest  muscular  and  rather  deep,  but  should  not  be  either  full  or  wide. 
Body  moderately  long,  with  ribs  well  sprung;  loin  and  back  should  show 
great  strength  and  all  well  knit  together.  Coat  must  be  hard,  rough  and 
wiry,  in  decided  contradistinction  to  softness,  shagginess,  silkiness,  and 
all  parts  perfectly  free  from  lock  or  curl.  Hair  on  head  and  legs  not 
quite  so  long  as  rest  of  body.  Colour  most  desired  is  red,  and  the  brighter 
the  colour  the  better.  Next  in  order  wheaten  or  yellow,  and  grey,  but 
brindle  is  to  be  objected  to,  thereby  showing  intermixture  of  the  bull  breed." 
In  the  standard  founded  upon  the  foregoing  by  the  club  of  England 
and  Ireland  when  it  was  organised,  there  are  many  indications  of  the  fussy 
faddiness  of  the  beginner  in  expounding  inconsequential  details,  such  as  a 
negative  penalty  for  white  toe  nails  and  for  anything  over  a  speck  of  white 
on  chest.  We  were  one  of  the  aforesaid  beginners,  and  of  the  entire  ten 
committeemen  in  the  English  section  probably  one,  possibly  two,  had  bred 
a  litter  of  Irish  terriers,  and  two,  George  R.  Krehl  and  James  Watson,  had 
exhibited.  Of  the  Irish  ten,  four  were  well-known  exhibitors.  The  English 
section  particularly  did  a  lot  of  amateurish  things  also  in  getting  up  stake 
conditions,  which,  with  the  conservatism  of  Englishmen,  remain  unaltered 
to  this  day  and  were  adopted  without  thought  or  investigation  by  our 
Irish  Terrier  Club.  The  standard  of  both  clubs  is  the  same,  and  is  as 
follows: 


492  The  Dog  Book 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — Long;  skull  flat  and  rather  narrow  between  ears,  getting 
slightly  narrower  towards  the  eye;  free  from  wrinkle;  stop  hardly  visible, 
except  in  profile.  The  jaw  must  be  strong  and  muscular,  but  not  too  full 
in  the  cheek,  and  of  a  good  punishing  length.  There  should  be  a  slight 
falling  away  below  the  eye,  so  as  not  to  have  a  greyhound  appearance. 
Hair  on  face  of  same  description  as  on  body,  but  short  (about  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  long),  in  appearance  almost  smooth  and  straight;  a  slight  beard 
is  the  only  longish  hair  (and  it  is  long  only  in  comparison  with  the  rest) 
that  is  permissible,  and  that  is  characteristic. 

Teeth. — Should  be  strong  and  level. 

Lips. — Not  so  tight  as  a  bull  terrier's,  but  well-fitting,  showing  through 
the  hair  their  black  lining. 

Nose. — Must  be  black. 

Eyes. — A  dark  hazel  colour,  small,  not  prominent,  and  full  of  life, 
fire  and  intelligence. 

Ears. — Small  and  V-shaped,  of  moderate  thickness,  set  wejl  on  the 
head,  and  dropping  forward  closely  to  the  cheek.  The  ear  must  be  free 
of  fringe,  and  the  hair  thereon  shorter  and  darker  in  colour  than  the 
body. 

Neck. — Should  be  of  a  fair  length,  and  gradually  widening  towards 
the  shoulders,  well  carried,  and  free  of  throatiness.  There  is  generally 
a  slight  sort  of  frill  visible  at  each  side  of  the  neck,  running  nearly  to  the 
corner  of  the  ear. 

Shoulders  and  chest. — Shoulders  must  be  fine,  long  and  sloping 
well  into  the  back;  the  chest  deep  and  muscular,  but  neither  full  nor 
wide. 

Back  and  loin. — Body  moderately  long;  back  should  be  strong  and 
straight,  with  no  appearance  of  slackness  behind  the  shoulders;  the  loin 
broad  and  powerful  and  slightly  arched;  ribs  fairly  sprung,  rather  deep  than 
round,  and  well-ribbed  back. 

Hindquarters. — Should  be  strong  and  muscular,  the  thighs  powerful, 
hocks  near  the  ground,  stifles  moderately  bent. 

Stern  -Generally  docked;  should  be  free  of  fringe  or  feather,  but  well 
covered  with  rough  hair,  set  on  pretty  high,  carried  gaily,  but  not  over 
the  back  or  curled. 


The  Irish  Terrier  493 

Feet  and  legs. — Feet  should  be  strong,  tolerably  round,  and  moderately 
small;  toes  arched  and  neither  turned  out  nor  in;  black  toe  nails  are  most 
desirable.  Legs  moderately  long,  well  set  from  the  shoulders,  perfectly 
straight  with  plenty  of  bone  and  muscle;  the  elbows  working  freely  clear  of 
the  sides;  pasterns  short  and  straight,  hardly  noticeable.  Both  fore  and 
hind  legs  should  be  moved  straight  forward  when  travelling,  the  stifles  not 
turned  outward,  the  legs  free  of  feather  and  covered,  like  the  head,  with  as 
hard  a  texture  of  coat  as  body,  but  not  so  long. 

Coat. — Hard  and  wiry,  free  of  softness  or  silkiness,  not  so  long  as  to 
hide  the  outlines  of  the  body,  particularly  in  the  hindquarters,  straight  and 
flat,  no  shagginess,  and  free  of  lock  or  curl. 

Colour. — Should  be  "whole  coloured,"  the  most  preferable  being 
bright  red,  red,  wheaten  or  yellow  red.  White  sometimes  appears  on 
chest  and  feet;  it  is  more  objectionable  on  the  latter  than  on  the  chest, 
as  a  speck  of  white  on  chest  is  frequently  to  be  seen  in  all  self-coloured 
breeds. 

Size  and  symmetry. — The  most  desirable  weight  in  show  condition  is, 
for  a  dog  twenty-four  pounds,  and  for  a  bitch  twenty-two  pounds.  The 
dog  must  present  an  active,  lively,  lithe  and  wiry  appearance;  lots  of  sub- 
stance, at  the  same  time  free  of  clumsiness,  as  speed  and  endurance,  as 
well  as  power,  are  very  essential.  They  must  be  neither  "cloddy  nor 
cobby,"  but  should  be  framed  on  the  "  lines  of  speed,"  showing  a  graceful 
"racing  outline." 

Temperament. — Dogs  that  are  very  game  are  usually  surly  or  snappish. 
The  Irish  terrier,  as  a  breed,  is  an  exception,  being  remarkably  good  tem- 
pered, notably  so  with  mankind,  it  being  admitted,  however,  that  he  is 
perhaps  a  little  too  ready  to  resent  interference  on  the  part  of  other  dogs. 
There  is  a  heedless,  reckless  pluck  about  the  Irish  terrier  which  is  character- 
istic, and,  coupled  with  the  headlong  dash,  blind  to  all  consequences,  with 
which  he  rushes  at  his  adversary,  has  earned  for  the  breed  the  proud  epithet 
of  "The  Dare  Devils."  When  "off  duty"  they  are  characterised  by  a 
quiet,  caress-inviting  appearance,  and  when  one  sees  them  endearingly, 
timidly  pushing  their  heads  into  their  master's  hands,  it  is  difficult  to  realise 
that  on  occasion,  at  the  "set-on,"  they  can  prove  they  have  the  courage 
of  a  lion,  and  will  fight  on  to  the  last  breath  in  their  bodies.  They  develop 
an  extraordinary  devotion  to,  and  have  been  known  to  track  their  masters 
almost  incredible  distances. 


494  The  Dog  Book 


SCALE  OF  POINTS 

POSITIVE  POINTS  NEGATIVE  POINTS 

Head,  ear  and  expression 20  White  nails,  toes  and  feet,  .minus  IO 

Legs  and  feet 15         Much  white  on  chest "        10 

Neck 5         Dark  shadings  on  face "        10 

Shoulders  and  chest 10  Mouth     undershot     or     cank- 

Back  and  loin 5  ered "        10 

Hind  quarters  and  stern 10  Coat  shaggy,  curly  or  soft           "        IO 

Coat 15        Uneven  in  colour "          § 

Colour IO 

Size  and  symmetry IO 

Total IOO  Total 50 


Photo  by  E*E,  Lippiatt,  Leamtngton.'Eng'. 


MILVERTON    KING 


Photo  by  E.  E,  Lifpiatt,  Learning-ton,  Enf. 


MILVERTON  LADY 


CH.  BLACKET,  JR. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV 


THE  DANDIE  DINMONT  TERRIER 

UT  for  Sir  Walter  Scott  there  is  reasonable  doubt  as  to 
whether  the  Dandie  Dinmont  terrier  would  ever  have 
reached  the  dignity  of  being  considered  a  breed.  The 
hound  origin  of  this  terrier  is  most  decided  and  his  re- 
semblance to  the  Bedlington  in  ears,  coat  and  linty  topknot 
points  to  a  close  relationship  between  them.  The  low  legs  of  the  Dandie 
are  of  course  in  decided  contrast  to  the  Bedlington's  legs,  but  it  only  needs 
a  glance  at  the  Dandie  to  show  that  he  is  a  dog  reduced  on  the  leg,  for  his 
head  and  other  proportions  are  those  of  a  taller  dog.  James  Davidson,  the 
Dandie  Dinmont  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  is  claimed  to  have  written  on  a  slip 
of  paper,  dated  1800,  that  from  a  reddish  bitch  named  Tarr  and  a  light 
shaggy  dog  named  Pepper  which  he  obtained  from  a  Mr.  Brown  of  Bonjed- 
ward,  he  bred  the  race  of  dogs  called  Dandie  Dinmont.  This  slip  of  paper 
is  alleged  to  have  been  sent  by  Davidson  to  the  Hon.  George  D.  Bailie  of 
Monteith  and  was  brought  to  light  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Macdona.  A  correspondent 
of  the  London  Field  of  January  30,  1869,  writing  as  "A  Breeder  Sportsman," 
stated  that  Tarr  and  Pepper  were  small  dogs,  members  of  a  well-known 
variety  which  ran  from  thirteen  to  eighteen  pounds.  He  also  states  that 
Davidson  got  another  of  the  same  variety  from  Rothbury  on  the  Coquet, 
where  the  breed  was  found  in  the  greatest  perfection,  and  this  dog  was  also 
used  by  Davidson  in  producing  his  Peppers  and  Mustards.  Rothbury 
on  the  Coquet  was  where  the  Bedlingtons  came  from  originally  and  they 
were  first  called  Rothbury  terriers. 

Doubtless  these  were  thoroughly  game  little  dogs,  but  we  venture  to 
think  that  we  owe  the  Dandie  Dinmont  to  the  care  of  the  clever  breeders 
of  the  Kelso  and  Hawick  districts,  who  from  the  game  dog  possessing  only 
some  general  characteristics  developed  the  dog  of  type  and  character  which 
we  know  as  the  Dandie  Dinmont.  Davidson's  connection  with  the  breed 
was  not  that  of  an  originator,  for  he  merely  bred  on  from  a  few  dogs  of  a 
well-known  variety.  Beyond  desiring  to  get  a  small,  thoroughly  game  dog 

495 


496  The  Dog  Book 

for  vermin  there  is  nothing  known  of  Davidson's  ideas  or  whether  he  had 
anything  like  a  fixed  type  in  his  breeding.  That  we  imagine  came  when 
the  variety  was  taken  up  by  a  later  generation.  We  must  also  take  into 
consideration  that  Davidson  was  only  one  of  many  who  undoubtedly  had 
these  terriers,  and  it  is  well  known  that  he  did  not  keep  what  he  bred  to 
himself.  Hence  about  all  we  owe  to  Davidson  is  the  fact  that  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  mention  of  him  as  Dandie  Dinmont  gave  the  name  to  this  variety. 

Mr.  E.  Bradshaw  Smith  seems  to  have  been  the  gentleman  to  whom 
we  owe  the  placing  of  the  breed  upon  a  firm  footing,  for  he  got  hold  of 
a  number  of  dogs  from  various  owners  who  had  descendants  of  the  Hindlee 
dogs  and  bred  up  to  a  standard.  Mr.  Locke  was  another  who  did  much 
for  the  breed  some  years  ago.  At  present  the  Dandie  seems  very  strong 
in  England  and  Scotland,  and  at  the  recent  show  at  Altrincham,  where 
Mrs.  Lloyd  Rayner  judged,  there  were  no  less  than  fifty-five  entries. 

In  America  the  Dandie  has  never  achieved  popularity.  Now  and 
again  we  come  across  a  specimen,  but  how  few  there  are  and  have  been  is 
well  shown  by  the  fact  that  for  ten  years  the  total  registrations  of  the  breed 
with  the  Kennel  Club  has  been  but  five,  and  for  the  past  five  years  only  two 
have  been  shown  throughout  the  entire  country.  It  looks  as  if  we  meet 
once  more  with  the  evidence  that  Americans  are  not  prone  to  take  hold 
of  curiosities  when  there  are  other  breeds  which  possess  more  taking  qual- 
ities. There  is  nothing  the  Dandie  can  do  that  other  varieties  of  terrier 
cannot  also  accomplish,  and  others  possess  attractions  the  Dandie  does 
not.  You  can  lead  the  American  to  the  dog  show  easily  enough,  but  he 
is  not  going  to  be  cajoled  into  buying  what  he  does  not  fancy.  The  result 
is  therefore  that  the  Dandie  has  no  history  in  this  country  and  the  little 
we  have  said  regarding  the  breed  is  all  that  is  necessary,  coupled  with 
the  extravagantly  long  descriptive  particulars  of  the  Dandie  Dinmont 
Club  standard. 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — Strongly  made  and  large,  not  out  of  proportion  to  the  dog's 
size;  the  muscles  showing  extraordinary  development,  more  especially  the 
maxillary. 

Skull. — Broad  between  the  ears,  getting  gradually  less  towards  the 
eyes  and  measuring  about  the  same  from  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye  to 
back  of  skull  as  it  does  from  ear  to  ear;  forehead  well  domed.  The  head 


498  The  Dog  Book 

drop  from  top  of  loins  to  root  of  tail;  both  sides  of  backbone  well  supplied 
with  muscle. 

Belly. — Slightly  drawn  up. 

Body. — Long,  strong  and  flexible;  ribs  well  sprung  and  round.  Length 
from  top  of  shoulder  to  root  of  tail  should  not  be  more  than  twice  the  dog's 
height,  but  preferably  one  or  two  inches  less. 

Fore  legs. — Straight  and  short,  with  immense  muscular  development 
and  bone;  set  wide  apart,  the  chest  coming  well  down  between  them. 
Bandy  legs  are  objectionable.  The  hair  on  the  fore  legs  and  feet  of  a  blue 
dog  should  be  tan,  varying  according  to  the  body  colour  from  a  rich  tan  to 
a  pale  fawn;  of  a  mustard  dog  they  are  of  a  shade  darker  than  its  head, 
which  is  creamy  white.  In  both  colours  there  is  a  nice  feather,  about  two 
inches  long,  rather  lighter  in  colour  than  the  hair  on  the  fore  part  of  the 
leg. 

Hind  legs. — A  little  longer  than  the  fore  ones,  and  are  set  rather  wide 
apart,  but  not  spread  out  in  an  unnatural  manner.  Thighs  well  developed, 
the  hair  of  the  same  colour  and  texture  as  the  fore  legs,  but  having  no 
feather  nor  dew  claws. 

Feet. — Fore  feet  well  formed  and  not  flat,  with  very  strong  brown  or 
dark  coloured  claws.  Flat  feet  are  objectionable.  The  hair  on  the  fore 
feet  of  a  blue  dog  should  be  tan,  varying  according  to  the  body  colour  from 
a  rich  tan  to  pale  fawn.  Of  a  mustard  dog,  they  are  of  a  shade  darker 
than  its  head,  which  is  creamy  white.  Hind  feet  much  smaller;  the  whole 
claws  should  be  dark,  but  the  claws  vary  in  shade  according  to  the  colour 
of  the  dog's  body. 

Tail. — Rather  short,  say  from  eight  to  ten  inches  and  covered  with 
wiry  hair  of  darker  colour  than  that  of  the  body.  The  hair  on  the  under 
side  being  lighter  in  colour  and  not  so  wiry,  with  a  nice  feather  two  inches 
long,  getting  shorter  as  it  nears  the  tip;  rather  thick  at  the  root,  getting 
thicker  for  about  four  inches,  then  tapering  off  to  a  point.  It  should  not  be 
curved  or  twisted  but  should  come  up  with  a  regular  curve  like  a  scimitar, 
the  tip  when  excited  being  in  a  perpendicular  line  with  the  root  of  the  tail. 
It  should  be  set  on  neither  too  high  nor  too  low.  When  not  excited  it  is 
carried  gaily  a  little  above  the  level  of  the  body. 

Coat. — Two  inches  long,  that  from  skull  to  root  of  tail  a  mixture  of 
hardish  and  soft  hair,  which  gives  a  sort  of  crisp  feel  to  the  hand.  The 
hard  hair  should  not  be  wiry;  the  coat  is  what  is  termed  pily  or  pencilled. 


Photo  bp  W,  Davey  £f   Soni,  Harrawgate,  En 


Photo  hy  W.   Davey  &  Sons,  Harrowgate,   Engf 

MARKINGTON  SUNSHINE'S  PUPPIES  BY  CH.  PIPER  GRAY 

Property  of  Mrs.  Hugh  Ripley,  Markington,  Leeds,  Eng. 


CHAPTER  XXXV 


THE  SKYE  TERRIER 

HE  terriers  of  the  North  of  Scotland  are  so  similar  in  their 
bodily  appearance  as  to  admit  of  little  doubt  that  they 
are  well  established  varieties  of  the  same  family.     We 
refer  to  the  Skye  terrier  and  what  is  now  known  as  the 
Scottish  terrier.     There  can  be  no  question  that  the  family 
is  a  very  old  one,  probably  the  oldest  of  all  the  terriers. 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Charles  Hamilton  Smith,  who  wrote  the  two  volumes  on 
the  dogs,  wolves  and  foxes,  for  the  Naturalists'  Library,  published   in 
1840,  draws  attention  to  the  fact   that  the  Agasseus  of  Oppian  is  not 
the  gazehound   mentioned    by   early  English    writers.     Agasseus  was    a 
rendering  of  the  old  Celtic  word   agass,  which  simply  meant  dog,  and 
Oppian    describes  them  as  "Crooked,  slender,   rugged   and   full   eyed." 
Oppian's    description    has    been    quoted    as    being    a    reference    to    the 
beagle,    but    Lieutenant-Colonel    Hamilton   Smith    decides    that    on    the 
whole    the    above    description,   together   with   what    follows    concerning 
the    powers  of  scent,  is    more    applicable   to   the    native   terrier.     That 
authority  also  held  that  the  agassei  were  what  were  called  in  old  English 
Teasers,  and  says:     "Although  the  Celtic  agass  denotes  simply  a  dog,  it 
may  be  observed  that  the  modern  French  agacer,  to  tease,  to  provoke,  is 
neither  of  Latin  or  Prankish  origin,  and  therefore  most  likely  is  derived 
from  an  original  Gallic  root.     The  meaning  of  the  verb  is  perfectly  applica- 
ble to  this  ancient  lurcher,  and  to  the  large  terriers  still  used  in  the  German 
hunting  packs  for  the  purpose  of  rousing  or  provoking  the  wild  boar  from 
his  lair  and  make  him  break  cover.     Ridinger    figured  this  ancient  dog 
under  the   name  of  sau-finder,   and   our  diminutive  terrier,   particularly 
the  Scottish  rough-haired  breed,  is  therefore  the  race  we  look  upon  as  the 
most  ancient  dog  of  Britain,  though  the  opinion  that  would  make  it  in- 
digenous is  very  questionable.     These   lurcher  terriers,  or   agassei,   were 
originally  all  more  or  less  buff  or  sandy  coloured,  with  rugged  and  coarse 
hair,  pointed  ears,  hairy  tail,  short  legged,  but  of  very  high  courage,  grappling 


5O2  The  Dog  Book 

with  any  animal,  bull,  bear,  wolf,  or  badger,  and  displaying  extraor- 
dinary dexterity  in  the  destruction  of  vermin,  qualities  which  they  still 
retain  in  the  utmost  perfection." 

Colonel  Hamilton  Smith  gives  no  further  details  of  the  terriers,  but 
gives  four  illustrations,  one  of  an  Isle  of  Skye  terrier  and  three  terriers 
he  specifies  as  Scottish,  of  which  the  latter  do  not  concern  us  at  present. 
At  that  time  the  Skye  terrier  was  thoroughly  well  known  throughout  the 
United  Kingdom,  Queen  Victoria  having  specimens  of  the  breed,  an  ex- 
ample which  was  followed  by  many  of  her  faithful  "people." 

To  account  for  the  length  of  coat  on  the  Skye  terrier  we  have  the 
usual  statement  as  to  introduced  crosses,  some  alleging  that  poodles  from 
wrecked  ships  of  the  Spanish  Armada  were  crossed  on  the  native  dogs 
and  thus  produced  the  longer  coats.  It  must  not  be  supposed  that  the 
length  of  coat  mentioned  by  Stonehenge  and  those  who  wrote  at  that  period 
was  anything  like  what  we  are  now  accustomed  to  see,  and  a  little  common 
sense  in  appreciating  what  modern  fanciers  have  accomplished  within 
thirty  years  will  also  enable  the  reader  to  understand  that  the  many  years 
of  the  breed's  existence  before  it  became  known  would  permit  of  the  added 
length  of  coat  by  a  very  limited  amount  of  selection  and  following  of  fancy 
in  developing  a  dog  with  a  moderate  length  of  coat  from  such  a  dog  as  we 
now  have  in  the  Scottish  terrier.  One  has  only  to  go  back  some  twenty 
years  to  find  in  the  English  kennel  papers  letters  of  protest  against  the  length 
of  coat  of  show  specimens  of  that  date  as  being  altogether  wrong  in  the 
Skye  terrier,  yet  they  would  be  considered  out  of  coat  nowadays. 

What  is  really  of  more  importance  than  coat  in  the  way  of  change  is 
the  ear  carriage.  Twenty-five  years  ago  the  drop-eared  Skye  was  the  correct 
thing,  and  a  Mr.  Pratt  of  Paddington  had  a  splendid  kennel  of  this  variety. 
The  erect-eared  dogs  were  then  unfashionable,  and  Stonehenge  repudiated 
them,  but  the  tide  turned  and  so  far  as  this  country  is  concerned  we  cannot 
recall  when  we  saw  a  drop-eared  Skye.  They  still  have  them  in  England, 
but  they  are  now  in  as  much  of  a  minority  as  the  pricked-eared  ones  were  in 
Mr.  Pratt's  time,  thirty  years  ago. 

The  term  Skye,  as  applied  by  the  American  public  not  conversant 
with  details  of  breeds,  covers  a  larger  field  than  any  other  name  in  the 
dog  world,  and  although  this  is  not  so  much  the  case  as  it  was  a  few  years 
ago,  yet  it  is  necessary  to  say  that  the  small  long-coated  terriers  are  not 
Skyes,  but  are  mainly  of  Yorkshire  extraction.  The  Skye  is  a  dog  weighing 


The  Skye  Terrier  503 

over  twenty  pounds  in  modern  specimens — Mr.  Pratt's  terriers  ran  from 
fourteen  up  to  eighteen  pounds,  but  they  would  now  be  considered  far 
too  small — and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  some  of  the  large  English  dogs 
run  well  over  twenty  pounds.  The  predominating  colour  is  a  dark 
blue,  though  some  show  greyish,  the  coat  being  a  mixture  of  white  hairs 
running  through  the  black.  Whatever  the  colour  is,  however,  it  should 
be  uniform  over  the  head  and  body,  and  not  show  lighter  on  the  head 
than  it  is  elsewhere.  The  shape  of  the  body  is  long,  and  he  is  low  on 
the  leg,  with  plenty  of  substance  for  his  size.  The  improperly  called 
Skyes  are  small  pets,  with  silver  body  colour,  flaxen  heads  and  tan 
legs,  and  the  body  is  squarer  on  the  legs.  This  information  is  not 
published  for  dog  experts,  but  to  correct  a  widely  held  but  erroneous  idea 
in  this  country  that  these  little  imperfect  specimens  of  Yorkshire  terriers 
are  Skyes. 

The  Skye  terrier  has  never  been  taken  to  kindly  by  fanciers  in  the 
United  States,  and  those  who  have  gone  in  for  them  have  never  kept  them 
for  any  length  of  lime.  This  we  attribute  to  the  difficulty  in  keeping  them 
in  coat  in  our  warm  climate  and  the  amount  of  attention  called  for  to  keep 
show  specimens  in  proper  condition..  The  one  American  exception  is  in 
the  case  of  Mr.  Caverhill  of  Montreal,  who  for  several  years  has  shown 
many  excellent  Skye  terriers,  some  of  them  imported  and  others  of  his  own 
breeding.  The  Swiss  Mountain  Kennels  also  had  one  or  two  very  good 
Skyes  a  few  years  ago,  but  gave  up  the  breed  after  a  brief  trial.  Going 
back  to  earlier  times  we  can  only  recall  one  exhibitor  who  was  at  all 
prominent  for  any  length  of  time,  and  that  was  Mr.  Sanderson  of  West 
Philadelphia,  who  was  very  successful  at  shows  held  twenty  years  ago,  and 
Sanderson's  Jim  and  his  kennel  mates  had  things  their  own  way  wherever 
shown. 

At  the  last  New  York  show  there  was  not  a  Skye  on  exhibition;  in  1904 
there  was  but  one  and  in  1903  there  were  six.  Mrs.  Robert  H.  McCurdy's 
Wolverley  Wallie  was  the  winner  in  dogs  from  Mr.  Caverhill's  home-bred 
Moorland  Lad  and  in  third  place  we  had  the  patriarch  Arden  II.,  who  then 
made  his  last  annual  appearance  at  the  advanced  age  of  eleven  years. 
In  the  bitch  class  Mr.  Caverhill  took  first  and  second  with  sisters  to  Moorland 
Lad,  named  Queen  and  Silver  Ray.  All  of  these  were  prick-eared  Skyes, 
as  indeed  have  been  all  exhibited  here,  to  the  best  of  our  recollection,  though 
we  do  not  state  this  as  a  positive  fact. 


504  The  Dog  Book 

\ 

The  points  of  the  Skye  terrier  are  not  very  elaborately  described  in  the 
standard,  and  are  not  very  much  in  evidence  in  the  dog,  which  to  the  eye 
is  all  hair  upon  a  long  and  low  body. 

The  standard  adopted  by  the  Skye  Terrier  Club  of  England  is  as 
follows: 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — Long,  with  powerful  jaws  and  incisive  teeth,  closing  level,  or 
upper  just  fitting  over  under.  Skull  wide  at  front  of  brow,  narrowing 
between  ears  and  tapering  gradually  towards  muzzle,  with  little  falling  in 
between  or  behind  the  eyes.  Eyes  hazel,  medium  size,  close  set.  Muzzle 
[nose]  always  black. 

Ears. — When  pricked,  not  large,  erect  at  outer  edges  and  slanting 
toward  each  other  at  inner  from  peak  to  skull.  When  pendent,  larger, 
hanging  straight,  lying  flat  and  close  at  front. 

Body. — Pre-eminently  long  and  low,  shoulders  broad,  chest  deep, 
ribs  well  sprung  and  oval  shaped,  giving  flattish  appearance  to  sides.  Hind- 
quarters and  flank  full  and  well  developed.  Back  level  and  slightly 
declining  from  top  of  hip  joint  to  shoulders.  Neck  long  and  gentlv 
crested. 

Tail. — When  hanging,  upper  half  perpendicular,  under  half  thrown 
backward  in  a  curve.  When  raised,  a  prolongation  of  the  incline  of  the 
back,  and  not  rising  higher  nor  curling  up. 

Legs. — Short,  straight  and  muscular.  No  dew  claws.  Feet  large  and 
pointing  forward. 

Coat. — Undercoat  short,  close,  soft  and  woolly.  Overcoat  long,  aver- 
aging five  and  one-half  inches,  hard,  straight,  flat  and  free  from  crisp  or 
curl.  Hair  on  head  shorter,  softer  and  veiling  forehead  and  eyes;  on  ears, 
overhanging  inside,  falling  down  and  mingling  with  the  side  locks,  not 
heavily,  but  surrounding  the  ear  like  a  fringe  and  allowing  its  shape  to  ap- 
pear. Tail  also  gracefully  feathered. 

Colour. — Dark  or  light  blue  or  grey,  or  fawn  with  black  points.  Shade 
of  head  and  legs  approximating  that  of  body. 

Weight. — Average,  dog  eighteen  pounds;  bitch  sixteen  pounds. 
No  dog  should  be  over  twenty  pounds,  nor  under  sixteen  pounds; 
no  bitch  should  be  over  eighteen  pounds  nor  under  fourteen 
pounds. 


The  Skye  Terrier 


505 


SCALE  OF  POINTS 


Size :  Height  with  length  and  propor- 
tions, 10  inches  high,  5  points  ;  9 
inches  high,  10  points;  8£  inches  high, 
15  points 15 

Head:  Skull  and  eyes 10 

Jaws  and  teeth 5  15 

Ears:  Carriage,  with  shape,  size  and 
feather 10 

Body:  Back  and  neck 10 

Chest  and  ribs 5  15 


Tail:  Carriage  and  feather 10 

Legs:  Straightness  and  shortness. . .  .5 

Strength 5  10 

Coat:  Hardness 10 

Lankness 5 

Length 5  20 

Colour  and  Condition 5 

Total . .  100 


Penalties. — Over  extreme  weight  to  be  handicapped  five  points  per 
pound  of  excess.  Over  or  under  shot  mouth  to  disqualify.  Doctored  ears 
or  tails  to  disqualify.  No  extra  value  for  greater  length  of  coat  than  five 
and  one-half  inches.  Not  to  be  commended  under  a  total  of  sixty  points, 
highly  commended  under  sixty-five  points  or  very  highly  commended 
under  seventy  points,  and  to  receive  no  specials  under  seventy-five  points. 


TERRIER"  "A  WHITE  TERRIER"  "A  SCOTCH  TERRIER' 

These  two  illustration*  are  from  Sir  William  Jardine's  "  Natural  History,"  1840, 
thVdog  volumes  IX.  and   X.  being  contributed  by  Lieut.-Col.  Chas.  Hamilton  Smith 


"THE  SKYE  TERRIER" 

From  a  painting  by  A.  Cooper,  R.  A.,  probably  1830;  may 
have  been  earlier.    Cooper  lived  1787-1868 


W.  B.  SMITH'S  "  SCOTCH  TERRIERS  » 


CH.  THE  LAIRD 

Property  of  the  Craigdarroch  Kennels,  and  doubtless  the  best  Scottish  terrier  shown  in  this  country 


CHAPTER  XXXVI 

THE  SCOTTISH  TERRIER 

HOUGH  undoubtedly  a  very  old  breed,  the  Scottish  terrier 
is  quite  modern  so  far  as  knowledge  of  the  variety  outside 
of  restricted  sections  of  northern  Scotland  is  concerned. 
Before  taking  up  the  history  of  the  Scottish  terrier  we 
must  first  ask  our  readers  to  thoroughly  understand  that 
not  a  word  was  ever  written  regarding  this  breed  till  about  1880.  One 
can  find  no  end  of  information  about  the  Scotch  terrier,  but  that  was  a 
different  dog  altogether.  Dalziel  in  "British  Dogs,"  1880,  expressed  regret 
that  such  a  useful  dog  as  the  Scotch  terrier  had  not  been  taken  up  and 
made  something  of,  and  he  described  it  as  a  rough-haired  sandy  dog,  though 
they  came  darker.  Dalziel  was  a  Dumfrieshire  man,  if  we  are  not  mistaken, 
and  described  the  dog  just  as  we  remember  it  from  our  boyhood.  He 
stood  fairly  well  upon  his  legs  and  ran  about  fifteen  pounds  as  a  usual 
thing.  He  was  rough-coated  all  over,  body  and  head,  a  somewhat  bristly 
coat  that  stood  out  and  was  dense  as  well.  That  was  the  dog  that  was 
everywhere  known  as  the  Scotch  terrier.  The  brace  of  terriers  drawn  by 
Smith  gives  a  good  idea  of  the  dog,  and  so  does  Spink's  Bounce  in  Stone- 
henge's  group  illustration,  shown  in  the  introduction  to  the  terrier  family, 
Chapter  XXVI.,  only  that  there  is  a  little  too  much  lay  down  about  his 
coat.  There  is  no  doubt,  however,  that  the  term  Scotch  was  decidedly  an 
elastic  one  and  Lieut.  Colonel  Hamilton  Smith  gives  no  less  than  three 
Scotch  terriers,  all  differing,  and  not  one  the  present-day  Scottish  terrier. 
One  looks  like  a  drop-eared  Skye,  another  like  the  low,  rough  black  and 
tan  of  England,  while  the  head  of  Fury  is  more  like  the  little  rat  killer  that 
Dalziel  wrote  about  and  we  also  knew. 

Landseer  introduced  small,  short-haired  terriers  in  some  of  his  High- 
land paintings,  a  mongrelly  lot,  such  as  St.  John  mentions  in  his  "  Wild 
Sports  of  the  Highlands,"  written  about  1844,  as  accompanying  the  high- 
land fox,  or  tod  hunter  "  a  miscellaneous  tail  of  terriers  of  every  degree." 
St.  John  does  not  discriminate  in  his  use  of  Skye  and  Highland  in  his 

507 


The  Scottish  Terrier  509 

illustration  of  a  Scottish  terrier,  labeled  "Mr.  J.  Gordon  Murray's  Skye 
terrier  Otter." 

Then  ensued  a  war  fought  with  all  the  stubborn  determination  of 
the  Scotchman  when  he  is  sure  his  cause  is  just.  "This  west  country  dog 
is  only  an  Aberdeen  terrier  and  must  be  known  as  such."  "Not  at  all,  the 
Aberdeen  terrier  is  merely  a  stray  from  the  western  highlands  and  must 
be  called  Highland  terrier."  Thus  they  argued  and  wrote  till  someone 
suggested  that  as  it  was  all  Scotland  anyway,  why  not  call  them  Scottish 
terriers  ?  This  not  being  a  victory  for  the  opposition  each  side  agreed,  and 
thereby  came  the  name  of  Scottish  for  the  game  little  "Die  hard." 

There  was  also  a  discussion  as  to  the  ears  being  erect  or  tipping  like 
a  collie's,  but  that  was  settled  in  favour  of  the  straight  ear,  although  the 
old  standard  says  they  may  be  pricked  or  half  pricked.  After  which 
all  parties  settled  down  to  the  business  of  breeding  and  improving  the 
Scottish  terrier  and  pushing  it  into  a  prominent  position  worthy  of  its 
national  name.  That  they  have  succeeded  in  so  doing  the  records  attest, 
and  the  Scottish  terrier  is  one  of  the  most  popular  in  England  at  the  present 
time.  In  the  early  days  of  the  fancy  across  the  Atlantic  the  late  Captain 
Mackie  was  very  prominent  in  its  support,  and  another  who  did  much  good 
work  in  the  same  direction  was  Mr.  H.  J.  Ludlow,  to  whom  is  due  the  credit 
of  breeding  no  less  than  twelve  English  champions. 

The  Scottish  terrier's  career  in  this  country  has  not  been  a  bed  of 
roses,  but  rather  on  the  order  of  the  national  "flower"  of  its  own  country. 
It  was  taken  up  with  a  vim  by  Mr.  Brooks  and  Mr.  Ames  of  Boston,  and 
one  or  two  others  some  years  ago,  but  there  was  no  getting  the  public  to  take 
to  it.  It  did  not  attract,  hence  there  was  no  popularity  and  we  can  recall 
the  time  when  Mr.  Brooks  could  not  even  give  some  of  his  young  stock 
away.  After  that  the  ebb  tide  ran  out  so  far  that  it  looked  as  if  it  would 
never  turn  to  flood  again,  but  along  came  a  Westerner  with  a  reserve  stock 
of  enthusiasm,  and  back  came  the  Scottie  with  a  rush  that  carried  it  to  a 
well  earned  high-water  mark.  A  club  was  established  and  the  breed  put 
on  a  substantial  foundation,  thanks  to  the  energy  of  Dr.  C.  Fayette  Ewing 
of  St.  Louis. 

To  go  back  to  the  beginning  of  the  Scottie  in  America  means  the 
recording  of  the  importations  of  Mr.  John  H.  Naylor  of  Chicago,  the  pioneer 
exhibitor  of  the  breed,  who  was  showing  Tarn  Glen  and  Bonnie  Belle  in 
1883.  His  next  importation  was  Heather,  and  at  New  York  in  1884  Heather 


5io  The  Dog  Book 

beat  Tarn  Glen  in  the  class  for  rough-haired  terriers.  This  brace  did  good 
service  for  Mr.  Naylor,  but  of  course  they  were  not  quite  up  to  modern 
show  form,  though  good  little  dogs  and  typical. 

From  a  class  for  rough-haired  terriers,  the  New  York  classification 
advanced  to  Scotch  and  hard-haired  terriers,  and  in  that  class  as  late  as 
1886  Mr.  Prescott  Lawrence  showed  two  Airedales,  the  only  entries.  In 
1888  a  class  for  Scotch  failed  to  secure  an  entry.  In  1890  three  entries 
were  made,  "Scotch"  Bailey  showing  the  winner  in  Meadowthorpe 
Donald,  with  Mr.  Naylor's  latest  importation,  Rosie,  in  second  place. 
So  far  the  fancy  had  dragged  along,  but  now  the  Toon  and  Symonds  com- 
bination took  up  the  importation  of  terriers  and  Kilstor  was  shown  by 
them  in  1891,  taking  first  at  New  York  and  five  other  shows.  For  1892  the 
same  firm  had  Scotch  Hot  for  first  at  New  York,  defeating  Kilstor,  next  to 
whom  came  Glenelg,  shown  by  Mr.  T.  H.  Garlick,  of  Philadelphia,  who 
still  keeps  in  touch  with  the  breed  and  frequently  officiates  in  the  distribu- 
tion of  awards,  though  he  is  more  of  a  wire-haired  terrier  man  now. 

With  1892  came  the  boom  in  the  breed,  and  the  Wankie  Kennels,  which 
was  the  exhibiting  name  of  the  Messrs.  Brooks  and  Ames,  began  a  most 
successful  career.  In  the  kennel  were  such  good  dogs  as  Kilroy,  Kilcree, 
Culbleau  and  others,  and  at  New  York  in  1893  all  three  first  prizes  went 
to  the  Wankie  Kennels,  the  classification  being  a  mixed  challenge  class 
and  two  open  classes.  Toon  and  Symonds  then  got  Tiree  and  Rhudu- 
man  and  it  was  not  long  before  the  Wankie  Kennels  concluded  to  purchase 
the  pair.  Tiree  was  a  grand  little  dog,  and  we  are  under  the  impression 
that  he  won  a  special  for  the  best  in  the  show  at  Philadelphia  in  1893, 
though  the  catalogue  has  no  mention  of  such  a  special. 

The  year  1895  at  New  York  marked  a  high  record  for  the  breed,  when 
no  fewer  than  thirty-nine  Scottish  terriers  were  shown.  Two  American 
bred  classes,  the  first  for  any  breed,  if  we  mistake  not,  since  the  old  times 
of  "native"  setters.  In  these  classes  fourteen  of  the  fifteen  were  duplicate 
entries  and  two  puppies  were  also  duplicates,  raising  the  total  entry  to 
fifty-five.  Of  the  thirty-nine  dogs,  sixteen  were  from  the  Brooks-Ames 
kennel  and  seven  from  the  Newcastle  Kennels  of  Mr.  J.  L.  Little,  and  these 
exhibitors  took  fifteen  of  the  nineteen  prizes  awarded,  Mr.  Little's  modest 
share  being  a  first  and  a  third  in  open  dogs,  his  first  prize  winner  being 
Bellingham  Bailiff,  quite  a  successful  dog  in  his  day. 

The  natural  result  followed  this  one-sided  distribution  of  the  prize 


The  Scottish  Terrier  511 

money  and  three  years  later  we  find  the  entry  reduced  to  nine  dogs  and 
bitches.  Mr.  Brooks  had  retired  by  this  time,  but  Mr.  Ames  took  all  three 
firsts  that  were  awarded,  that  in  the  novice  class  being  withheld,  in  which 
he  however  took  second  and  third.  He  left  only  two  second  prizes  to  his 
opponents.  This  was  Mr.  Ames's  last  entry  at  New  York.  In  1899 
Dr.  Ewing  made  his  first  exhibit  at  New  York,  sending  on  entries  of  Loyne 
Ginger  and  Romany  Ringlet,  both  English  winners,  although  Loyne  Ginger 
was  then  decidedly  past  his  prime.  The  following  year  saw  the  importation 
of  two  very  good  terriers  which  found  their  way  to  the  Newcastle  Kennels; 
Newcastle  Model  and  Newcastle  Rosie,  both  of  which  won  firsts  at  New 
York  and  did  well  elsewhere.  There  was  not  much  life  in  the  breed 
however,  though  those  interested  soon  woke  up  or  were  aroused  to  the 
advisability  of  doing  something.  Dr.  Ewing  in  the  most  energetic  manner 
took  hold  of  the  formation  of  a  club  to  look  after  the  interests  of  the  breed, 
and  what  can  be  done  by  concentrated  effort  was  well  shown  by  the  entry 
at  New  York  for  1901,  when  thirty-one  dogs  were  entered,  duplicates 
raising  the  entry  to  about  fifty.  Dr.  Ewing  won  high  honours  with  a 
puppy  of  his  own  breeding,  Nosegay  Sweet  William,  the  prefix  being  his 
adopted  kennel  name.  Another  prominent  winner  on  this  occasion  was  Mrs. 
Brazier,  who  now  shows  as  the  Craigdarroch  Kennels,  and  has  ever  since 
that  year  played  a  leading  part  as  the  prominent  exhibitor  of  the  breed. 

Other  exhibitors  during  the  past  few  years  have  been  Mrs.  G.  S. 
Thomas,  the  Brandywine  Kennels,  A.  J.  Maskrey,  the  Sandown  Kennels  of 
Mrs.  E.  S.  Woodward,  Mrs.  George  Hunter  and  Mrs.  H.  T.  Foote,  while 
there  are  quite  a  number  of  exhibitors  who  have  but  one  or  two  dogs  that 
they  enter  at  many  shows  in  the  East.  It  is  surprising  to  note  how  exceed- 
ingly popular  the  Scottie  is  with  exhibitors  who  are  prominent  in  other 
breeds,  but  take  to  the  perky  little  customer  as  a  house  dog.  Of  course 
these  exhibitors  want  good  dogs,  and  these  they  also  show  and  thus  help  to 
swell  the  entries.  The  result  is  that  the  Scottish  terrier  is  vastly  more 
popular  than  many  imagine,  and  at  New  York  this  year  the  1895  individual 
entry  of  thirty-nine  was  beaten  by  two,  while  the  total  entry  with  duplicates 
was  forty  dogs  and  twenty-one  bitches.  As  illustrative  of  the  success  of  the 
Craigdarroch  Kennels  it  is  only  necessary  to  state  that  in  the  open  dog  class 
Mrs.  Brazier  had  three  dogs  with  the  prefix  of  champion  and  two  in  the  open 
bitch  class  had  also  the  same  title.  Some  of  them  are  getting  on  in  years 
and  were  then  exhibited  in  all  likelihood  for  the  last  time,  but  that  grand 


512  The  Dog  Book 

dog  The  Laird  is  still  not  only  able  to  win  in  his  breed,  but  is  a  factor  when 
it  comes  to  a  special  for  the  best  in  the  show. 

Enough  has  been  said  to  show  that  the  Scottish  terrier  has  made  his 
way  by  his  own  merits  to  a  warm  corner  in  the  hearts  of  his  admirers,  and 
that  he  is  gradually  growing  in  the  estimation  of  the  public  and  this  not  on 
account  of  any  special  attractiveness,  but  his  smartness  and  cleverness  as  a 
companion  and  house  dog.  Guid  gear  goes  in  mickle  bundles,  is  a  Scotch 
proverb  which  applies  most  appropriately  to  this  excellent  little  terrier. 
We  ought  to  emphasise  the  word  little  by  way  of  warning  against  any 
increase  of  size  in  this  dog,  for  he  is  the  smallest  of  the  working  terriers  and 
must  be  kept  so. 

The  illustrations  we  give  of  dogs  here  and  abroad,  together  with  the 
descriptive  particulars  in  the  standard,  render  it  unnecessary  to  go  into 
details  as  to  the  points  of  the  Scottish  terrier. 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Skull. — Proportionately  long,  slightly  domed,  and  covered  with  short 
hard  hair  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long  or  less.  It  should  not  be 
quite  flat,  as  there  should  be  a  sort  of  stop  or  drop  between  the  eyes. 

Muzzle. — Very  powerful  and  gradually  tapering  toward  the  nose, 
which  should  always  be  black  and  of  a  good  size.  The  jaws  should  be 
perfectly  level  and  the  teeth  square,  though  the  nose  projects  somewhat 
over  the  mouth,  which  gives  the  impression  of  the  upper  jaw  being  longer 
than  the  under  one. 

Eyes. — Set  wide  apart,  of  a  dark  hazel  colour;  small,  piercing,  very 
bright  and  rather  sunken. 

Ears. — Very  small,  prick  or  half  prick,  but  never  drop.  They  should 
also  be  sharp  pointed;  the  hair  on  them  should  not  be  long,  but  velvety,  and 
they  should  not  be  cut.  The  ears  should  be  free  from  any  fringe  at  the  top. 

Neck. — Short,  thick  and  muscular;  strongly  set  on  sloping  shoulders. 

Chest. — Broad  in  comparison  to  the  size  of  the  dog,  and  proportionately 
deep. 

Body. — Of  moderate  length,  not  so  long  as  a  Skye's,  and  rather  flat 
sided,  but  well  ribbed  up  and  exceedingly  strong  in  hindquarters. 

Legs  and  feet. — Both  fore  and  hind  legs  should  be  short  and  very 
heavy  in  bone,  the  former  being  straight  or  slightly  bent  and  well  set  on 


W          w^ 


The  Scottish  Terrier  513 

under  the  body,  as  the  Scottish  terrier  should  not  be  out  at  elbows.  The 
hocks  should  be  bent  and  the  thighs  very  muscular;  the  feet  strong  and 
thickly  covered  with  short  hair,  the  fore  feet  being  larger  than  the  hind  ones, 
and  well  let  down  on  the  ground. 

The  tail. — Which  is  never  cut,  should  be  about  seven  inches  long, 
carried  with  a  slight  bend  and  often  gaily. 

The  coat. — Should  be  rather  short,  about  two  inches,  immensely  hard 
and  wiry  in  texture  and  very  dense  all  over  the  body. 

Size. — About  sixteen  to  eighteen  pounds  for  a  bitch  and  eighteen  to 
twenty  pounds  for  a  dog. 

Colours. — Steel  or  iron  grey,  brindled  or  grizzled,  black,  sandy  and 
wheaten.  White  markings  are  objectionable  and  can  only  be  allowed  on 
the  chest,  and  that  to  a  small  extent. 

General  appearance. — The  face  should  wear  a  very  sharp,  bright, 
active  expression  and  the  head  should  be  carried  up.  The  dog  (owing  to 
the  shortness  of  his  coat)  should  appear  to  be  higher  on  the  legs  than  he 
really  is,  but  at  the  same  me  he  should  look  compact  and  possessed  of 
great  muscle  in  the  hindquarters.  In  fact,  a  Scottish  terrier,  though 
essentially  a  terrier,  cannot  be  too  powerfully  put  together.  He  should 
be  from  nine  inches  to  twelve  inches  in  height. 

Faults. — Muzzle  either  under  or  over  hung;  eyes  large  or  light  coloured; 
ears  large,  round  at  the  points,  or  drop;  it  is  also  a  fault  if  they  are  too 
heavily  covered  with  hair.  Coat:  Any  silkiness,  wave  or  tendencies  to 
curl  are  a  serious  blemish,  as  is  also  an  open  coat.  Size:  Any  specimens 
over  twenty  pounds  should  not  be  encouraged. 

It  should  be  the  spirit  and  purpose  of  the  judge  in  deciding  the  relative 
merits  of  two  or  more  dogs  to  consider  the  approximation  of  nature  to  the 
standard  rather  than  the  effect  of  artificiality. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Skull 5  Leg8  and  feet 10 

Muzzle 5  Tail 2^ 

Eyes 5  Coat 15 

Ears 10  Size 10 

Neck 5  Colour 2$- 

Chest 5  General  appearance 10 

Body 15 

Total  .  .100 


CHAPTER  XXXVII 

• 

THE  WELSH  TERRIER 

HE  rough  black  and  tan  terrier  which  in  the  introduction  to 
the  terrier  family  we  have  shown  to  have  been  the  oldest 
and  best  known  of  all  the  English  terriers  has  most  inap- 
propriately received  the  name  of  Welsh  terrier.  When 
the  first  effort  was  made  to  revive  this  terrier  and  save  it 
from  oblivion  it  was  called  the  Old  English  wire-haired  black  and  tan 
terrier,  a  most  cumbrous  title.  Under  that  name  classes  were  made  at  var- 
ious English  shows  and  very  shortly  claims  were  made  on  behalf  of  Wales 
as  the  home  of  the  variety,  and  at  some  shows  the  classification  was  made 
for  Welsh  in  place  of  using  the  longer  title.  It  was  several  years  before  the 
Kennel  Club  decided  to  admit  the  terrier  to  the  stud  book,  and  as  there  was 
still  this  diversity  of  nomenclature  the  club  in  the  stud  book  covering  1885 
added  Class  LIIL,  for  "Welsh  (or  old  English,  wire-haired  black  and  tan)" 
terriers,  and  of  the  six  terriers  then  admitted  five  were  English  owned  and 
one  hailed  from  the  Principality.  In  the  following  year  the  same  title  was 
given,  with  the  omission  of  the  parentheses.  In  1887  the  title  was  changed 
to  Welsh  terrier,  and  we  find,  by  reference  to  the  old  classification  for 
"Broken-haired  and  Scottish  terriers,"  that  for  a  year  or  two  such  owners 
as  did  not  enter  their  dogs  as  Welsh  had  them  put  in  that  class.  That 
this  was  not  altogether  satisfactory  is  shown  by  the  stud  book  for  1889, 
in  which  there  is  an  independant  classification  for  old  English  terriers. 
Finally  that  was  given  up  and  Welsh  became  the  sole  title.  That  a  good 
deal  of  diversity  of  opinion  existed  is  further  shown  by  there  being  twenty-one 
entries  of  old  English  terriers  in  the  1889  volume.  At  the  time  that  there 
were  classes  for  Old  English  and  also  for  Welsh  terriers  one  dog  was 
shown  in  both  classes  at  a  Darlington  show  and  won  first  in  each! 

That  Wales  has  no  special  claim  to  this  variety  is  beyond  question, 
for  there  are  far  too  many  descriptions  of  the  dog  written  between  1500  and 
1800  by  men  who  did  not  know  anything  about  the  dogs  of  Wales,  but  were 
well  acquainted  with  the  dogs  of  the  eastern  part  of  England  to  admit  of 

515 


516  The  Dog  Book 

giving  the  dog  a  sectional  name  indicative  of  its  being  exclusively  Welsh. 
There  is,  however,  no  means  of  changing  the  name  now,  except  by  action 
of  the  English  Kennel  Club,  and  that  it  is  not  likely  to  undertake  at  this 
late  day,  so  that  it  will  have  to  be  accepted  as  the  Welsh  terrier  in  this 
country. 

Mr.  Prescott  Lawrence,  who  seemed  to  have  a  penchant  for  acting  as 
one  of  the  pioneers  of  introduced  terrier  breeds,  was  the  first  exhibitor  of 
Welsh  terriers  in  this  country,  and  to  accommodate  him  the  committee  of  the 
New  York  show  of  1888  put  on  an  added  class  for  Welsh  terriers  and  he 
entered  T'other  and  Which.  At  that  early  day  for  Welsh  terriers  "all  coons 
looked  alike"  to  most  of  us  and  it  was  only  by  seeing  them  together  that  you 
could  tell  one  from  the  other  of  this  aptly  named  brace,  for  Which  was  the 
better  of  the  two  by  a  small  margin.  The  Hornell-Harmony  Kennels  got 
a  few  before  the  New  York  show  of  1891  and  the  entry  that  year  numbered 
five,  with  Which  leading  the  best  of  the  Hornell  entry.  In  two  years  the 
breed  died  out  entirely  and  although  one  or  two  were  shown  in  1900  it  was 
not  until  1901  that  there  was  any  sign  of  reviving  interest,  and  then  came 
an  entry  of  fifteen  in  two  classes.  A  little  local  rivalry  seems  to  have  taken 
hold  of  two  or  three  exhibitors  and  the  late  Mr.  Denton  and  Mr.  B.  S. 
Smith,  together  with  the  Misses  De  Coppet,  Mr.  R.  W.  C.  Ellison  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  Mr.  E.  S.  Woodward,  became  interested  in  Welsh  terriers. 
The  opportunity  was  taken,  mainly  through  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Smith,  to  start 
a  club  to  foster  the  breed,  and  five  classes  being  put  on  at  New  York  in  1902 
there  was  quite  a  respectable  entry.  This  was  added  to  in  1903,  when  a 
total  of  twenty-five  entries  was  made,  and  that  has  been  approximately 
the  result  at  the  two  succeeding  shows. 

A  difficulty  in  the  way  of  progress  in  this  breed  was  the  very  erratic 
judging  exhibitors  had  to  put  up  with,  each  judge  that  handled  the  breed 
in  turn  having  an  opinion  that  did  not  harmonise  with  what  had  been  done 
by  his  predecessors.  One  man  wanted  a  Welsh  terrier  with  a  long  foreface, 
while  the  next  one  went  in  for  what  he  called  the  Welsh  expression,  and  a 
short  head  suited  him  better  if  he  got  the  right  look  about  it.  Another 
thing  was  that  there  was  not  a  great  deal  of  uniformity  of  type  about  the  dogs, 
and  altogether  the  work  done  was  not  very  satisfactory.  This  is  always 
apt  to  be  the  case  with  a  comparatively  new  breed,  especially  when  dogs 
are  picked  up  as  most  of  the  Welsh  importations  were.  We  think  that  at 
that  time  there  was  also  a  lack  of  uniformity  in  the  judging  abroad,  and  this 


KIMBERLY 

Property  of  Strafford  Kennels,  Strafford,  Pa. 


BARRY 
Property  of  Foley  &  Brown,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


The  Welsh  Terrier  517 

added  to  variety  in  the  importations.  However,  we  seem  to  have  reached 
a  stage  where  there  is  concentration  along  better  defined  lines,  where  judges 
have  not  to  pick  and  choose  between  a  widely  different  lot  of  dogs,  but  devote 
their  attention  to  selection  from  classes  showing  more  uniformity.  This 
makes  a  great  deal  of  difference  in  considering  the  prospects  of  a  compara- 
tively new  breed. 

The  advent  of  Major  Carnochan  as  a  competitor  was  a  very  welcome 
addition  to  the  list  of  exhibitors,  particularly  as  he  got  most  of  his  importa- 
tions from  Mr.  Walter  S.  Glynn,  who,  if  anyone,  was  the  leading  exhibitor 
in  England  until  he  sold  out  his  kennel  a  short  time  ago.  Mr.  Glynn 
had  bred  Welsh  terriers  for  a  number  of  years  and  they  naturally  came 
truer  to  a  uniform  type  and  bred  truer.  Another  English  breeder  from 
whom  a  good  many  dogs  have  come  is  Mr.  T.  H.  Harris,  whose  prefix  of 
Senny  is  very  well  known  here  now.  The  Misses  de  Coppet  having  Senny 
Dragon  and  Dr.  Benson,  a  new  recruit  in  1905,  has  been  very  successful 
with  Senny  King. 

We  do  not  anticipate  any  meteoric  advance  in  the  Welsh  terrier,  for 
he  fails  somewhat  in  the  attraction  of  colour,  such  as  is  to  be  found  in  some 
other  breeds  of  terriers,  his  black  and  tan  coat  being  a  little  sombre,  but  he 
will  grow  in  favour,  for  those  who  have  the  breed  are  staunch  fanciers  and 
their  numbers  are  being  added  to  all  the  time.  He  is  not  a  quarrelsome 
dog,  but  sensible  and  intelligent,  and  possessed  of  all  the  game  or  "varmint** 
qualities  one  wants  in  a  companion  or  house  dog.  We  remember  being 
struck  when  visiting  Mr.  George  S.  Thomas  at  his  extensive  kennels  at 
Hamilton,  Mass.,  by  seeing  him  return  from  a  short  trip  afield  with  his 
gun  and  two  braces  of  terriers,  wire-haired  fox  and  Welsh,  the  proceeds 
of  the  absence  being  a  brace  of  grouse.  With  so  many  terriers  to  select 
from  for  this  purpose  of  grouse  shooting  we  asked  why  he  took  these,  and 
he  said  he  preferred  them  to  any  of  the  others,  as  they  adapted  themselves 
to  the  sport  better  and  stuck  to  it. 

The  Welsh  terrier  is  a  medium-sized  dog,  smaller  than  the  Irish  terrier 
and  more  approaching  the  size  of  the  fox  terrier.  He  should  have  all  the 
make-up  of  a  sound  terrier  in  front,  feet,  back  and  body,  but  he  should  be 
preserved  from  any  exaggeration  in  head.  That  is  where  the  Welsh  comes 
in.  He  should  not  have  a  square  or  long  foreface  and  the  right  expression 
should  be  the  main  object  sought  for,  and  that  of  this  terrier  is  intelligence, 
with  a  dash  of  keenness  as  becomes  a  terrier.  Although  he  is  commonly 


518  The  Dog  Book 

black  and  tan  he  is  not  a  colour  breed  in  the  sense  that  the  smooth  black 
and  tan  is,  and  he  varies  to  grizzle  in  back,  while  the  tan  varies  in  depth  of 
colour.  In  other  words,  colour  is  a  secondary  consideration  to  character 
and  conformation,  though  the  standard  bears  evidence  of  novice  handiwork 
in  laying  too  much  stress  on  some  very  minor  colour  points,  such  for  instance 
as  black  below  the  hocks  disqualifying,  while  white  on  the  feet  does  not. 

Of  late  we  have  seen  an  inclination  to  admit  rather  large  dogs  to 
high  honours  and  this  we  think  a  mistake.  The  size  of  this  terrier  should 
be  carefully  looked  after  as  an  important  feature  of  the  breed.  Large  dogs 
have  their  use  and  place  as  producers  of  good  constitution,  but  that  does 
not  necessarily  include  blue  ribbons  in  the  show  ring.  The  standard  we 
quote  gives  the  average  weight  at  twenty-two  pounds,  and  that  is  decidedly 
too  high,  in  fact  it  should  be  the  top  limit  of  weight  for  this  breed. 

The  following  standard  is  that  of  the  Welsh  Terrier  Club  of  America 
which  has  been  altered  from  that  of  the  English  club,  strange  to  say,  at 
the  suggestion  of  a  prominent  Englishman,  who  presumably  having  been 
unable  to  get  his  own  club  to  adopt  his  ideas  secured  the  allegiance  of  a 
foreign  club  through  one  or  two  friends. 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — The  skull  should  be  flat  and  rather  wider  between  the  ears  than 
the  wire-haired  fox  terrier,  and  gradually  decreasing  in  width  to  the  eyes. 
Not  much  stop  should  be  apparent.  The  cheeks  must  not  be  full. 

The  ears  should  be  V-shaped,  small  and  of  moderate  thickness  and 
dropping  forward  close  to  the  cheek,  not  hanging  by  the  side  of  the  head 
like  a  foxhound's. 

The  jaw,  upper  and  under,  should  be  strong  and  muscular,  rather 
deeper  and  more  punishing  than  that  of  the  fox  terrier. 

The  nose,  toward  which  the  muzzle  must  gradually  taper,  should 
be  black,  and  the  distance  from  the  nose  to  the  eye  should  be  at  least  equal 
to  the  distance  from  the  eye  to  the  bone  at  the  top  of  the  forehead. 

The  eyes  should  be  dark  in  colour,  small  and  rather  deep  set,  full  of 
fire,  life  and  intelligence,  and,  as  nearly  as  possible,  circular  in  shape. 

The  teeth  should  be,  as  nearly  as  possible,  level,  i.  e.,  the  upper  teeth 
on  the  outside  of  the  lower  teeth.  The  teeth  not  level,  either  undershot  or 
overshot,  should  be  considered  a  disqualification. 


The  Welsh  Terrier  519 

Neck. — The  neck  should  be  clean  and  muscular,  without  throatiness, 
of  fair  length  and  gradually  widening  to  the  shoulders. 

Shoulders. — The  shoulders  should  be  long  and  sloping,  well  laid  back, 
fine  at  the  points  and  clearly  cut  at  the  withers.  The  chest  should  not  be 
broad,  but  should  show  good  depth  of  brisket. 

Back. — The  back  should  be  short,  straight  and  strong,  with  no  appear- 
ance of  slackness.  The  loin  should  be  powerful  and  slightly  arched. 
The  fore  ribs  should  be  moderately  arched,  the  back  ribs  deep  and  the  dog 
should  be  well  ribbed  up. 

Hind-quarters. — Should  be  strong  and  muscular,  quite  free  from 
droop  or  crouch;  the  thighs  long  and  powerful;  hocks  near  the  ground,  the 
dog  standing  well  upon  them  and  not  straight  in  the  stifle. 

Stern. — Should  be  set  on  moderately  high,  but  no  too  gayly  carried. 

Legs. — Viewed  in  any  direction,  the  legs  must  be  straight,  showing 
little  or  no  appearance  of  an  ankle  in  front.  They  should  be  strong  in  bone 
throughout,  shorthand  straight  to  the  pastern.  Both  fore  and  hind  legs  should 
be  carried  straight  forward  in  travelling,  the  stifles  not  turned  outward. 
The  feet  should  be  round,  compact  and  not  large.  The  soles  should  be 
hard  and  tough,  with  toes  moderately  arched  and  turned  neither  in  nor  out. 

Coat. — The  harder  and  more  wiry  the  texture  of  the  coat  the  better. 
On  no  account  should  the  dog  look  or  feel  wooly,  and  there  should  be  no 
silky  hair  about  the  poll  or  elsewhere.  The  coat  should  not  be  too  long, 
so  as  to  give  the  dog  a  shaggy  appearance. 

Colour. — The  colour  should  be  black  and  tan,  or  black,  grizzle  and 
tan.  The  best  colour  is  all  tan  head,  all  tan  legs  and  jet  black  body.  The 
light,  washed-out  tan  is  objectionable  and  should  handicap.  White,  in 
small  quantities  on  the  chest  or  on  the  tips  of  the  toes  of  the  hind  feet,  does 
not  handicap.  A  large  white  spot  on  the  chest,  white  on  the  front  feet  or 
white  on  the  hind  feet  or  elsewhere  should  severely  handicap.  Black 
below  the  hocks  must  disqualify.  Black  pencilling  on  the  toes  should 
severely  handicap. 

Size. — The  height  at  the  shoulders  should  be  about  sixteen  inches. 
The  dog  must  on  no  account  be  leggy  nor  must  he  be  too  short  in  the  leg. 
Weight  must  not  be  taken  too  much  into  account.  Twenty-two  pounds 
should  be  considered  a  fair  average  weight  in  working  condition,  but  this 
may  vary  a  pound  or  two  either  way,  although  dogs  over  twenty-four  pounds 
weight  are  not  desirable. 


52O  The  Dog  Book 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Head,  ears,  eyes,  jaws 20        Colour 10 

Neck  and  shoulders 10        General    appearance    and 

Body 10  character 10 

Loins  and  hindquarters  .  . .    10         Coat 15 

Legs  and  feet 15 

Total 100 

DISQUALIFYING  POINTS 

i.  Nose  white,  cherry  or  spotted  to  a  considerable  extent  with  either 
of  these  colours.  2.  Ears. — Prick,  tulip  or  rose.  3.  Mouth. — Undershot 
or  overshot.  4.  Black  colour  below  the  hocks. 


CHAPTER  XXXVIII 

THE  BOSTON  TERRIER 

LTHOUGH  the  raw  material  was  imported  from  England 
the  Boston  terrier  was  "made  in  America,"  and  that  within 
the  memory  of  men  who  are  a  far  way  from  being  in  their 
dotage.  A  little  over  thirty  years  ago  Mr.  Robert  C. 
Hooper  of  Boston  purchased  a  dog  from  William  O'Brien, 
of  that  city,  which  became  known  in  pedigrees  as  Hooper's  Judge.  It  is 
supposed  that  this  dog  was  imported,  but  nothing  is  known  as  to  his  breeding, 
though  he  was  undoubtedly  of  the  half-bred  bull  and  terrier  type  used  for 
fighting.  He  has  been  described  as  a  dog  well  up  on  his  legs,  dark  brindle, 
with  a  blazed  face  and  weighing  a  little  over  thirty  pounds.  From  this 
dog  and  a  bitch  of  equally  unknown  pedigree,  but  showing  more  bulldog 
in  her  formation,  owned  by  Mr.  Edward  Burnett  of  Southboro,  Mass.,  and 
named  Gyp,  came  the  dog  always  known  as  Wells's  Eph.  This  dog  is 
described  as  weighing  about  twenty-eight  pounds,  dark  brindle,  evenly 
marked  with  white  on  face.  In  type  he  favoured  his  dam,  being  low  on 
the  legs.  Wells's  Eph  was  bred  to  a  bitch  named  Tobin's  Kate,  of  unknown 
breeding,  smaller  than  any  of  those  already  mentioned,  her  weight  being 
given  as  twenty  pounds.  Like  the  others  she  was  a  brindle,  the  shade  being 
a  rich  yellow  or  golden.  One  of  the  results  of  this  mating  was  Barnard's 
Tom,  who  stands  as  the  first  pillar  of  the  stud  book  in  connection  with 
Boston  terriers. 

These  dogs  were  not  called  Boston  terriers,  but  were  first  of  all  lumped 
in  with  the  bull  terriers.  We  have  before  us  a  copy  of  the  first  catalogue 
of  a  Boston  show,  that  of  the  Massachusetts  Kennel  Club  of  1878,  and  in 
it  Class  31  was  for  bull  terriers.  There  were  eighteen  entries,  and  among 
them  appear  Barnard's  Nellie,  white  and  brindle,  three  years,  imported 
stock,  price  $75.  Mr.  Barnard  also  entered  his  Kate,  and  another  entry 
is  that  of  Atkinson's  Tobey,  a  brother  of  Barnard's  Tom.  Tobey  was  then 
ten  months  old  and  he  was  not  the  brilliant  success  at  stud  which  his  brother 
Tom  was.  Of  course  Mr.  Prescott  Lawrence  had  to  dabble  in  this  breed 

52* 


522  The  Dog  Book 

as  well  as  every  other  variety  of  terriers  in  their  pioneer  days,  and  he  and 
James  Lawrence  each  had  an  entry  of  unknown  parentage.  James  G. 
Lathrop,  the  Harvard  professor  of  athletics,  had  three  entries,  one  of 
which  was  by  the  Reed  dog,  as  a  dog  owned  by  a  man  named  Reed  became 
known.  Mr.  Lathrop  also  had  a  white  bitch  of  Mr.  James  Lawrence's 
breeding,  being  by  his  Crab  out  of  his  Kate,  a  white  bitch. 

At  the  third  show  of  the  Massachusetts  Kennel  Club  it  was  pretty 
certain  that  white  bull  terriers  of  the  English  type  would  win,  hence  the  entry 
of  the  short-faced  ones  was  light.  Four  entries  of  the  local  sort  were  made, 
including  Sandy,  by  Barnard's  Tom  out  of  Higginson's  Belle,  a  bit  of  breed- 
ing that  after  a  few  years  was  a  desirable  foundation  to  trace  back  to.  The 
next  show  at  Boston  was  that  of  the  present  New  England  Kennel  Club, 
with  Mr.  J.  A.  Nickerson  as  a  hard-working,  enthusiastic  secretary.  He 
was  the  first  to  follow  the  example  set  by  the  National  Breeders'  show  at 
Philadelphia  in  November,  1884,  of  which  we  were  manager,  of  a  catalogue 
with  the  printed  awards.  After  that  all  shows  of  any  prominence  had  to 
do  likewise.  Mr.  Nickerson  had  little  use  for  cross-bred  dogs  and  as  the 
show  bull  terrier  was  then  well  represented  the  local  brindle  dogs  were 
crowded  out  almost  entirely.  Finally,  as  the  numbers  increased  and  the 
wished-for  opportunity  to  exhibit  became  more  frequently  expressed  the  Bos- 
ton show  committee  opened  classes  for  "Round-headed  bull  and  terriers,  any 
colour,"  and  the  response  was  so  good  that  the  classes  became  fixtures. 
In  keeping  with  the  name  there  was  a  kennel  at  Providence  called  the  Round 
Head  Kennels,  and  the  proprietors,  Messrs.  Boutelle  and  Bicknell,  were  very 
successful.  Starting  with  a  third  prize  record  in  1888,  they  managed  by 
good  judgment  to  buy  and  breed  Mike  II.,  Sir  Vera  and  two  bitches  named 
Topsy,  and  win  with  them  four  firsts  at  Boston  in  1890,  and  two  seconds 
with  Jack  and  Gladstone. 

Very  shortly  after  this  the  Bostonians  got  together  and  formed  a  club, 
the  idea  being  to  get  recognition  of  the  dog  they  were  developing.  Early 
in  1891  an  application  was  received  from  the  "American  Bull  Terrier  Club'* 
of  Boston  for  membership  in  the  American  Kennel  Club  and  recognition 
of  the  breed  they  represented.  At  that  time  we  filled  the  position  of  active 
working  member  of  the  Stud  Book  Committee  and  had  a  good  deal  of 
correspondence  with  the  club  at  Boston.  We  suggested  that  as  their  dog 
was  not  a  bull  terrier  at  all  and  was  only  bred  at  Boston  that  it  would  be 
better  for  the  club  to  take  the  name  of  Boston  Terrier  Club.  The  result 


The  Boston  Terrier  523 

was  that  although  the  application  had  been  made  in  the  name  of  the 
American  Bull  Terrier  Club,  Mr.  Power,  who  had  come  on  from  Boston 
to  state  personally  what  he  could  in  favour  of  the  application  when  it  came 
before  the  American  Kennel  Club,  said,  in  conformity  with  our  suggestions, 
that  on  behalf  of  his  club  he  desired  to  avoid  all  conflict  with  the  Bull 
Terrier  Club  or  any  other  club  and  his  fellow  members  were  desirious  of 
changing  the  name  to  Boston  Terrier  Club,  and  in  that  name  he  made 
application  for  admission.  The  club,  however,  did  not  admit  the  Boston 
applicants  until  1893.  There  is  nothing  of  any  great  moment  in  this  in- 
formation, but  as  we  have  seen  it  stated  that  another  person  made  the 
suggestion  of  the  name  Boston,  the  facts  might  as  well  go  on  record. 

Mr.  Dwight  Baldwin  in  his  early  history  of  the  breed  published  in 
the  Boston  Terrier  Club  book  mentions  some  other  importations  which 
assisted  in  forming  the  breed.  Among  them  was  the  Reed  dog  already 
mentioned,  a  dog  of  about  twelve  pounds,  reddish  brindle  and  white,  rather 
rough  in  coat.  Another  was  the  Perry  dog,  which  was  blue  and  white 
and  came  from  Scotland.  This  was  possibly  one  of  the  Blue  Paul  terriers 
bred  down  the  Clyde,  which  were  great  fighting  dogs.  This  one,  however, 
was  said  to  have  been  but  six  pounds  weight,  so  that  rather  knocks  the  Blue 
Paul  theory.  Another  dog  from  England  was  Brick,  known  as  Kellem's 
Brick,  a  black  spotted  dog  of  eighteen  pounds  and  a  most  determined 
fighter.  Another  of  the  same  sort  was  O'Brien's  Ben,  a  short-backed  white 
dog  with  brindle  markings.  These  later  importations  were  smaller  than 
the  Hooper's  Judge  style  of  dog  and  tended  to  lower  the  size,  so  that  in  the 
1890  Boston  classification  there  was  a  division  by  weight  of  under  and  over 
twenty  pounds  for  dogs  and  eighteen  pounds  for  bitches. 

As  can  be  readily  understood,  there  was  no  great  regularity  in  the 
type  of  these  early  dogs.  Some  favoured  the  bulldog,  while  others  were  more 
on  the  terrier  order.  It  was  this  lack  of  uniformity  which  led  us  to  oppose 
the  admission  of  the  club  in  1893,  and  thereby  recognise  the  breed.  The 
official  report  of  our  position  is  thus  recorded  in  the  American  Kennel 
Gazette  when  reporting  the  fact  that  the  three  members  of  the  Stud  Book 
Committee  each  held  a  different  view:  "For  my  own  part  I  cannot  bring 
myself  to  favour  admitting  the  dog.  I  would  like  to  admit  the  club,  but  it 
appears  we  have  to  take  the  dog  too.  The  question  for  this  club  is,  is  it 
a  proper  breed  to  admit  to  the  stud  book,  and  I  cannot  say  I  am  in  favour 
of  admitting  it." 


524  The  Dog  Book 

That  that  position  was  not  altogether  wrong  we  quote  from  the  Gazette 
of  December,  1894,  the  case  being  the  cancelling  of  a  registration  of  a 
Boston  terrier  which  had  a  bulldog  as  a  sire.  The  breeder  of  this  com- 
bination was  Mr.  W.  C.  Hook,  who  was  also  the  person  who  passed  upon 
and  approved  pedigrees  of  the  breed  for  acceptance  in  the  stud  book.  He 
was  asked  to  explain,  and  in  his  answer  said :  "  It  is  a  well-known  fact  that 
on  account  of  inbreeding  certain  very  important  points  of  the  Boston  terrier 
have  become  almost  obsolete,  namely,  the  broad,  flat  skull,  rose  ears  and 
short  tapering  tail,  all  bulldog  characteristics,  and  to  my  mind  the  only 
way  to  again  bring  them  into  prominence  is  to  infuse  the  original  bulldog 
blood  into  our  stock,  which  is  now  too  strongly  terrier.  ...  At  the  next 
Boston  show  we  shall  offer  a  premium  for  the  best  rose  ears  on  a  Boston 
terrier,  to  encourage  the  breeding  of  the  same.  Very  few  indeed  have  any 
approach  to  a  rose  ear,  and  as  it  is  a  bulldog  characteristic  I  do  not  see 
any  other  way  to  get  it  than  to  breed  to  the  bulldog."  As  chairman  of  the 
Stud  Book  Committee  we  thus  commented  upon  Mr.  Hook's  letter,  first 
referring  to  the  fact  that  the  committee  had  not  previously  endorsed  the 
admission  application:  "The  gentlemen  representing  the  Boston  Terrier 
Club  assisted  their  arguments  most  materially  by  producing  photographs 
of  two  or  three  generations  of  breeding,  and  other  photographs  to  prove 
the  thorough  establishment  of  type  in  the  breed,  and  were  most  positive 
in  asserting  that  the  Boston  terrier  could  not  be  produced  as  a  first  cross. 
Within  a  year  we  have  Mr.  Hook,  so  much  of  an  authority  on  the  breed  as  to 
be  chosen  by  his  club  to  act  as  pedigree  supervisor,  informing  us  that 
'certain  very  important  points  of  the  Boston  terrier  have  become  almost 
obsolete  by  inbreeding/  In  contradiction  to  that  peculiarity  breeders 
will  be  more  apt  to  claim  or  admit  that  only  by  inbreeding  can  points  be 
established,  and  that  if  this  has  already  become  necessary  in  the  case  of  the 
Boston  terrier  it  is  not  an  'established  breed*  in  the  sense  used  by  the 
American  Kennel  Club."  The  result  was  that  the  Stud  Book  Committee 
was  put  in  charge  of  the  matter  and  they  arranged  with  the  Boston  Terrier 
Club  that  only  one  cross  should  be  permitted  to  a  bulldog  or  terrier  and  that 
only  in  the  third  generation.  We  can  very  well  recall  that  at  the  meeting 
at  which  this  solution  of  the  difficulty  was  accepted,  February,  1895,  we 
unconditionally  surrendered  and  stated  that  in  no  breed  then  being  shown 
at  Madison  Square  Garden  was  there  more  uniformity  of  type  or  such  an 
advance  in  that  direction  within  two  years,  and  that  the  Boston  terrier 


BOBS 

Property  of  Mr.  Walter  E.  Stone,  Boston,  Mass, 


CHAMPION  BOYLSTON  REINA 

Exhibited  by  several  owners,  now  the  property  of  the  Strafford  Kennels,  Strafford,  Pa. 


The  Boston  Terrier  525 

deserved    all    the    encouragement    the    American    Kennel    Club    could 
give  it. 

We  have  introduced  the  foregoing  for  present-day  exhibitors,  who 
imagine  that  the  cropped-eared,  screw-tailed  terrier  they  now  show  is  the 
original  type  of  the  Boston  terrier.  Remember  that  it  is  little  more  than  ten 
years  since  all  that  we  have  now  recounted  took  place.  Mr.  Hook  was 
one  of  the  oldest  exhibitors  of  the  round-headed  bull  and  terrier  and  person- 
ally knew  the  characteristics  of  all  the  old  dogs.  Following  up  this  line  we 
give  a  copy  of  an  undated  letter  of  Mr.  John  P.  Barnard's  which  we  have 
had  in  our  possession  for  many  years.  It  was,  we  think,  written  about  the 
time  of  the  Hook  episode,  and  is  addressed  to  Mr.  William  Wade  of  Pitts- 
burg,  who  sent  it  to  us  at  the  time: 

"Dear  Mr.  Wade:  There  have  been  no  bulldogs  or  bull  terriers  used 
in  breeding  the  Boston  terrier  for  the  last  twenty-five  years.  The  original 
dog,  Hooper's  Judge,  was  a  small  dog,  about  thirty  pounds  weight,  and  was 
very  similar  to  my  dog  Mike.  Wells's  Eph  was  a  son  of  Judge,  and  was 
bred  to  a  bitch  of  a  kind  very  common  here  twenty  years  ago.  They  were 
brought  out  from  England  by  men  employed  on  English  steamers.  Theii 
weights  ran  from  ten  to  twenty  pounds,  and  they  were  round-headed  with 
short,  pointed  noses.  Dr.  Watts  of  Boston  has  several  old  paintings  of 
this  breed  of  dogs  that  are  surely  forty  years  old. 

"My  old  dog  Tom  was  bred  from  Eph  out  of  one  of  these  bitches  and 
he  was  the  first  dog  to  be  put  to  stud.  I  bred  him  to  a  number  of  his 
daughters,  and  by  so  doing  established  a  breed  that  would  breed  to  a  type. 

"Hooper's  Judge  was  the  only  dog  that  could  possibly  have  had  any 
bulldog  blood  in  him  and  none  since  will  be  found  in  the  Boston  terrier. 

"  I  exhibited  Tom  in  a  show  given  by  John  Stetson  before  the  Massa- 
chusetts Kennel  Club  shows  were  held,  and  before  a  bulldog  or  a  bull  terrier 
had  ever  been  in  Boston. 

"The  Boston  terrier  in  my  mind  should  be  very  close  in  appearance 

to  a  small  bulldog,  with  the  exception  of  the  lay-back  of  the  bull.     I  differ 

in  this  with  the  Boston  Terrier  Club,  and  claim  that  in  trying  to  make  the 

breed  fine  they  will  lose  skull  and  bone  and  the  characteristics  of  the  breed. 

"Very  respectfully  yours,  JOHN  P.  BARNARD." 

Mr.  Barnard  was  not  quite  correct  in  saying  that  at  the  time  he  wrote 


526  The  Dog  Book 

there  had  been  no  introduction  of  bulldog  blood.  That  there  was  no 
genuine  bull  terrier  blood  introduced  we  readily  admit,  for  that  would 
have  ruined  the  muzzle  entirely,  but  quite  a  number  of  the  dogs  registered 
up  to  1898  showed  bulldog  lines.  These  we  have  got  rid  of  so  far  as  any- 
thing in  the  record  of  registering  with  the  Kennel  Club  is  concerned. 

We  have,  however,  two  of  the  best  informed  of  the  old  breeders  and 
exhibitors,  men  who  assisted  most  materially  in  the  formation  of  the  breed, 
both  asserting  that  it  is  a  dog  of  bulldog  type  as  opposed  to  that  of  the 
terrier,  yet  the  dog  has  been  changed  altogether  from  what  they  said  it 
should  be.  Mr.  Hook  was  using  the  reversion  to  the  bulldog  to  get  back 
the  rose  ear,  and  was  advocating  it  in  September,  1894.  In  May  of  the 
following  year  the  American  Kennel  Club  Committee  on  Constitution  and 
Rules  proposed  the  abolition  of  cropping  dogs,  yet  no  club  more  bitterly 
opposed  that  than  the  Boston  Terrier  Club,  because  of  interference  with  the 
practices  of  its  members,  and  that  club  and  its  members  assisted  materially 
in  defeating  the  measure.  We  are  not  giving  this  information  with  the 
idea  of  taking  sides  as  to  whether  the  Boston  terrier  should  be  of  bulldog 
type  or  more  terrier-like.  That  is  for  those  interested  in  the  breed  to  decide. 
Our  object  is  to  state  facts  of  history,  and  in  this  case  to  show  that  as  late 
as  twelve  years  ago  old  members  were  regretting  the  change  that  was  being 
made  in  the  breed.  How  good  a  dog  would  have  been  turned  out  if  the 
effort  for  improvement  had  been  along  the  lines  of  bulldog  front  and  body, 
with  rose  ears  and  level  mouth  no  one  can  say,  but  all  will  admit  that  if  the 
dog  was  not  to  belie  its  name  it  should  not  be  a  bulldog  in  general  character 
but  a  terrier,  and  that  it  is  to-day  in  the  main,  with  a  lingering  touch  of  the 
bulldog  here  and  there. 

There  yet  remain  some  missing  terrier  attributes  to  which  attention 
should  be  directed.  More  regard  should  be  paid  to  perfecting  the  legs  and 
feet.  The  fore  legs  should  not  only  be  straight  in  bone  but  look  straight. 
There  is  a  tendency  to  too  much  spring  in  fetlocks  and  with  that  the  usual 
attendant  flatness  and  openness  of  feet.  These  are  decided  objections  in  a 
terrier.  It  is  almost  heretical,  perhaps,  to  say  anything  against  the  twisted 
and  deformed  apology  for  a  tail  which  is  considered  such  an  absolute  essen- 
tial in  this  dog,  but  we  cannot  stand  that  in  any  terrier,  when  it  comes  to  a 
personal  opinion.  Mr.  Hook  in  1894  bred  back  to  the  bulldog  to  get 
some  disappearing  properties,  one  being  the  "  short  tapering  tail" — see  his 
letter  previously  quoted.  As  a  deformity  we  will  always  regard  it,  though 


The  Boston  Terrier  527 

judges  have  to  bow  to  the  ruling  power  of  the  Boston  Terrier  Club.  The 
members  will  permit  us  to  recall  the  fact  that  it  is  not  more  than  ten  or 
twelve  years  ago  since  double  dewclaws  were  as  much  an  essential  in  St. 
Bernards,  but  a  few  then  took  up  the  cry  that  they  were  deformities  and 
not  the  essential  which  had  been  held  by  their  advocates.  It  was  actually 
claimed  that  these  loose,  dangling  claws  on  the  hind  legs  assisted  the  dog 
in  walking  on  snow.  Common  sense  prevailed  and  we  hear  no  more  of 
them,  so  that  perhaps  when  a  new  generation  of  Boston  terrier  breeders 
realise  that  screw  tails  are  a  deformity  they  will  also  be  bred  out,  and  the 
short,  straight  tail  substituted.  Even  if  the  gnarled  tail  was  not  a  deformity 
it  is  not  a  terrier  tail  by  any  means.  Lead  in  a  long-tailed  terrier  with 
the  tail  that  is  being  bred  for  in  the  Boston  terrier  and  how  long  would 
the  judge  keep  it  in  the  ring  ? 

We  thus  have  ears  changed  from  the  rose  ear  of  the  bulldog  to  the 
cropped  ear  of  the  terrier  and  the  short,  straight  tail  of  the  early  specimens 
to  the  gnarled  tail  of  the  extreme  flat  button  type  of  the  bulldog.  In  the 
matter  of  colour  there  have  also  been  some  changes,  and  punctuation  has 
played  a  conspicuous  part  in  published  standards.  We  have  books  in  which 
it  reads,  "Any  colour,  brindle,  or  brindle  and  white,  etc."  The  late  Dr. 
Varnum  Mott's  brochure  on  the  breed  renders  it  thus:  "Any  colour; 
brindle,  evenly  marked  with  white  strongly  preferred."  The  official 
standard  reading  is,  "Any  colour  brindle,  evenly  marked  with  white, 
strongly  preferred."  Finally  Mr.  Dwight  Baldwin  wrote  to  the  American 
Stockkeeper  that  he  was  the  member  of  the  standard  committee  who 
drew  up  the  colour  clause  and  that  the  committee  agreed  that  a  Boston 
terrier  might  be  any  colour  and  that  the  standard  should  read,  "Any 
colour;  brindle,  evenly  marked  with  white,  strongly  preferred."  By  and 
by  some  mighty  man  of  Boston  will  arise  in  his  strength  and  we  will  have 
this  sentence  correctly  punctuated. 

On  the  subject  of  size  the  tendency  of  late  has  been  to  a  decrease 
until  we  have  got  far  too  close  to  the  regulation  toy  size  of  other  terriers. 
At  first  the  club  bitterly  opposed  this  innovation,  and  it  cannot  be  beyond 
the  memory  of  the  youngest  member  of  the  club  that  the  case  of  a  club 
having  provided  classes  under  fifteen  pounds  was  carried  before  the  American 
Kennel  Club,  with  a  view  towards  having  such  classes  prohibited.  That 
was  done  so  recently  that  it  is  difficult  to  account  for  the  club  having  already 
changed  the  standard  weight  so  as  to  admit  of  the  very  dogs  the  American 


528  The  Dog  Book 

Kennel  Club  was  so  urgently  requested  to  prohibit  from  all  shows.  Of 
course  the  American  Kennel  Club  took  no  such  action,  basing  the  decision 
on  the  ground  that  it  did  not  recognise  standards,  that  being  a  matter  with 
the  show-giving  club  to  do  in  its  published  schedule  and  conditions. 

Recently  we  wrote  somewhat  in  support  of  this  reduction  of  weight  on 
account  of  the  adaptability  of  the  small  size  for  pets,  for  which  we  were 
taken  to  task  by  some  breeders  of  influence  on  the  ground  that  the  Boston 
terrier  is  a  man's  dog  and  not  a  ladies'  pet.  Most  readily  do  we  admit  that 
it  originally  was  so,  but  the  trend  in  this  breed  has  been  altogether  a  mer- 
cenary one.  Entirely  fictitious  values  were  created  for  these  terriers  some 
years  ago,  and  it  will  be  remembered  what  a  mixture  of  type  was  the  result 
of  the  rush  of  the  Boston  fancy  to  New  York  shows  to  reap  the  golden  har- 
vest. Very  naturally  buyers  picked  out  attractive  and  pretty  dogs  and 
the  smaller  Bostons  have  always  been  the  ones  that  sold  best,  so  that  those 
who  were  in  the  fancy  only  for  what  they  could  make  out  of  it  bred  selling 
dogs.  Some  came  too  small  to  show  at  the  fifteen-pound  limit  and  these 
breeders  were  the  ones  who  got  the  low-weight  classes  complained  of  as 
above  stated.  Other  shows  put  them  on  as  well  and  finally  the  wish  to 
legitimatise  these  good-selling  dogs  and  render  them  eligible  for  Boston 
Terrier  Club  prizes  became  so  strong  that  the  low  limit  was  put  at  twelve 
pounds. 

That  these  changes  were  made  with  any  idea  of  benefiting  the  breed 
no  one  will  attempt  to  maintain,  the  object  being  purely  mercenary.  That 
we  will  admit  to  the  advocates  of  the  Boston  being  a  man's  dog.  On  the 
other  hand,  however,  the  very  advocates  of  this  claim  make  no  use  of  the  dog 
in  any  way  except  as  a  house  pet.  To  come  down  to  the  hard-pan  truth 
the  dog  was  originally  a  pit  terrier.  That  was  his  only  vocation  as  a  man's 
dog,  and  it  would  be  impossible  to  find  one  man  in  the  club  who  would  now 
make  use  of  him  in  that  way.  That  day  is  past  entirely,  and  the  only  thing  to 
consider  is  the  future  of  the  dog.  The  present  limit  is  not  likely  to  be  the 
final  one  unless  some  very  decided  action  is  taken,  for  the  same  causes 
which  brought  about  the  extra  classes  outside  the  former  limit  will  be  likely 
to  develop  again,  and  dogs  as  low  as  ten  pounds  will  soon  be  plentiful 
enough  to  permit  of  guaranteeing  classes  and,  unless  restricted,  shows  will 
give  them.  Those  opposed  to  any  further  reduction  in  standard  weights 
should  now  take  action  looking  to  that  end,  while  they  can  get  sufficient 
support  in  their  own  club,  otherwise  a  gradual  change  of  opinion  will  put 


The  Boston  Terrier  529 

them  in  a  position  similar  to  what  they  were  in  when  they  were  outvoted 
at  the  recent  change. 

It  is  somewhat  singular  that  just  as  we  had  concluded  the  foregoing 
paragraph  the  mail  brought  us  a  letter  from  one  of  the  sound  members 
of  the  Boston  Terrier  Club,  a  gentleman  for  whom  we  entertain  the  highest 
opinion,  not  only  for  his  knowledge  of  the  breed,  his  prominent  connection 
with  it  as  an  exhibitor,  but  the  excellence  of  his  judgment.  He  writes 
as  follows:  "Upon  the  horizon  of  the  Boston  terrier  world  the  cloud  no  larger 
than  a  man's  hand  has  appeared  and  surely  it  is  increasing  in  size.  More 
and  more  clearly  are  we  beginning  to  feel  the  pressure  of  the  popular  demand 
for  a  smaller  Boston  terrier.  The  judges  in  the  ring,  the  show  classifications, 
the  very  standard  itself  are  each  and  all  gradually  yielding  to  the  demand. 
Can  it  be  possible  that  at  no  distant  day  the  market  value  of  a  specimen  may 
be  inversely  in  proportion  to  its  size  ?  Let  us  trust  not,  and  yet  we  are 
beginning  to  hear  of  abnormally  small  specimens  selling  for  fabulous  prices. 

"This  matter  of  size  is  in  my  opinion  the  pitfall  which  awaits  the 
Boston  terrier  unless  there  is  a  change  in  the  direction  of  our  progress. 
Surely  we  ought  to  keep  the  division  wide  enough  between  the  dog  as  we 
have  known  him  for  ten  years  or  more,  and  the  tiny,  shivering,  bloodless 
creatures  we  occasionally  come  across  in  other  toys.  Great  reduction  in 
size  means  injudicious  inbreeding,  with  the  loss  of  intelligence,  loss  of 
stamina,  loss  of  reproductive  powers  which  follow  that  course;  in  fine,  the 
loss  of  all  that  we  most  value  in  the  breed." 

This  question  of  size  seems  to  be  the  burning  one  at  the  present  time, 
but  it  is  a  matter  in  the  hands  of  the  club  members,  and  if  the  majority  are 
breeders  for  the  market  and  the  purchasers  want  small  dogs  the  reduction 
will  not  stop  where  it  is  at  present.  If  the  majority  as  it  now  exists  insist 
upon  no  further  reduction  in  the  future  it  will  be  perfectly  feasible  for  legis- 
lation to  that  effect  to  be  enacted  by  the  club  whereby  the  weight  scale  can 
only  be  altered  by  such  a  large  majority,  say  three-fourths  of  the  members, 
and  only  after  due  notice  of  such  proposed  change.  Then  the  heavyweight 
members  should  get  up  special  prizes  sufficient  to  induce  breeding  for  a 
larger  dog.  Club  specials  can  also  be  withheld  from  shows  giving  classes 
for  dogs  outside  of  the  limits  of  weight  laid  down  by  the  club. 

In  view  of  the  close  competition  which  has  existed  in  this  breed  and 
the  continual  changes,  in  placing  the  dogs  to  suit  the  individual  judgment 
of  the  adjudicators  we  will  devote  the  space  which  we  have  usually  filled 


530  The  Dog  Book 

with  a  resume  of  show  doings  to  a  communication  from  Mr.  H.  Tatnall 
Brown  regarding  the  breeding  lines  which  have  exercised  an  influence  in 
developing  the  Boston  terrier  to  its  present  high  standard. 

"  When  after  many  applications  the  breed  had  been  acknowledged 
as  established  by  the  American  Kennel  Club  the  opinion  of  many  of  the 
leaders  differed,  and  these  individual  tastes  and  ideals  naturally  resulted 
in  the  production  of  dogs  dissimilar  in  characteristics,  but  the  differences 
were  never  carried  to  the  length  of  anything  approaching  families  or  strains. 
That  calls  for  years  of  breeding  with  certain  objects  as  of  paramount  im- 
portance till  they  were  established.  But  in  all  breeding,  even  where  the 
foundation  does  not  seem  secure  for  any  dog,  there  will  always  be  found  one 
or  more  gifted  by  a  prepotency  which  lifts  his  progeny  above  the  average, 
and  in  scanning  the  history  of  the  Boston  terrier  we  find  that  four  dogs  stand 
out  pre-eminently  in  this  respect.  These  are  Buster,  Tony  Boy,  Sullivan's 
Punch  and  Cracksman.  If  compelled  to  make  a  selection  of  one  we  should 
feel  inclined  to  say  that  the  greatest  of  all  was  Buster,  that  grand  old  dog  which 
will  ever  be  associated  with  the  name  of  Mr.  Alexander  L.  Goode  of  Boston. 
"  Buster,  from  a  show  standpoint,  had  many  faults,  being  by  no  means  a 
typical  Boston  terrier,  but  the  list  of  winners  produced  by  him  and  his 
progeny  is  phenomenal.  Champion  Monte,  winner  of  seventy  first  and 
special  prizes  and  perhaps  the  greatest  show  dog  of  this  breed  that  ever 
lived,  was  a  son  of  Buster,  and  he  in  turn  demonstrated  his  ability  to  pass 
on  the  blue  blood  of  his  sire  by  producing  a  long  list  of  good  ones,  including 
Champion  Butte  and  Champion  Colonel  Monte,  the  former  a  sire  of  wonder- 
ful prepotency  and  the  latter  one  of,  if  not  the  greatest  of  present-day  win- 
ners. Among  the  many  other  splendid  dogs  sired  by  Buster  we  may  mention 
Champion  Stephens'  Rex,  Spotswood  Banker,  Maxine's  Boy,  Broker, 
Squantum  Criterion,  Dazzler,  Pat  G.  and  Rattler  II.  The  last  named  two 
are  both  sires  of  champions,  Pat  G.  having  produced  Champion  Patson, 
while  Rattler  II.  was  the  father  of  Champion  Boylston  Reina,  considered 
by  many  sound  judges  to  be  the  best  Boston  terrier  bitch  of  to-day.  Follow- 
ing in  this  line  we  might  go  further  and  show  that  a  remarkable  number 
of  typical  dogs  have  Buster's  name  in  their  family  tree.  Cracksman,  the 
present-day  sire  of  champions,  is  himself  a  grandson  of  Champion  Monte, 
hence  a  descendant  of  old  Buster. 

"Almost  contemporaneous  with  Buster  was  Tony  Boy,  owned  by  Mr. 
Franklin  G.  Bixby  of  Boston.     This  dog  stands  at  the  head  of  what  perhaps 


The  Boston  Terrier  531 

came  nearer  than  any  other  to  being  a  distinct  strain.  Tony  Boy  sired 
Tony  Boy,  Jr.,  Tony  Girl,  Benny  Boy,  and  Dandy  Boy,  and  after  them 
in  the  next  generation  came  Champion  Miss  Phyllis,  Tony  Boy  IV.,  Benny 
Boy,  Jr.,  Teddy  Boy,  Dandy  B.,  The  Duke,  The  Monk  and  Bobs.  While 
not  so  prominent  in  the  show  ring  as  the  offspring  of  Buster,  yet  this  group 
of  dogs  laid  the  foundation  for  a  stock  excelling  in  colour,  rather  small  in 
size,  and  with  the  much  desired  tail  properties;  qualities  that  had  a  marked 
and  beneficial  influence  upon  the  breed. 

"  No  remarks  concerning  Boston  terrier  sires  would  be  complete  without 
mention  of  that  grand  dog,  Sullivan's  Punch.  In  spite  of  the  handicap 
of  his  colour — white  with  brindle  head  markings — he  has  proved  himself 
truly  a  marvel  as  a  sire.  From  him  we  have  had  Champion  Opal,  Champion 
Lord  Derby  and  that  popular  favourite,  Champion  Lady  Dainty,  besides  a 
host  of  lesser  lights,  such  as  Sherlock  Holmes,  General  Cronje,  Spike,  Dude 
S.  and  Remlik  Roi  D'or.  And  now  let  us  speak  the  magic  name  of  Cracks- 
man, the  last  of  this  great  quartet  of  sires. 

"  What  are  the  achievements  that  entitle  him  to  place  in  the  Boston 
Terrier  Hall  of  Fame  ?  Like  Buster  his  laurels  have  not  been  gained  in 
the  ring,  but  by  his  remarkable  ability  to  produce  descendants  of  the  sound, 
clean  terrier  type  now  so  eagerly  sought  after.  His  early  honours  came 
to  him  through  the  phenomenal  success  of  his  deservedly  renowned  daughter 
Champion  Remlik  Bonnie,  in  her  day  and  generation  the  queen  of  her  sex. 
Since  then  he  has  produced  Champion  Sportsman,  Champion  Oarsman 
and  Champion  Eastover  Lancelot,  all  top  notchers.  Another  of  his  sons, 
Kinsman,  has  made  a  reputation  for  the  Cracksman  blood  by  siring  Kins- 
man's Belle  and  Champion  Miss  Kinsman;  the  last  named  gaining  her 
championship  in  record  time  by  gaining  first  in  her  winners  class  at  two 
successive  New  York  shows. 

"A  comparison  of  the  immediate  descendants  of  Buster  with  those  of 
Cracksman  show  some  marked  differences  in  the  characteristics  of  the 
two  groups.  The  offspring  of  Buster  were  noted  for  their  richness  of  colour, 
their  markings,  their  good  tails  and  general  style.  They  were  all  of  good 
courage  and  possessed  the  ability  of  showing  well  under  the  judge's  eye. 
The  Cracksman  dogs,  on  the  other  hand  are  mostly  lighter  in  colour, 
running  more  into  the  golden  brindles,  but  they  excel  in  softness  and  size 
of  eye  and  in  general  expression.  They  are  clean  headed  and  clean  limbed 
dogs  of  great  quality,  but  usually  seem  to  lack  the  fire  and  vim  that  belong 


532  The    Dog    Book 

to  the  Buster  stock  and  form  so  attractive  a  part  of  Boston  terrier  character. 
The  legacy  left  breeders  is  the  crossing  of  these  four  great  producing  lines 
of  blood  to  produce  a  resultant  race  of  Boston  terriers  possessing  the  best 
qualities  of  each  and  superior  to  all." 

The  description  of  the  Boston  terrier  in  the  club  standard  is  so  mis- 
leading that  its  publication  as  indicative  of  what  a  present-day  good  dog  is 
would  be  inexcusable  on  our  part.  We  have  therefore  ventured  upon  the 
troubled  waters,  and  in  conjunction  with  a  few  of  the  best  votaries  of  the 
breed  have  drawn  up  a  description  and  scale  of  points,  as  follows: 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Skull. — The  old  description  of  "broad  and  flat"  is  entirely  misleading, 
and  is  in  no  sense  applicable  to  anything  but  the  bulldog  formation  of  skull, 
whereas  the  Boston  terrier  was  originally  a  "  round-headed  bull  and  terrier," 
neither  flat-skulled,  apple-headed  nor  domed.  The  main  feature  in  the 
skull  is  its  squareness.  The  width  from  outside  of  eyes  should  be  the  same 
as  the  width  from  outside  edge  of  ears,  and  the  depth  from  back  edge  of  ear 
to  corner  of  eye.  The  flatness  should  only  be  on  top  of  the  skull,  which 
should  be  nicely  rounded  to  meet  the  clean  sides  of  the  cheeks.  The  skull 
should  be  carried  back  to  the  occiput  without  any  sinking  or  dropping. 

Faults:  Domed  or  apple-headed,  or  furrowed  by  a  medial  line.  When 
too  long  for  the  width  or  vice  versa. 

Stop. — The  brow  should  be  of  a  height  sufficient  to  place  the  eyes 
squarely  in  front  of  it,  the  stop  or  indenture  well  marked,  but  not  too  deep 
or  carried  up  too  far. 

Eyes. — Round,  dark;  of  good  size  and  with  a  pleasing,  confident 
expression;  set  well  apart  and  square  across  the  brow,  the  outside  corner 
extending  to  the  line  of  the  cheeks. 

Faults:  Small  or  sunken;  too  bold  or  prominent;  showing  white 
or  haw. 

Ears. — Cropped  and  cut  clean  to  the  side,  well  set  up,  the  crop  being 
of  good  length,  but  not  to  the  height  of  the  longer  headed  black-and-tan 
and  bull  terriers.  The  ears  when  carried  well  up  at  attention  should  show 
a  perpendicular  inner  edge  and  stand  directly  behind  the  eyes,  showing  as 
nearly  as  possible  the  same  width  between  the  ears  as  between  the  eyes. 
Thinness  of  leather  adds  to  the  neatness  of  the  ears. 


CH.  LADY  DAINTY 


LADY  DIMPLE 


SUNLIGHT 


VIKING         GORDON   BOY        JUNIOR   II. 


CH   KINSMAN 


The  Boston  Terrier  533 

Muzzle. — Nearly  cubical,  showing  as  closely  as  possible  equal  length, 
depth  and  width.  Of  good  bulk,  coming  out  squarely  from  the  stop  and 
carried  out  well  to  the  nose,  with  plenty  of  "front";  sharply  truncated. 
Nose  black,  with  well-developed  nostrils  and  medial  lines.  Lip  of  fair 
length,  not  so  tight  as  the  bull  terrier's,  nor  thick  and  pendulous  like  the  bull- 
dog's; covering  the  teeth  well.  Jaws  square  and  strong,  the  teeth  sound, 
preferably  level;  if  undershot,  not  to  the  extent  of  showing  any  profusion  of 
under  jaw  when  the  mouth  is  shut. 

Faults:  Muzzle  pointed  or  lacking  depth;  down-faced,  or  too  much  cut 
out  below  the  eyes;  pinched  nostrils;  protruding  teeth;  weak  lower  jaw. 

Neck. — Of  medium  length,  slightly  arched  and  carrying  the  head 
gracefully.  In  substance  it  should  not  show  small  as  compared  with  the 
size  of  the  head,  nor  too  heavy  so  as  to  dwarf  the  head. 

Faults:   Ewe-necked;  throatiness. 

Shoulders. — Not  too  heavy,  but  showing  strength  and  well  placed. 
Brisket  moderately  wide,  with  elbows  in  line  with  point  of  shoulder. 

Body. — Moderately  short,  with  well-sprung  ribs  carried  well  back, 
showing  a  cobby  body  but  not  chunky.  Level  back,  only  drooping  slightly 
to  meet  the  low  set-on  of  tail. 

Faults:  Flat  ribs  or  narrow  chest;  long  or  slack  loin;  roach  or  wheel 
back. 

Hindquarters. — Well  muscled  and  of  good  width,  with  not  much  bend 
at  stifles,  neither  so  straight  as  the  bulldog  nor  so  bent  as  a  good  terrier,  and 
hocks  not  too  low  down.  The  feet  should  be  straight  in  front  of  the  hocks. 

Faults:   Cow-hocked;  hind  legs  too  straight  or  upright. 

Legs  and  Feet. — The  forelegs  should  drop  perfectly  straight  from  the 
point  of  shoulder.  They  should  be  well  muscled;  this  showing  on  the  out- 
side of  the  leg  prevents  the  parallel  straightness  of  the  fox-terrier  leg.  A 
slight  spring  is  permissible  in  the  pastern.  The  feet  should  be  round  and 
well  knit. 

Faults:  Out  at  elbows;  weak  pasterns;  feet  turned  out;  splay  feet. 
(Although  the  Boston  terrier  may  not  be  reared  upon  the  same  principle  as 
terriers  required  to  show  a  good  front,  that  is  no  reason  why  weak  (almost 
flat)  pasterns  and  flat,  thin  feet  should  not  be  penalised.  If  breeders  have  to 
produce  good  forelegs  and  feet  they  will  do  so,  but  so  long  as  judges  disregard 
faults  which  would  "gate"  any  ordinary  terrier,  breeders  will  be  careless 
in  this  respect.) 


The  Boston  Terrier  533 

Muzzle. — Nearly  cubical,  showing  as  closely  as  possible  equal  length, 
depth  and  width.  Of  good  bulk,  coming  out  squarely  from  the  stop  and 
carried  out  well  to  the  nose,  with  plenty  of  "front";  sharply  truncated. 
Nose  black,  with  well-developed  nostrils  and  medial  lines.  Lip  of  fair 
length,  not  so  tight  as  the  bull  terrier's,  nor  thick  and  pendulous  like  the  bull- 
dog's; covering  the  teeth  well.  Jaws  square  and  strong,  the  teeth  sound, 
preferably  level;  if  undershot,  not  to  the  extent  of  showing  any  profusion  of 
under  jaw  when  the  mouth  is  shut. 

Faults:  Muzzle  pointed  or  lacking  depth;  down-faced,  or  too  much  cut 
out  below  the  eyes;  pinched  nostrils;  protruding  teeth;  weak  lower  jaw. 

Neck. — Of  medium  length,  slightly  arched  and  carrying  the  head 
gracefully.  In  substance  it  should  not  show  small  as  compared  with  the 
size  of  the  head,  nor  too  heavy  so  as  to  dwarf  the  head. 

Faults:   Ewe-necked;  throatiness. 

Shoulders. — Not  too  heavy,  but  showing  strength  and  well  placed. 
Brisket  moderately  wide,  with  elbows  in  line  with  point  of  shoulder. 

Body. — Moderately  short,  with  well-sprung  ribs  carried  well  back, 
showing  a  cobby  body  but  not  chunky.  Level  back,  only  drooping  slightly 
to  meet  the  low  set-on  of  tail. 

Faults:  Flat  ribs  or  narrow  chest;  long  or  slack  loin;  roach  or  wheel 
back. 

Hindquarters. — Well  muscled  and  of  good  width,  with  not  much  bend 
at  stifles,  neither  so  straight  as  the  bulldog  nor  so  bent  as  a  good  terrier,  and 
hocks  not  too  low  down.  The  feet  should  be  straight  in  front  of  the  hocks. 

Faults:  Cow-hocked;  hind  legs  too  straight  or  upright. 

Legs  and  Feet. — The  forelegs  should  drop  perfectly  straight  from  the 
point  of  shoulder.  They  should  be  well  muscled;  this  showing  on  the  out- 
side of  the  leg  prevents  the  parallel  straightness  of  the  fox-terrier  leg.  A 
slight  spring  is  permissible  in  the  pastern.  The  feet  should  be  round  and 
well  knit. 

Faults:  Out  at  elbows;  weak  pasterns;  feet  turned  out;  splay  feet. 
(Although  the  Boston  terrier  may  not  be  reared  upon  the  same  principle  as 
terriers  required  to  show  a  good  front,  that  is  no  reason  why  weak  (almost 
flat)  pasterns  and  flat,  thin  feet  should  not  be  penalised.  If  breeders  have  to 
produce  good  forelegs  and  feet  they  will  do  so,  but  so  long  as  judges  disregard 
faults  which  would  "gate"  any  ordinary  terrier,  breeders  will  be  careless 
in  this  respect.) 


534 


The    Dog    Book 


Tail. — The  tail  best  adapted  to  the  style  of  dog  here  described  is  a 
short,  straight  tail,  thick  at  the  set-on  and  tapering  quickly  to  a  point.  Car- 
ried straight  and  never  above  the  level  of  its  setting  on.  The  tail  may  have 
a  kink  in  it,  but  is  better  without.  The  short,  button  or  gnarled  screw  tail 
is  a  deformity  and  should  not  be  encouraged.  The  screw  tail  became  a 
bulldog  "property"  when  it  was  found  that  with  this  deformity  the  tail 
could  not  be  raised. 

Faults:  A  long  or  gaily  carried  tail.  A  shortened  or  docked  tail,  or  in 
any  way  tampered  with  is  a  disqualification. 

Colour. — The  ideal  colour  is  a  brindle  of  attractive  shade,  with  white 
muzzle,  blaze,  collar,  chest,  lower  half  of  forelegs  and  hindfeet.  A  dog  with 
a  preponderance  of  white  on  body,  or  lacking  brindle  or  white  on  head, 
should  possess  very  great  merit  otherwise  to  counteract  his  failing  in  colour. 
The  same  applies  to  fawn  dogs. 

Faults:  Black,  mouse  or  liver  colour  in  place  of  brindle. 

Coat. — Short,  fine  in  texture,  but  not  soft;  glossy,  with  a  polish  in- 
dicative of  perfect  health  and  condition. 

Weight. — Light  weight,  12  to  17  pounds;  middleweight,  17  to  22 
pounds;  heavy  weight,  22  to  28  pounds. 

General  Appearance. — A  neat,  compactly  built,  well-balanced  dog 
with  an  expression  of  intelligence,  and  indicating  great  strength  and  activity 
by  his  conformation  and  easy  movement 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 


Skull:  Squareness,  6;  cheeks,  3;  fin- 
ish, 3 12 

Ears:    Position  and  carriage 2 

Eyes:     Position,  2;  expression,  4; 

size  and  colour,  2 8 

Stop:  Elevation  of  brow  and  inden- 
ture   2 

Muzzle:    Size,  4;  jaws  and  teeth,  3; 

nose,  2;  finish,  3 12 

Neck:  Carriage  and  shape 3 

Shoulders:  Position,  2;  flatness,  2..  4 

Back:   Length,  2j;  flatness,  2|. . . .  5 

Loin :    Turn  of  loin 3 

Ribs:    Spring  and  depth 3 


Hindquarters:   Strength 2 

Legs  and  Feet:    Forelegs,  4;  hind- 
legs,  4;  pasterns,  2;  feet,  3 13 

Tail:    Length,  2;  carriage,  2;  free- 
dom from  kink  or  screw,  2 6 

Colour:  Beauty  and  attractiveness.       4 
Markings:    Evenness  of  white  on 
muzzle  and  blaze,  6;  collar  and 

chest,  2 8 

Coat:   Texture  and  condition 3 

General  appearance 10 


Total 


100 


THE    DOG   BOOK 


534 


The    Dog    Book 


Tail. — The  tail  best  adapted  to  the  style  of  dog  here  described  is  a 
short,  straight  tail,  thick  at  the  set-on  and  tapering  quickly  to  a  point.  Car- 
ried straight  and  never  above  the  level  of  its  setting  on.  The  tail  may  have 
a  kink  in  it,  but  is  better  without.  The  short,  button  or  gnarled  screw  tail 
is  a  deformity  and  should  not  be  encouraged.  The  screw  tail  became  a 
bulldog  "property"  when  it  was  found  that  with  this  deformity  the  tail 
could  not  be  raised. 

Faults:  A  long  or  gaily  carried  tail.  A  shortened  or  docked  tail,  or  in 
any  way  tampered  with  is  a  disqualification. 

Colour. — The  ideal  colour  is  a  brindle  of  attractive  shade,  with  white 
muzzle,  blaze,  collar,  chest,  lower  half  of  forelegs  and  hindfeet.  A  dog  with 
a  preponderance  of  white  on  body,  or  lacking  brindle  or  white  on  head, 
should  possess  very  great  merit  otherwise  to  counteract  his  failing  in  colour. 
The  same  applies  to  fawn  dogs. 

Faults:  Black,  mouse  or  liver  colour  in  place  of  brindle. 

Coat. — Short,  fine  in  texture,  but  not  soft;  glossy,  with  a  polish  in- 
dicative of  perfect  health  and  condition. 

Weight. — Light  weight,  12  to  17  pounds;  middleweight,  17  to  22 
pounds;  heavy  weight,  22  to  28  pounds. 

General  Appearance. — A  neat,  compactly  built,  well-balanced  dog 
with  an  expression  of  intelligence,  and  indicating  great  strength  and  activity 
by  his  conformation  and  easy  movement 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 


Skull:  Squareness,  6;  cheeks,  3;  fin- 
ish, 3 12 

Ears:    Position  and  carriage 2 

Eyes:     Position,  2;  expression,  4; 

size  and  colour,  2 8 

Stop:  Elevation  of  brow  and  inden- 
ture   2 

Muzzle:    Size,  4;  jaws  and  teeth,  3; 

nose,  2;  finish,  3 12 

Neck:  Carriage  and  shape 3 

Shoulders:  Position,  2;  flatness,  2..  4 

Back:    Length,  2j;  flatness,  2$. ...  5 

Loin :    Turn  of  loin 3 

Ribs:    Spring  and  depth 3 


Hindquarters :   Strength 2 

Legs  and  Feet:    Forelegs,  4;  hind- 
legs,  4;  pasterns,  2;  feet,  3 13 

Tail:    Length,  2;  carriage,  2;  free- 
dom from  kink  or  screw,  2 6 

Colour:  Beauty  and  attractiveness.       4 
Markings:    Evenness  of  white  on 
muzzle  and  blaze,  6;  collar  and 

chest,  2 8 

Coat:   Texture  and  condition 3 

General  appearance 10 


Total 


100 


THE    DOG   BOOK 


THE  DOG  BOOK 

A  Popular  History  of  the  Dog,  with  Practical 
Information  as  to  Care  and  Management  of 
House,  Kennel  and  Exhibition  Dogs ;  and 
Descriptions  of  All  the  Important  Breeds.  In 
Ten  Parts 


BY 

JAMES  WATSON 

P4RT   Fill 
Illustrated  from  Photographs 


NEW  YORK 

DOUBLED  AY,  PAGE  &  COMPANY 
1906 


Copyright,  1906,  by 

Doubleday,  Page  &  Company 

Published,  May,    1906. 


All  right/  rtservtd,  including 
that  of  translation  into  fortign  lan- 
guages, including  the  Scandinavian. 


CONTENTS 


PART  VIII 


CHAPTER  XXXIX— PAGE  535 

THE  GREAT  DANE:  Buffon's  description — The  true  descendant 
of  the  Molossian  dog  and  the  Alaunts — Illustrations  from 
1450  to  1750 — Height  of  the  early  Danes,  and  opinions  of 
Gustav  Lang  and  Rawdon  B.  Lee — Francis  Butler  and 
Prince  shown  to  Queen  Victoria — Germans  introduce 
the  breed  in  America — Prominent  show  dogs  from  1880 
to  date — The  leading  large  dog  of  the  country — Desir- 
able points  of  conformation — Descriptive  particulars. 

CHAPTER  XL— PAGE  549 

THE  MASTIFF:  Meaning  and  origin  of  the  name — French  Mastins 
not  connected  except  by  name  and  its  application — Van- 
dyck's  large  dogs  not  Mastiffs — Caius's  description  and 
grouping  of  Mastiffs — Bewick's  Mastiff  and  its  copies — The 
baiting  and  fighting  Mastiffs  by  Howitt — Landseer's 
Alpine  Mastiff — Buffon's  dogue  de  forte  race — All  Mastiff 
pedigrees  trace  back  to  Danes,  Alpine  and  Thibet  Mas- 
tiffs, and  a  few  unknown  of  the  Howitt  type — Pedigree 
of  Wallace's  Turk  and  what  it  leads  back  to — The  Lynne 
Hall  Mastiff— Luckey's  start,  a  Thibet  Mastiff— The 
Thompson  line  equally  vague— Crown  Prince  and  his 
descendants — The  breed  in  America,  its  popularity  twenty 
years  ago  and  present  low  status — Standard  and  scale  of 
points. 


CHAPTER  XLI— PAGE  573 

THE  ST.  BERNARD:  What  the  dog's  real  duties  are  in  the  Al- 
pine passes — A  much  mixed  race  at  the  Hospice — Im- 
provement first  due  to  Swiss  breeders  and  then  to 
English  cultivation — The  Leasome  Castle  Mastiff  or  St. 
Bernard — Landseer's  dogs  of  St.  Gothard — Queen  Vic- 
toria's St.  Bernards — The  breed  in  England — General 
Lafayette's  present  of  dogs  to  J.  F.  Skinner — The  high- 
water  mark  of  the  Sir  Bedivere  period — Present  status  of 
the  breed — Standard  and  Scale  of  Points. 

CHAPTER  XLII— PAGE  589 

THE  NEWFOUNDLAND:  A  modern  English  development  from  a 
mixed  lot  of  common  dogs  of  various  colours,  coats  and 
sizes. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

Count  Frederick,  property  of  J.  C.  Weess,  Arlington  Kennels, 

Iowa  .........      Cover  Design 

Ch.  Minting  (Mastiff)        ....... 


GREAT    DANES 

FACING  PAGE 

Gaston  Phoebus  and  his  dogs     .......  538 

The  Alauntz.     The  Mastins       .......  538 

Hunting  Scene  by  Antonius  Tempesta          .....  540 

The  Boar  Hunt  by  Snyders         .......  542 

The  Wolf  Hunt  by  Desportes      .......  544 

The  Wolf  at  Bay  by  Oudry         .......  544 

Boar  Hunt  by  Ridinger       ........  544 

Pyrenean  Sheep  Dog           ........  544 

Buffon's  Matin  and  grand  Danois       ......  546 

Study  of  a  Dog  by  Vittore  Pisano         .         .         .         .         .         .  546 

Bronze  Dog  by  Benvenuto  Cellini       ......  546 

The  Danish  Dog  by  Sydenham  Edwards     .....  546 

Wurtemberg  Great  Danes  of  the  '8o's         .         .         .         .  551 

Major  McKinley  II.,  Thor.  H.,  Senta,  Ch.   Portia  Melac,  Butler 

and  Prince,  Earl  of  Wurtemberg        .....  553 

Present  day  Danes  in  England   .......  555 

Ch.  Sandor  vom  Inn          ........  557 

Signa         .                  .........  557 

Ch.  Guido  of  Broughton    ........  558 

Ch.  Dagobert    ..........  558 

MASTIFFS 

Van  Dyck's  "Mastiff"        ........  560 

Velasquez  Mastiff      .........  560 


Vll 


viii  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS— Continue 

Hewitt's  Mastiffs                 ; 562 

Bewick's  Mastiff         .........  567 

Le  dogue  de  forte  race      ........  567 

Reinagle's  Mastiff     .........  567 

Type  in  heads   1870  to   1885     .......  569 

Russian  Mastiff          .........  569 

Lord  Waldegrave's  Couchez 569 

Ch.  Crown  Prince,  Champion  Beaufort,  Holland  Queen       .         .  571 
Champion  Salisbury,  Lady  Phyllis,  Lady  Coleus,  Lady  Beatrice, 

Prince  of  Wales,  Paula       .......  573 

ST.    BERNARDS 

Barry,  Alpine  Mastiff,  Alpine  or  St.  Bernard  dog      .         .         .  575 

Landseer's  Dogs  of  St.  Gothard 575 

Queen  Victoria's  St.  Bernard     .......  577 

Merchant  Prince,  Marse  Jeems,  Prince  Sylvia,  Ch.  Baby  Beauti- 
ful, Willowmere  Judge        .         .         .         .         .         .  577 

Champion  Viola,  Champion  Hector   .         .         .         .         .         •  579 

Champion  Sir  Waldorf 582 

Watch 582 

Alta  Watch,   Doctor  Lucas,   Lyndhurst  Coquette  and    Beauty, 

Ch.  Sylvia  Kenmore   ........  584 

NEWFOUNDLANDS 

Bewick's  Newfoundland 586 

Reinagle's  Newfoundland 586 

"Original  Breed,"  "Naturalist's  Library"         .         .         .         .586 

Cooper's  Newfoundland  head     .......  586 

Landseer's  Newfoundland 586 

Ch.  Gypsy  Princess 588 

Ch.  Shelton  Viking,  Shelton  Madge 588 

Black  Boy 588 

Mill  Boy,  a  Landseer  Newfoundland         .....  588 


THE    DOG   BOOK 


CHAPTER    XXXIX 
THE  GREAT  DANE 

N  SPITE  of  various  efforts  to  give  a  -German  name  to  the 
Great  Dane,  both  in  England  and  in  this  country  they  have 
met  with  but  little  success,  and  although  it  is  beyond 
question  that  we  owe  the  dog  of  the  show-ring  to  its  having 
been  bred  for  many  years  in  Germany  in  a  systematic 
manner,  he  still  retains,  outside  of  that  country,  his  original  name  of  Great 
Dane.  Original  is  perhaps  not  the  correct  word  to  use  in  this 
connection,  and  if  we  say  previous  name  it  is  historically  more 
in  keeping  with  the  facts.  Why  it  should  ever  have  been  entitled 
the  Danish  dog  we  have  failed  to  find  any  reason.  Buffon  names  it 
the  grand  Danois,  the  "grand"  being  prefixed  to  distinguish  it  from  a  small 
terrier-like  dog  to  which  was  given  the  name  of  petit  Danois.  It  has  been 
generally  accepted  and  quoted  that  the  Dalmatian  had  the  name  of  the 
lesser  Dane,  and  if  we  mistake  not  Buffon  is  the  quoted  authority,  but  that 
is  not  correct.  Buffon's  Dalmatian  he  called  the  braque  de  Bengale,  and  the 
mistake  in  attributing  to  him  the  mixing  of  the  Dalmatian  with  the  lesser 
Dane  is  probably  due  to  what  he  said  with  regard  to  their  colour.  Buffon  as 
well  as  M.  Daubenton,  who  wrote  the  fuller  description  of  the  dogs  in  the 
"Histoire  Naturelle" — Buffon  only  writing  the  general  introduction — both 
distinctly  state  that  the  name  of  petit  Danois  for  this  small  dog  was  incor- 
rect, but  it  had  become  so  established  that  they  felt  compelled  to  follow  the 
erroneous  nomenclature.  Buffon  in  his  introduction  says  it  had  no  other 
connection  with  the  grand  Danois  than  having  the  short  coat  of  that  dog. 
M.  Daubenton  gives  the  colours  of  the  lesser  Dane  as  follows:  "The  most 
of  them  are  black  and  white  spotted,  and  when  they  are  mottled  with  black 
on  a  white  ground  we  give  them  the  name  of  harlequin. "  This  reference  to 
the  black  markings  may  have  been  the  reason  for  assuming,  from  some 
quotation  probably  without  context,  that  it  was  the  Dalmatian  that  was 
meant.  The  illustration  with  the  text  shows  a  small,  somewhat  apple- 
headed  dog  of  toy-terrier  character,  but  dark-coloured  in  body,  with  a  nar- 

535 


536  The  Dog  Book 

row  blaze,  white  chest  and  probably  white  feet.  The  shoulder  height  of  the 
petit  Danois  is  given  by  Buffon  as  9  inches. 

Buffon's  illustration  of  the  grand  Danois  we  give,  so  that  it  need  not  be 
described.  Buffon  held  that  it  was  of  the  same  family  as  the  dog  that  we 
know  as  the  Molossian,  also  that  the  dog  of  Ireland  was  similar,  but  much 
larger;  he  says  he  saw  one  that,  when  sitting,  was  five  feet  in  height;  the 
only  one  he  ever  saw.  The  latter  statement  may  be  correct,  but  the  former 
cannot  be.  M.  Daubenton  gives  a  very  brief  description  of  the  grand 
Danois.  He  says  it  was  larger  than  the  largest  of  the  French  matins,  that 
the  most  common  colour  was  fawn,  but  that  others  were  grey  (blue),  black 
and  white  with  grey,  black  and  fawn;  that  they  were  given  the  name  of 
the  carriage  Dane  because  they  accompanied  equipages.  Also  that  the 
name  of  grand  Danois  was  to  distinquish  it  from  the  dog  called  the  small 
Dane,  le  petit  Danois. 

It  is  very  evident  from  what  we  have  taken  from  Buffon  that  the  name 
of  Danish  dog  was  thoroughly  established,  otherwise  he  would  not  have 
hesitated  in  changing  the  name  of  the  smaller  dog;  but  how  the  name  be- 
came so  established  or  when  it  originated  we  are  at  a  loss  to  determine.  As 
to  the  origin  of  the  dog  there  is  not  the  slightest  doubt  whatever  that  it  is  the 
true  descendant  of  the  Molossian  dog,  much  as  the  late  Reverend  M.  B. 
Wynn  and  other  English  writers  would  have  us  believe  that  the  mastiff  and 
the  Molossian  are  the  same  dog.  To  accept  written  descriptions,  which  are 
usually  comparative  in  their  statements,  when  we  have  ocular  proof  from 
statuary  of  undoubted  authenticity  to  the  contrary,  is  not  the  way  to  prove 
a  claim. 

Not  only  do  we  find  the  Molossian  to  have  been  of  the  Great  Dane  type 
in  head,  but  Roman  and  Grecian  bas-reliefs  show  us  the  same  dog,  and 
when  we  come  to  the  earliest  illustrations  we  still  find  this  distinct  type  dog. 
To  show  the  high  standing  of  the  dog  he  is  given  precedence  in  being  placed 
near  the  nobleman  as  being  the  ranking  member  of  the  dog  world.  The 
illustrations  of  the  Gaston  Phoebus  book,  for  which  we  acknowledge  in- 
debtedness to  the  Messrs.  Baillie-Grohman's  sumptuous  edition  of  "The 
Master  of  Game,"  show  us  that  the  alaunt  was  the  Great  Dane  of  that  time. 
There  is  another  illuminated  book  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Fine 
Arts  showing  an  even  more  acceptable  dog  in  head  properties.  This  is  also 
white  and  is  really  a  finer  miniature  than  the  Gaston  Phoebus  illustrations. 
We  also  have  Chaucer's  reference  to  the  white  alaunts  that  were  about  the 


The  Great  Dane  537 

chair  of  the  "great  king  of  Trace"  in  the  "Knight's  Tale."  Chaucer  was 
an  extensive  traveller  and  went  on  his  king's  errands  as  far  as  Italy,  and  the 
fact  that  he  was  an  English  poet  has  no  bearing  upon  the  question  of  the  dog 
being  known  in  England,  but  there  is  evidence  to  that  effect,  we  imagine,  in 
the  crude  illustrations  from  Bodleian  library  manuscripts.  Here  we  find 
the  same  muzzled  dog  with  the  erect  ears,  and  from  the  earliest  date  until 
1800,  when  Sydenham  Edwardes  gave  us  his  triple  illustration  of  the  Dan- 
ish dog,  we  find  him  the  long-headed,  clean-cut,  muzzled  dog. 

So  highly  valued  were  these  good  alaunts  that  they  were  not  always  per- 
mitted to  take  part  in  the  more  dangerous  sports  of  boar  hunting  and  the 
wolf  chase.  The  rough  work,  in  which  the  death  of  a  dog  would  not  matter 
so  much  was  undertaken  by  high-couraged  dogs  called  mastins,  from  which 
we  got  the  name  of  matin  in  French — a  dog  which  has  no  connection  with  the 
English  mastiff,  except  that  both  dogs  were  of  mongrel  or  cross-breeding  and 
full  of  courage.  Undoubtedly  the  alaunts  were  largely  used,  when  not  too 
highly  valued  individually,  in  these  sports,  and  we  give  a  selection  of  illus- 
trations by  some  of  the  leading  European  artists,  showing  the  types  of  dogs 
associated  with  boar  and  wolf  hunting.  As  in  some  of  these  illustrations 
there  is  more  than  one  type  of  dog,  it  will  not  be  possible  to  distribute  them 
as  has  been  the  case  hitherto  with  illustrations  from  paintings  where  but  one 
breed  has  been  shown.  They  nearly  all  appertain  to  what  we  have  to  say 
regarding  Great  Danes  and  mastiffs;  and  as  the  chapter  on  the  latter  breed 
follows  this  one,  all  the  illustrations  in  both  chapters  should  be  looked  over, 
as  they  demonstrate  clearly  the  precedence  due  the  Great  Dane. 

The  earliest  illustration  we  give  is  the  study  of  a  dog  by  Vittore 
Pisano,  who  was  born  in  1390,  and  we  have  dated  this  study  at  1425. 

"The  Master  of  Game"  illustrations,  or  more  correctly  the  Gaston 
Phoebus  illustrations,  date  from  about  1450,  being  recognised  as  represen- 
tative of  the  art  of  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century.  The  boar-hunting 
scenes  of  Strada,  about  1560,  are  not  clear  enough  as  to  type  to  merit  re- 
production. He  did  not  shine  as  a  dog  delineator,  making  all  of  them  fat 
and  lusty.  His  attempts  to  foreshorten  a  short-headed  dog  were  complete 
failures,  the  head  becoming  flat  and  humanlike.  In  one  boar-hunt,  with 
matchlocks,  there  is  a  short-faced  dog  with  fringed  hanging  ears,  but  all  the 
others  are  long-headed,  tapering,  muzzled  dogs  of  the  mastin  type,  with 
feathered  ears  and  tail.  Of  almost  the  same  period  we  have  a  most  truthful 
hunting  picture  by  Antonius  Tempesta,  of  Florence,  which  we  date  as  about 


538  The  Dog  Book 

1580.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  horses  are  all  of  the  broad  Flemish  type,  and 
this  being  his  type  of  animal  portraiture  it  is  not  specially  indicative  of  heav- 
iness in  Italian  dogs  of  his  day,  even  if  we  find  them  animals  of  great  sub- 
stance, his  mastins  being  quite  as  heavy  comparatively  as  his  alaunts.  The 
latter  are  distinctly  Molossian  in  type,  while  the  two  mastins  in  the  fore- 
ground are  somewhat  similar  to  the  dogs  attacking  the  two  wild  boars  in  the 
centre  of  the  picture,  one  having  the  nearer  boar  by  the  ear;  though  this  is 
by  no  means  positive. 

Our  next  illustration  is  an  exquisite  etching  by  Unger  of  one  of  Snyders' 
most  spirited  hunting  pictures.  This  can  be  approximately  dated  1620,  for 
he  was  born  in  1579  and  died  in  1657.  There  is  nothing  in  the  way  of  a 
Great  Dane  in  this,  but  as  it  is  the  keynote  to  some  of  those  which  follow  it  is 
better  to  put  it  here.  These  are  pure  mastins;  and  allowing  for  the  advance  of 
art  from  the  time  of  the  French  miniatures  in  the  Gaston  Phoebus  book,  there 
is  no  room  for  question  as  to  the  identity  of  these  dogs.  We  draw  particular  at- 
tention to  the  extended  dog  in  the  foreground,  because  we  will  make  refer- 
ence to  that  in  the  chapter  pertaining  to  the  Irish  wolfhound.  A  hundred 
years  later  than  the  Snyders'  painting  there  was  no  lack  of  artists  who  did 
excellent  work  as  sport  illustrators.  From  this  group  we  take  three  pictures. 
The  one  by  Desportes  is  doubtless  the  oldest  one,  for  he  was  born  in  1661, 
while  Oudry  was  twenty-five  years  his  junior.  We  therefore  say  1700  for 
the  Desportes,  1720  for  the  Oudry;  and,  as  we  have  previously  said  1740 
for  Ridinger's  work,  we  leave  it  at  that.  In  giving  a  date  in  this  manner  it  is 
not  a  positive  statement,  but  a  guide  as  to  the  probable  date.  When  a  date 
is  positively  known  it  is  so  stated. 

Desportes  affected  the  hound  type  in  his  dogs;  knowing  which  we  can 
only  say  that  that  was  his  conception  of  what  we  must  now  call  the  French 
matin.  Oudry  gives  us  another  dog  altogether,  and  it  takes  quite  a  stretch 
of  the  imagination  to  accept  the  rough  dogs  in  his  "Wolf  at  Bay"  as  of 
the  mastin  type  or  breed.  The  one  that  has  the  throat  grip  is  more  like  the 
Snyders  dog,  while  the  farther  dog  on  the  wolPs  back  is  what  was  then  called 
the  Danish  dog,  the  grand  Danois  of  Buffon.  The  Ridinger  boar-hunt  gives 
us  that  artist's  conception  of  the  dog  which  Snyders  painted;  for  it  must  be 
borne  in  mind  that  these  are  not  dog  portraits,  but  the  type  of  dog  as  it  ap- 
peared to  the  artist.  We  have  the  same  thing  in  modern  animal  painters, 
and  one  can  tell  at  a  glance  a  Tracy  or  an  Osthaus  setter,  or  a  Muss-Arnolt 
pointer. 


GASTON    PHOEBUS   AND   HIS   HUNTSMEN    AND   DOGS 

LLUSTRAT.IONS    FROM   THE    FRENCH    MANUSCRIPT   OF   GASTON    PHOEBUS 
(Taken  from  "The  Master  of  Game,"  \V.  A.  and  F.  Baillie-Grohman,  1904) 


The  Great  Dane  539 

More  to  the  point,  however,  we  have  a  Dane  in  the  Ridinger,  with  ears 
cropped  round  as  in  the  Tempesta  picture.  This  is  a  good  type  of  dog,  and 
is  in  marked  contrast  to  that  in  Buffon,  whose  "Histoire  Naturelle"  was 
illustrated  throughout  by  De  Seve,  a  poor  hand  at  dogs.  His  matin, 
grand  Danois,  and  levrier  (a  small  greyhound)  are  all  very  much  alike  in 
outline,  and  the  latter  two  more  particularly  in  the  badly  formed  hind- 
legs.  The  Great  Dane  is  very  deficient  in  squareness  of  muzzle  compared 
with  what  we  see  in  most  representations  of  the  breed,  although  the  Syd- 
enham  Edwardes  drawing  does  not  show  much  of  this  feature.  Buffon 
gives  us  a  table  of  dimensions  of  the  dogs  he  considers  the  principal  varieties, 
and  this  may  either  be  an  average  in  the  way  of  measurements  or  of  a  selected 
specimen.  M.  Daubenton,  in  whose  section  of  the  chapter  this  appears, 
gives  no  clue  as  to  that  in  his  introductory  remarks.  The  measurements 
are  recorded  in  the  old  style  of  the  French  pied,  which  was  13!  inches  of  our 
measurements.  Altered  to  our  scale  the  Great  Dane  is  given  as  28  inches  at 
the  forequarters  and  i£  inches  less  at  the  hindquarters,  length  of  head  nj 
inches  and  girth  of  muzzle  at  midway  to  the  eyes  13  inches.  These  figures 
exceed  those  given  for  the  matin  by  only  about  an  inch.  The  only  notice- 
able differences  in  their  comparative  measurements  is  in  the  circumference 
of  the  body  which  seems  to  show  an  extremely  light-bodied  dog.  Behind 
the  forelegs  the  matin  is  given  as  2  feet,  and  the  Great  Dane  as  2  feet  8  inches, 
and  the  greatest  circumference  of  the  body  is  an  inch  larger  in  the  matin, 
and  an  inch  and  a  half  in  the  Great  Dane. 

To  give  an  idea  what  those  figures  represent  we  have  measured  our  Irish 
terrier  Borthwick  Lass  close  behind  the  forelegs  and  find  her  girth,  tight,  23 
inches.  She  has  with  increasing  years  more  girth  than  most  terriers  of  her 
height,  but  not  excessively  so;  yet  she  is  practically  the  same  as  the  matin 
record.  Another  point  not  given  in  the  measurements  is  the  weight,  and 
this  we  find  in  a  paragraph  referring  to  a  matin  between  three  and  four  years 
old.  The  measurements  are  slightly  larger  than  in  the  table:  2  feet  2  inches 
at  the  withers,  and  2  feet  2j  inches  greatest  girth,  and  weighing  but  73 
pounds.  That  would  make  a  Great  Dane,  such  as  he  describes  as  typical 
of  the  breed,  weighing  about  85  pounds.  We  leave  the  reader  to  draw  his 
own  conclusions  from  the  presentation  of  these  facts  which  show  what  the 
largest  dog  of  Eastern  Europe  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago  was  when 
measured  and  put  on  the  scales. 

It  is  probably  true  that  at  this  period  the  breed  was  larger  and  heavier 


540  The  Dog  Book 

where  it  was  fostered  in  Germany,  but  in  that  direction  we  have  been  unable 
to  prosecute  any  research.  In  England  the  first  information  is  found  in 
Sydenham  Edwardes's  work.  Here  he  is  described  very  much  as  Buffon  has  it. 
The  height,  he  says,  is  usually  about  28  inches,  but  some  run  up  to  31  inches. 
He  refers  to  the  harlequins,  and  gives  the  same  information  regarding  their 
use  as  carriage  dogs  for  the  noble  or  wealthy,  mentioning  also  the  necessity 
of  keeping  them  muzzled  to  prevent  them  fighting.  Richardson  in  1848 
writes  of  their  being  gigantic  and  from  30  to  32  inches  in  height.  In  all  prob- 
ability the  disappearance  of  the  Great  Dane  from  England  was  the  result 
of  this  acknowledged  aptitude  for  fighting,  and  in  the  first  days  of  dog  shows 
he  was  only  known  of  by  hearsay  as  the  boarhound,  the  name  by  which 
Wynn  always  refers  to  him  in  his  "History  of  the  Mastiff"  (1886).  Mr.  F. 
Adcock,  who  went  in  for  Spanish  bulldogs  and  other  European  breeds,  had 
a  brute  of  a  dog,  well  named  Satan,  a  perfect  terror  in  temper,  which  he  used 
to  show  about  1880.  This  exhibitor  did  his  best  to  have  Stonehenge  include 
the  breed  in  his  "Dogs  of  the  British  Islands,"  but  he  did  not  like  the  dog 
to  begin  with,  and  got  out  of  accepting  him  by  holding  that  he  was  not  one 
entitled  to  be  included  in  a  book  with  such  a  title. 

It  was  not  until  1883  that  the  breed  was  given  a  class,  and  that  as  a 
boarhound,  this  privilege  being  granted  both  at  the  Palace  and  at  Bir- 
mingham, Mr.  Adcock  having  influence  as  a  resident  in  the  nearby  town  of 
Leamington.  The  same  year  the  Kennel  Club  admitted  the  breed  to  the 
studbook,  and  in  1884  it  appeared  as  the  Great  Dane. 

The  breed  "caught  on"  fast  in  England,  for  in  the  late  fall  of  1884  when 
on  a  brief  visit  there  we  saw  some  splendid  dogs,  including  that  grand 
specimen,  Cedric  the  Saxon,  and  another  almost  his  equal,  the  Earl  of  War- 
wick. We  recall  how  wonderfully  we  were  impressed  with  the  size,  sym- 
metry and  quality  of  these  dogs.  All  of  the  English  winners  of  that  time  were 
imported  from  Germany,  where  there  seems  to  have  been  some  trouble  in 
agreeing  upon  a  name  for  the  breed.  Ulmer  dog  and  Deutsche  dogge  as 
well  as  German  mastiff  were  names  in  more  prominence  than  any  others. 
It  seems  to  have  been  decided  about  1874  to  give  them  the  name  of  Deutsche 
dogge,  but  according  to  a  letter  written  to  Vero  Shaw  and  published  in  his 
"Book  of  the  Dog,"  Herr  Gustav  Lang,  conveyed  the  information  that 
the  breeders  of  the  dog  in  Germany  had  agreed  to  abolish  all  the 
names  which  had  been  in  use  and  called  the  breed  German  mastiffs. 
This  seems  never  to  have  been  taken  up  by  the  general  public,  and  the  case 


The  Great  Dane  541 

is  very  similar  to  the  Kennel  Club  deciding  that  black  and  tan  toy  spaniels 
shall  not  be  called  King  Charles  spaniels,  but  be  known  by  their  colour.  No 
one  thinks  of  calling  them  anything  but  King  Charles  spaniels;  so  in  Ger- 
many, the  name  of  Deutsche  dogge  has  prevailed  for  the  Great  Dane. 

Herr  Lang,  who  stands  in  the  front  rank  as  an  authority  on  matters 
canine  in  Germany,  stated  in  the  letter  referred  to  that  the  old  dogs  were  no 
larger  than  those  of  the  time  at  which  he  was  writing,  and  added,  "the  as- 
sumed size  of  36  inches  only  being  given  in  untrustworthy  pictures."  Herr 
Lang  does  not  say  anything  further  regarding  the  height  of  the  German  dogs, 
but  there  must  have  been  many  very  large  dogs  in  Germany.  Rawdon  B. 
Lee  in  his  "Modern  Dogs"  tells  of  having  measured  all  the  largest  dogs  at 
the  Great  Dane  show  at  Ranelagh  Club  Grounds  in  1885,  Captain  Graham 
the  Irish  wolfhound  exhibitor,  assisting;  and  the  tallest  was  Cedric  the 
Saxon,  at  33^  inches;  and  he  adds,  "  t  was  extraordinary  how  the  35  and 
36-inch  animals  dwindled  down,  some  of  them  nearly  half  a  foot  at  a  time." 

The  subject  of  size  is  one  that  crops  up  from  time  to  time,  and  it  not  in- 
frequently happens  that  some  old  and  perfectly  unreliable  statement  is  re- 
surrected and  passes  for  truth.  One  of  this  character  refers  to  the  dog, 
Prince,  owned  at  one  time  by  Francis  Butler  of  New  York.  Butler  was  a 
man  of  education,  an  author  of  several  books  on  dogs  and  two  educational, 
"The  Spanish  Speaker"  and  "The  French  Teacher."  He  seems  to  have 
finally  taken  up  the  business  of  dog  dealing  exclusively,  and  one  dog  with 
which  he  will  always  be  associated  was  the  Great  Dane,  Prince.  This  was 
before  our  time  in  this  country,  but  we  had  many  talks  about  the  dog  with 
the  old  coloured  dog  dealer  "Dr."  Gardner,  who  was  Butler's  factotum  and 
went  with  him  to  England  when  Prince  was  taken  there  for  exhibition.  We 
believe  Butler  called  Prince  a  Cuban  bloodhound,  but  in  his  "Management 
and  Diseases  of  Dogs"  (second  edition,  1860)  the  illustration  is  given  as  that 
of  a  Siberian  bloodhound.  Old  Gardner's  memory  was  very  clear  as  to  the 
dog  and  its  history.  Butler  met  a  young  German  with  the  dog  outside  the 
Astor  House,  and  bought  the  giant.  He  was  exhibited  here,  and  Butler 
then  decided  to  take  the  dog  abroad  and  Gardner  went  with  him.  Prince 
seems  to  have  created  quite  a  furore  in  England,  and  Harrison  Weir  drew 
him  for  the  Illustrated  London  News,  with  Butler  sitting  behind  the  dog. 
Butler  was  a  large,  handsome  man  according  to  old  Gardner,  and  Weir  did 
him  justice.  The  dog  was  taken  to  Windsor  Castle  to  be  shown  to  the 
Queen.  Gardner  said  that  the  Queen  and  a  gentleman  came  out  to  see 


542  The  Dog  Book 

the  dog,  and  that  Butler  talked  some  foreign  language  to  the  gentleman;  and 
when  the  lady  had  looked  at  the  dog  for  some  time  she  spoke  to  one  of  the 
persons  attending  her,  and  he  came  to  Gardner  and  gave  him  a  sovereign. 

In  the  account  of  this  dog  in  the  Newsy  the  height  is  put  at  37  inches,  and 
it  may  have  been  not  far  out,  measured  to  the  top  of  the  withers,  for  Gardner 
assured  us  more  than  once  that  he  had  measured  to  the  height  of  the  withers, 
that  is,  standard  measure,  and  that  he  was  a  good  34  inches.  The  old 
"doctor"  was  singularly  careful  in  his  statements,  and  we  never  doubted  the 
accuracy  of  his  measurements  nor  his  memory.  Now  we  have  this  dog 
quoted  by  an  English  kennel  paper  as  having  been  37  inches  in  height.  The 
dog  was  shown  at  Windsor  in  November,  1857;  and,  undoubtedly  upon  the 
authority  of  Butler,  the  News  stated  that  Prince  was  barely  a  year  old  and 
was  born  in  Pennsylvania.  Be  that  as  it  may,  Gardner  said  the  young  man 
was  a  recent  immigrant,  and  Gardner  was  mixed  up  in  the  buying  of  the  dog 
or  at  least  personally  knew  all  that  was  done  at  the  time.  We  therefore  con- 
sider that  Prince  was  a  German  importation,  and  have  every  confidence  in 
saying  that  he  was  a  34-inch  dog.  His  size  put  him  in  a  class  by  himself,  and 
is  excellent  proof  that  the  ordinary  run  of  large  dogs  was  nowhere  near  his 
height,  at  least  in  England  as  well  as  in  this  country.  Doubtless  his  height 
has  been  exceeded,  but  we  prefer  outside  or  thoroughly  reliable  measurement 
when  it  comes  to  a  record  height,  for  dogs  do  shrink  wonderfully  when  home 
measurements  are  tested  by  an  outsider  of  experience.  We  shall  therefore 
give  no  endorsement  to  any  present  day  claims,  some  of  which  are  far  in  ex- 
cess of  Prince's  height. 

Nothing  proves  more  clearly  the  German  fostering  of  this  breed  than 
the  number  of  Great  Danes  in  this  country  before  they  were  known  as  a 
show  dog  in  England  and  their  being  kept  exclusively  by  Germans.  Under 
various  names  these  dogs  were  entered  in  the  miscellaneous  class  until  1 886, 
when  an  added  class  was  put  on  for  them  at  New  York  and  eleven  dogs  were 
entered.  Two  of  these  were  owned,  and  one  had  been  bred,  by  Mr.  J.  Black- 
burn Miller,  who  is  still  one  of  the  popular  judges  of  the  breed,  and  always 
draws  a  large  entry  when  he  officiates  at  New  York.  One  reason  for  no 
class  having  been  put  on  before  this  was  that  at  one  of  the  shows  held  at  the 
American  Institute  building,  either  in  1881  or  1882,  the  Great  Danes  had 
been  such  a  bad-tempered  lot  that  Mr.  Lincoln,  who  then  acted  as  super- 
intendent of  the  New  York  shows,  barred  them  as  much  as  he  possibly  could, 
and  it  was  not  until  his  death,  when  Mr.  Mortimer  had  taken  the  office,  that 


The  Great  Dane  543 

the  breed  got  a  class.  In  1887  the  class  appeared  in  the  regular  premium 
list  and  not  as  a  late  addition,  and  a  good  entry  was  the  result.  The  breed 
then  got  two  classes,  and  at  the  1890  show  in  New  York  the  entry  was  25 
dogs  and  9  bitches.  This  good  entry  led  to  an  increase  in  1891  to  two  chal- 
lenge classes,  two  open  classes  and  a  puppy  class.  Welz  and  Zerweck,  who 
had  been  very  prominent  so  far,  did  not  show  anything,  but  a  number  of 
their  dogs  were  entered  by  new  owners  at  this  show.  In  1892  we  first  find 
mention  of  a  specialty  club  in  connection  with  the  breed,  there  being  a  club 
trophy  offered  at  New  York  by  "The  German  Mastiff  or  Great  Dane  Club 
of  America."  This  was  won  by  Melac,  a  dog  that  had  taken  nine  firsts 
during  the  preceding  year.  The  name  of  the  club  was  soon  altered,  and  as 
The  Great  Dane  Club  we  find  it  donating  $80  in  special  prizes  to  the  New 
York  show  of  1893,  in  addition  to  offering  the  president's  $100  cup,  and 
43  dogs  were  entered  at  this  show.  The  best  dog  on  this  occasion  was  Wen- 
zel,  who  beat  Melac  for  special;  but  the  great  winner  of  the  year  was  Major 
McKinley,  owned  at  South  Bend,  Indiana.  This  dog  was  very  prominent 
for  several  years,  but  few  of  the  Great  Dane  exhibitors  seemed  to  last,  so 
that  with  each  prominent  new  man  going  in  for  importations  of  his  own,  the 
native  dogs  were  not  very  successful.  The  enthusiasm  of  the  club  members 
also  died  out,  and  it  was  not  until  1898  that  the  full  revival  set  in.  This 
was  really  a  wonderful  year  for  the  breed  at  New  York,  where  Mr.  J.  Black- 
burn Miller  drew  a  remarkable  entry  of  29  puppies,  35  dogs  and  15  bitches, 
duplicate  entries  increasing  the  grand  total  very  much. 

This  was  the  occasion  of  the  first  appearance  of  Sandor  vom  Inn,  en- 
tered in  the  name  of  the  late  Charles  E.  Tilford.  This  grand  dog  won  all  he 
was  shown  for,  from  novice  to  special  for  best  of  the  breed,  and  during  his 
lengthy  career  he  stood  in  the  premier  position  at  all  times.  As  a  combination 
of  size,  symmetry,  character  and  quality  we  have  never  had  his  equal  in  this 
country  and  it  is  possible  he  could  not  have  been  beaten  by  any  dog  living 
when  in  his  prime.  When,  after  Mr.  Tilford's  death,  he  became  an  inmate 
of  the  Montebello  Kennels  two  trips  were  made  to  Europe  by  the  kennel 
manager,  who  on  one  occasion  had  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Muss-Arnolt  in 
securing  the  best  to  be  found  in  the  sections  where  the  best  were  raised  and 
owned;  and,  good  as  the  dogs  purchased  were,  they  yet  fell  short  of  Sandor 
vom  Inn,  by  a  very  perceptible  difference. 

Mr.  Tilford,  in  addition  to  Sandor  vom  Inn,  had  quite  a  number  of 
very  good  bitches  and  had  much  the  strongest  kennel  in  the  East.  Through- 


544  The  Dog  Book 

out  the  West  there  was  keener  competition,  such  dogs  as  Osceola  Bey, 
Leo  G.,  Earl's  Olivia  and  other  good  Danes  being  constantly  in  rivalry  at  the 
western  shows.  One  feature  at  this  period  deserves  attention,  and  that  was 
the  very  notable  success  of  the  sons  and  daughters  of  Earl  of  Wurtemberg. 
He  was  not  a  high-class  dog  individually,  being  decidedly  coarse,  but  he  got 
good  puppies,  as  was  demonstrated  at  New  York  in  1895  when  his  progeny 
won  third  in  novice  dogs,  second  in  junior  dogs,  first  in  novice  bitches, 
second  in  junior  bitches  and  third  in  open  bitches. 

In  1899  the  Montebello  Kennels  were  started,  with  Mr.  T.  D.  M. 
Cardeza  as  owner  and  headquarters  at  Germantown.  Before  the  New  York 
show  of  1900  the  death  of  Mr.  Tilford  caused  the  dispersal  of  his  kennels 
and  Sandor  vom  Inn  joined  the  Cardeza  combination,  which,  with  a  number 
of  excellent  imported  Danes,  became  the  prominent  kennel  of  the  breed  in 
this  country.  Though  it  is  true  that  this  kennel  won  the  majority  of  the 
prizes  it  competed  for,  taking  all  the  shows  the  dogs  were  at,  it  is  nevertheless 
a  fact  that  at  the  leading  shows  where  the  best  dogs  met  the  prizes  were 
widely  distributed.  This  was  the  result  of  the  many  good  purchases  of  the 
preceding  decade,  which  so  improved  the  breeding  stock  of  the  country 
at  large  that  good  dogs  were  being  produced  here  capable  of  holding  their 
own  against  all  but  the  very  best  of  the  importations.  On  reference  to  the 
New  York  catalogue  for  1901,  we  find  that  two  of  the  three  placed  dogs  in 
the  novice  class  were  American  bred,  two  of  the  placed  dogs  in  the  limit 
class,  second  and  third  in  the  other  than  brindled,  third  in  the  harlequin, 
and  two  of  the  three  in  the  open  dog  class,  while  in  bitches  there  was  an 
equal  number  in  evidence. 

The  higher  prizes  in  winners'  classes  continued  to  be  mainly  captured 
by  the  Montebello  dogs,  though  Sandor  was  held  up  quite  a  good  deal  to  let 
the  younger  members  of  the  kennel  earn  fame,  such  as  Meteor  vom  Inn, 
and  his  alleged  son,  Apollo,  whose  breeder  and  dam  were  alike  unknown. 
Mr.  Cardeza  decided  to  give  up  Great  Danes  before  the  close  of  the 
year,  and  we  think  all  but  Sandor  were  disposed  of  in  one  way  or  another, 
the  old  dog  being  retained  as  the  home  dog,  but  he  died  about  a  year  later. 
Quite  a  number  of  the  Montebello  dogs  were  never  shown  again,  but  sev- 
eral were  seen  at  New  York  in  1904  and  1905.  The  best  dog  in  1904  was  a 
newcomer,  a  very  handsome  black  dog  named  Dagobert.  The  beautiful 
condition  this  dog  is  always  shown  in  assists  very  much  in  his  ranking  so 
high  as  he  has  always  done,  for  his  coat  shines  like  satin.  Apart  from  that 


The  Great  Dane  545 

he  is  a  very  true-made  dog,  with  a  good  head  and  foreface.  Another  very 
good  dog  shown  in  1904  was  Arfman's  Caesar,  a  fawn  dog  of  a  very  attrac- 
tive shade.  This  dog  also  was  shown  in  the  pink  of  condition  at  all  times. 
Among  the  bitches  Miss  C.  Whitney's  Portia  was  a  standing  dish  at  shows 
within  reasonable  distance  of  New  York  and  was  very  successful,  con- 
sidering the  great  difficulty  in  showing  her  in  anything  like  condition.  Her 
place  as  metropolitan  traveller  has  been  well  filled  by  Champion  Guido  of 
Broughton  who  with  age  has  filled  out  in  body,  her  weak  point  a  year  or 
more  ago,  and  when  fit  is  a  hard  bitch  to  beat.  Last  spring  we  noticed  a 
very  large,  symmetrical  bitch  at  the  Buffalo  show,  owned  by  Dr.  Johnson 
of  that  city.  Signa  is  her  name,  and  in  mixed  sex  classes  she  won  two  firsts. 
She  is  a  light  fawn  and  showed  symmetry  and  character  of  a  high  order. 
The  same  owner  also  has  a  dog  fully  as  large  as  any  dog  we  know  of  in  the 
East,  and  we  are  assured  he  measures  34  inches.  This  is  Marco  II.  But 
large  as  he  is  we  believe  that  Duke  of  Wurtemberg  now  owned  by  the 
Marco  Polo  Kennels  of  Cincinnati,  is  larger.  This  dog  won  at  the  St. 
Louis  Exposition,  where  he  was  shown  by  Mr.  Bardes,  and  we  formed  the 
opinion  that  he  was  the  largest  Great  Dane  we  had  ever  seen.  The  same 
owner  had  a  bitch  which  we  preferred  to  the  dog,  but  she  was  out  of  shape 
on  that  occasion. 

The  fact  is  we  have  more  good  Great  Danes  in  this  country  than  almost 
any  other  breed,  but  they  cannot  be  transported  like  terriers  and  it  is  only  by 
visiting  shows  in  the  West  as  well  as  in  the  East  that  one  realizes  the  hold  the 
breed  has  in  the  United  States.  Take  the  New  York  show  of  1905,  and  the 
catalogue  shows  not  a  single  mastiff,  but  47  St.  Bernards  and  77  Great  Danes 
placing  the  breed  far  ahead  of  all  other  large  dogs.  This  position  is  likely  to 
be  maintained  because  it  is  an  open  competition  between  a  large  number  of 
owners  instead  of  being  dominated  by  one  kennel.  As  the  breed  is  to-day, 
it  is  doubtful  whether  any  person  could  attain  the  position  the  Monte- 
bello  kennels  held  for  a  short  time  and  still  more  doubtful  whether  any  per- 
son would  care  about  going  to  the  necessary  expense  of  buying  half  a  dozen 
or  more  dogs  capable  of  winning  and  paying  the  heavy  expenses  of  their 
transportation.  The  Great  Dane  seems  a  safe  breed  in  that  respect,  and, 
taking  him  as  a  dog,  he  has  few  equals  in  the  way  of  size  and  symmetry. 

The  combination  which  tells  in  this  breed  is  as  large  a  dog  as  possible 
combined  with  symmetry.  Not  the  heavy,  bulky  body  of  the  mastiff,  but 
with  an  approach  to  the  greyhound  in  depth  of  chest  and  cut  up  of  loin.  He 


546  The  Dog  Book 

must  show  speed  lines,  but  with  weight  and  strength.  Well-placed  should- 
ers are  as  much  a  necessity  in  this  breed  as  in  the  greyhound,  for  ease  of 
movement  at  the  gallop  tells  in  a  dog  of  the  weight  of  the  Dane.  The  back 
should  be  very  strong  with  no  suggestion  of  slackness  of  loin,  and  the  hind- 
quarters muscular  with  great  length  from  hip  to  hock,  and  no  suspicion  of 
cow-hocks.  The  feet  should  be  well  knit  and  knuckled  up,  and  the  pads 
thick  and  horny.  The  forelegs  should  closely  approach  the  highest  terrier 
formation,  the  bone  being  large,  but  not  to  the  extent  of  looking  clumsy. 

The  Great  Dane  Club  of  America  has  a  standard  and  description,  but 
we  cannot  commend  it  as  sound  and  it  leaves  so  much  room  for  improvement 
in  giving  the  necessary  details  in  a  thorough  manner  that  we  prefer  the  stan- 
dard of  the  English  club,  both  of  which  seem  to  have  had  a  similar  founda- 
tion. The  American  standard  calls  for  refinement  which  is  inapplicable  in 
a  dog  of  this  description.  Symmetry  would  be  a  more  suitable  term.  It 
calls  for  the  head  to  be  "pressed  in  on  the  sides"  and  with  no  cheek  develop- 
ment. The  brow  is  also  to  be  well  developed  and  the  neck  long.  None 
of  these  points  are  correct,  but  it  is  preferable  to  the  standard  we  give  in 
calling  for  the  line  of  muzzle  to  be  only  slightly  arched,  a  moderate  Roman 
nose.  The  even  jaw  (or  teeth)  of  the  American  standard  is  also  to  be  pre- 
ferred; though  with  the  permission  to  be  very  slightly  undershot,  a  squarer 
termination  to  the  muzzle  is  better  assured.  The  preferred  standard  is 
as  follows: 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

General  Appearance. — The  Great  Dane  is  not  so  heavy  or  massive  as 
the  mastiff,  nor  should  he  too  nearly  approach  the  greyhound  in  type.  Re- 
markable in  size,  and  very  muscular,  strongly  though  elegantly  built,  move- 
ments easy  and  graceful;  head  and  neck  carried  high;  the  tail  carried  hori- 
zontally with  the  back,  or  slightly  upward  with  a  slight  curl  at  the  extremity. 
The  minimum  height  and  weight  of  dogs  should  be  30  inches  and  1 20 
pounds,  of  bitches  28  inches  and  100  pounds. 

Head. — Long,  the  frontal  bones  of  the  forehead  very  slightly  raised  and 
very  little  indentation  between  the  eyes.  Skull  not  too  broad.  Muzzle 
broad  and  strong,  and  blunt  at  the  point.  Cheek  muscles  well  developed. 
Nose  large,  bridge  well  arched.  Lips  in  front  perpendicularly  blunted,  not 
hanging  too  much  over  the  sides,  though  with  well-defined  folds  at  the  angle 
of  the  mouth.  The  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting  about  a  sixteenth  of  an 


The  Great  Dane  547 

inch.     Eyes  small,  round,  with  sharp  expression  and  deeply  set,  but  the  wall 
or  china-eye  is  quite  correct  in  harlequins. 

Cropping  being  prohibited  in  England,  the  standard  calls  for  small 
ears  carried  greyhound  fashion,  which  they  seldom  are,  being  commonly 
held  like  a  terrier's.  Here  the  ears  are  cropped  and  not  too  closely  at  the 
butt.  The  crop  is  carried  pretty  high  but  not  attenuated  and  the  ears  should 
be  held  well  up  to  give  smartness  to  the  appearance  of  the  dog. 

Neck. — Rather  long,  very  strong  and  muscular,  well  arched,  without 
dewlap  or  loose  skin  about  the  throat.  The  junction  of  head  and  neck 
strongly  pronounced. 

Chest. — Not  too  broad  and  very  deep  in  the  brisket. 

Back. — Not  too  long  or  short;  loin  arched  and  falling  in  a  beautiful  line 
to  the  insertion  of  the  tail. 

Tail. — Reaching  to  or  just  below  the  hock,  strong  at  the  root,  and  end- 
ing fine  with  a  slight  curve.  When  excited  it  becomes  more  curved,  but  in 
no  case  should  it  curve  over  the  back. 

Belly. — Well    drawn   up. 

Forequarters. — Shoulders  set  sloping;  elbows  well  under,  turned  neither 
inwards  nor  outwards.  Leg:  Forearm  muscular,  and  with  great  develop- 
ment of  bone,  the  whole  leg  strong  and  quite  straight. 

Hindquarters. — Muscular  thighs ;  second  thighs  long  and  strong,  as  in 
the  greyhound.     Hocks  well  let  down  and  turning  neither  in  nor  out. 

Feet. — Large  and  round,  neither  turned  inward  nor  outward.  Toes 
well  arched  and  closed.  Nails  strong  and  curved. 

Coat. — Very  short,  hard  and  dense,  and  not  much  longer  on  the  under 
part  of  the  tail. 

Colour  and  markings. — The  recognized  colours  are  the  various  shades 
of  grey  (commonly  termed  blue),  red,  black,  pure  white,  or  white  with 
patches  of  the  above-mentioned  colours.  These  colours  are  sometimes  ac- 
companied by  markings  of  a  darker  tint  about  the  eyes  and  muzzle,  and  with 
a  line  of  the  same  tint  (called  a  trace)  along  the  spine.  The  above  ground 
colours  also  appear  in  the  brindles  and  are  also  the  ground-colours  of  the 
mottled  specimens.  In  the  whole-coloured  specimens  the  china  or  wall  eye 
but  rarely  appears,  and  the  nose  more  or  less  approaches  black,  according  to 
the  prevailing  tint  of  the  dog,  and  the  eyes  vary  in  colour  also.  The  mot- 
tled specimens  have  irregular  patches  or  "clouds"  upon  the  above-named 
ground  colours;  in  some  instances  the  clouds  or  markings  being  of  two  or 


548  The  Dog  Book 

more  tints.  With  the  mottled  specimens  the  wall  or  china  eye  is  not  uncom- 
mon and  the  nose  is  often  part  coloured  or  wholly  flesh  coloured.  On  the 
continent  the  most  fashionable  and  correct  colour  is  considered  to  be  pure 
white,  with  black  patches;  and  leading  judges  and  admirers  there  con- 
sider the  slate-coloured,  or  blue  patches  intermixed  with  the  black,  as  most 
undesirable. 

Faults. — Too  heavy  a  head,  too  slightly  arched  frontal  bone,  and  deep 
stop  or  indentation  between  the  eyes;  short  neck;  full  dewlap;  too  narrow 
or  too  broad  a  chest;  sunken  or  hollow,  or  quite  straight  back;  bent  fore- 
legs; overbent  fetlocks  (knuckling  over);  twisted  feet;  spreading  toes;  too 
heavy  and  much  bent  or  too  highly  carried  tail,  or  with  a  brush  underneath ; 
weak  hindquarters,  cow-hocks  and  a  general  want  of  muscle. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

General  appearance ....  3  Tail 4 

Condition 3  Forequarters 10 

Activity 5  Hindquarters  IO 

Head 15  Feet 8 

Neck 5  Coat 4 

Chest 8  Height  and  weight 13 

Back  8 

Belly 4                                              Total,  100 

SCALE  OF  POINTS  FOR  HEIGHT 

Dogs  Bitches  Points  Dogs  Bitches  Points 

30  in.  28  in.  o  33  in.  31  in.  6 

31  in.  29  in.  2  34  in.  32m.  9 

32  in.  30  in.  4  35  in.  33  in.  13 


CHAPTER   XL 


THE  MASTIFF 

ORE  has  been  written  about  the  mastiff  than  almost  any 
other  breed  of  dogs;  and,  we  are  sorry  to  add,  more  mis- 
information. Even  up  to  the  time  of  penning  this  chapter 
the  work  of  distributing  erroneous  statements  and  perfectly 
indefensible  conclusions  goes  on  in  England;  and  one  of 
the  leading  kennel  papers  gravely  informs  a  correspondent  that  the  name  of 
mastiff  comes  from  a  word  said  to  be  masethefe,  "because  they  do  mase  and 
feere  away  theeves. "  Also  that  there  was  a  Roman  official  appointed  in 
Britain  to  take  care  of  the  Roman  war-dogs.  This  is  an  entirely  new  version 
of  the  oft-repeated  absurdity  that  there  was  at  Winchester  an  official,  known 
as  Procurator  Cynegii,  whose  duty  it  was  to  select  fighting  dogs  to  ship 
to  Rome.  Twenty  years  ago  the  late  Rev.  M.  B.  Wynn  exposed  this 
stupid  blunder.  The  official  was  "Procurator  cynoecii"  and  his  duty  was 
to  attend  to  the  shipping  of  goods  manufactured  at  the  royal  weavery  there. 
Mr.  Wynn  held  that,  had  the  office  been  in  connection  with  what  the 
Romans  called  the  dogs  of  England,  the  title  of  any  official  whose  duty  it 
was  to  select  and  ship  fighting  dogs  to  Rome,  would  have  been  Procurator 
Pugnacium  Vel  Molossorum. 

Mr.  Wynn's  "  History  of  the  Mastiff"  is  the  best  work  on  the  breed, 
but  it  should  be  read  with  caution  by  persons  who  have  not  made  a  thorough 
investigation  and  read  up  for  themselves.  The  reason  is  that  while  he  has 
brought  together  a  most  valuable  collection  of  data  and  gives  many  valuable 
references  to  olden-time  books,  manuscripts  and  illustrations,  he  was  so 
rabidly  impressed  by  the  conviction  that  the  mastiff  was  a  very  old  breed  and 
yet  thoroughly  English  that  he  twisted  every  available  fact  or  stringing  to- 
gether of  two  or  three  words  to  bear  out  his  line  of  argument.  Unfortunately 
for  Mr.  Wynn  and  those  who  have  published  similar  suppositions,  the 
foundation  upon  which  they  built  was  a  quicksand.  Their  whole  structure 
is  based  upon  the  mastiff  of  the  earliest  writings  being  the  mastiff  of  our  day, 
and  there  they  are  wrong.  It  is  singular  that  no  person  has  at  any  time 

549 


550  The  Dog  Book 

questioned  or  contradicted  the  statement  that  the  French  mastin  and  the 
English  mastiff  were  similar  dogs.  They  were  neither  similar  in  character 
nor  type,  but  dogs  of  the  same  description  as  to  use  and  position  in  the  ranks 
of  dogs.  The  mastiff  is  also  called  the  Molossian  dog,  and  because  the  names 
were  synonymous  with  many  writers  we  again  find  that  modern  inter- 
preters assume  that  the  Mollossus  was  the  counterpart  of  our  mastiff.  The 
question  that  has  first  to  be  settled  is  as  to  the  Molossus,  and  then  comes 
that  as  to  the  mastin. 

In  Chapter  I.,  facing  page  20,  will  be  found  a  photograph  of  the  plaster 
reproduction  of  the  Molossian  dog  at  Athens;  and  it  does  not  need  a  second's 
contemplation  to  decide  that  the  dog  is  a  Great  Dane  in  type,  and  is  thor- 
oughly devoid  of  what  we  call  mastiff  type  in  head.  This  is  the  dog  that  is 
continually  mentioned  as  the  broad-mouthed  animal,  and  because  our  mas- 
tiffs are  broad-mouthed,  hence  many  writers  have  assumed  that  they  must 
be  the  same  dog.  That  illustration  disposes  of  the  fact  that  the  Molossian 
was  what  we  call  a  mastiff. 

Before  showing  what  the  mastin  was  five  hundred  years  ago,  it  will  be 
well  to  consider  what  the  meaning  or  derivation  of  the  word  mastiff  is. 
Among  the  various  claims  is  that  given  above  as  to  "Masethefe";and  Mar- 
wood,  who  perhaps  originated  this,  is  copied  by  Jesse  in  his  "Anecdotes  of 
Dogs."  Wynn  believed  it  was  a  Gallic  form  of  massivus,  the  "t"  being  in- 
terchanged for  the  "s,"  the  word  being  derived  from  massa,  a  mass. 
Mastinus  was  also  a  common  Latin  manner  of  spelling  the  word.  Some  held 
that  mastiff  was  a  contraction  of  mansatinus,  a  dog  that  stays  as  a  house  dog. 
Our  etymologists  are  in  a  much  better  position  to  give  the  correct  inter- 
pretation of  old  words  than  their  predecessors,  and  the  up-to-date  meaning 
of  mastiff  is  a  mongrel  or  cross-bred  dog. 

The  mastins  were  used  in  wild-boar  hunting,  as  we  find  in  Gaston  de 
Phoebus,  but  not  because  they  were  so  much  more  courageous  than  other 
dogs,  such  as  the  alaunt,  which  was  the  high-class  dog;  but  in  order  to 
avoid  the  risk  of  losing  the  more  valuable  dogs,  these  keen-fighting,  half-bred 
dogs  were  also  used  to  run  in  at  the  boar  at  bay  and  at  the  wolf.  What  these 
early  mastins  were  like  is  seen  by  the  illustration  from  the  Gaston  de  Phoe- 
bus reproductions  which  we  copy  from  "The  Master  of  Game."  There  is 
little  doubt  that  they  were  dogs  very  similar  to  the  Pyrenean  sheep  dogs  of 
the  present.  In  Johnson's  "Costumes  of  the  Pyrenees"  (1832)  there  is  an 
illustration  of  a  woman  of  the  Valley  of  Ariege  with  one  of  these  dogs,  and  the 


fc.    'E 

o  s 


. 

c  — 


o  -s 

Si     c 


The  Mastiff  551 

author  says  of  it,  "The  dog  is  a  young  Pyrennean  sheep  dog;  they  vary 
much  in  size,  some  being  very  powerful,  and  almost  singly  a  match  for  a 
wolf;  others  again  are  placed  on  an  equality  in  combating  these  destructive 
animals  by  being  armed  by  spiked  collars.  They  are  very  fierce  and  it  is 
dangerous  to  meet  them  in  the  mountains  unaccompanied  by  their  masters." 

To  connect  these  dogs  with  our  mastiff  is  out  of  the  question,  yet  the 
Duke  of  York  translates  the  word  into  mestifis,  mastif  and  mastiues. 
That  his  was  not  an  exceptional  type  of  dog  used  in  wild-boar  hunting  is 
demonstrated  by  later  artists,  beginning  with  Snyders,  a  celebrity  in 
depicting  hunting  scenes.  He  painted  several  such  for  Philip  III.  of  Spain, 
and  it  is  said  "his  bear,  wolf,  and  boar  fights  are  scarcely  surpassable." 
Snyders  was  born  in  1579  and  died  in  1657,  and  the  etching  by  Wm.  Unger 
is  therefore  of  an  early  seventeenth  century  painting.  That  there  was  a  dog 
something  like  a  mastiff  in  Spain  at  that  time  the  Velasquez  painting  of 
Philip  IV.  indicates,  but  the  Velasquez  dogs  we  have  seen  have  not  been 
at  all  creditable  to  that  great  artist. 

In  addition  to  having  the  choice  of  two  Snyders,  when  we  purchased  the 
etching  we  reproduce,  we  saw  another  on  the  same  day.  Either  of  the  two 
others  would  have  made  an  excellent  illustration,  but  the  one  given  is  by  far 
the  best  in  many  ways. 

Of  the  same  period  as  Snyders  we  have  the  Tempesta  picture  represent- 
ing a  combination  of  hunting  scenes,  wild  boar,  wolf  and  fox  being  represen- 
ted. Antonius  Tempesta  was  born  in  1580,  one  year  after  Snyders,  and  we 
thus  have  Italian  as  well  as  French  hunting  methods  of  the  same  date.  In 
the  Tempesta  picture  the  Molossian  or  Great  Dane  type  predominates,  and 
with  it  a  lighter,  sharper  nosed  dog  which  more  resembles  the  French  mastin 
except  in  the  matter  of  ears.  The  dog  to  the  left  of  the  wolf  bears  a 
wonderful  resemblance  to  the  dog  Hogarth  painted  in  his  picture  of  the 
' '  Good  Samaritan. "  The  head  of  Hogarth's  dog  is  in  a  similar  position,  with 
the  mouth  shut.  It  has  a  similar  length  of  foreface,  equally  strong,  and  is 
cropped;  in  fact,  so  closely  does  Hogarth's  dog  resemble  this  one,  that  we 
must  either  conclude  that  in  Hogarth's  day,  about  1735,  there  was  a  dog  of 
similar  type  or  he  took  such  a  painting  as  this  of  Tempesta  as  representing  a 
dog  that  might  be  found  in  Palestine.  We  must  remember  that  Hogarth  was 
not  painting  an  English  scene,  and  it  is  quite  conjectural  as  to  the  dog  being 
English.  The  similarity  of  the  dogs  makes  it  unnecessary  to  give  the  Ho- 
garth picture. 


552  The  Dog  Book 

There  is  also  the  Vandyck  dog  in  the  picture  of  the  children  of  Charles 
I.  which  means  a  dog  of  about  1640.  This  is  the  "stock  cut"  illustration  re- 
ferred to  by  all  English  writers  as  the  absolute  proof  of  the  ancient  lineage  of 
the  mastiff.  Wynn  was  right,  however,  when  in  comparing  several  pictures 
of  this  dog,  first  by  Vandyck  and  by  Greenhill,  who  made  several  copies  of 
Vandyck's  picture  of  Killegrew  and  this  same  dog.  What  Wynn  says  is  that 
he  had  "some  doubt  of  its  being  really  an  English  mastiff,  thinking  it  very 
probable  to  have  been  an  importation,  having  too  much  of  the  boarhound 
character  about  it  for  mastiff  purity.  It  is  therefore  very  empirical  assum- 
ing this  dog  to  be  a  reliable  representation  of  the  type  of  the  English  mas- 
tiff of  that  date."  Of  course  Wynn  wanted  to  see  a  heavy-lipped,  short- 
faced  dog,  because  that  is  what  he  had  made  up  his  mind  was  what  the  mas- 
tiff always  had  been.  Mr.  Wynn  was  no  different  from  many  other  special- 
ist writers  whose  style  of  argument  and  conclusions  always  remind  us  of 
"The  Marchioness"  and  her  wine  of  orange  peel  and  water.  "If  you  make 
believe  very  much  it  is  very  nice,  but  if  you  don't,  you  know,  it  seems  as  if  it 
would  bear  a  little  more  seasoning."  We  want  a  whole  lot  of  seasoning  to 
bring  us  to  the  point  of  any  other  belief  than  that  the  mastiff  was  the  com- 
mon dog,  bred  anyhow,  and  not  recognised  as  a  fit  companion  for  the  higher 
classes. 

The  dog  which  apparently  better  represented  our  mastiff  at  the  time  of 
Gaston  de  Phoebus  was  what  he  calls  the  alanz  veautres.  The  Duke  of 
York's  translation,  given  in  modern  English,  is  as  follows:  "They  are  al- 
most shaped  as  a  greyhound  of  full  shape,  they  have  a  great  head,  great  lips 
and  great  ears,  and  with  such  men  help  themselves  well  at  the  baiting  of  the 
bull  and  at  hunting  of  the  wild  boar,  for  it  is  natural  to  them  to  hold  fast, 
but  they  are  so  heavy  and  ugly,  that  if  they  be  slain  by  the  wild  boar  it  is  no 
great  loss. "  "  Baiting  of  the  bull "  is  an  interpolation  of  the  Duke  of  York's. 
The  alaunt  of  the  butcher  was  also  used  in  wild-boar  hunting.  There  is  a  dog 
in  the  illustration  we  reproduce  from  "The  Master  of  Game,"  showing  the 
characteristics  of  the  alauntz  ventreres,  as  it  is  written  in  "  The  Master  of 
Game"  and  the  alaunts  of  the  superior  class  are  also  shown.  The  latter  are 
the  two  dogs  on  Gaston's  left,  the  white  one  and  the  muzzled  one.  The  dog 
in  the  foreground  to  the  right  is  the  one  we  take  to  be  the  alauntz  ventreres,  as 
it  is  the  only  dog  which  appears  to  fill  the  description  of  having  a  large  head, 
great  lips  and  great  ears,  a  description  which  naturally  suggests  our  mastiff — 
but  it  is  impossible  to  trace  any  connection  between  the  two.  If  Buffon  did 


THOR  H. 


SENTA 


CH.  PORTIA    MELAC 


BUTLER  AND  PRINCE 


EARL  OF  WURTEMBERG 


The  Mastiff  553 

not  so  distinctly  state  that  the  dog  to  which  he  gives  the  name  of  "dogue  de 
forte  race"  was  a  cross-bred  animal  between  the  dogue  (the  English  bulldog), 
and  the  largest  of  the  French  dogs  called  the  matin,  it  would  be  open  to  sur- 
mise that  it  was  the  lineal  descendant  of  the  alauntz  ventreres,  but  that  door 
is  closed  by  Buffon's  statement  and  by  his  declining  to  recognize  it  as  any- 
thing but  a  cross-bred  dog. 

Another  point  in  the  same  line  is  that  there  does  not  appear  to  be  any 
dog  illustrated  by  artists  of  the  seventeenth  century  which  bears  out  the  des- 
cription given  by  Gaston  de  Phoebus,  and  that  of  three  hundred  years  later 
by  Buffon.  It  might  be  held  that  the  variety  had  been  given  up  in  France 
and  survived  in  England,  but  the  evidence  as  to  the  mastiff  in  England  is 
quite  to  the  contrary,  and  if  there  had  been  any  dog  there  so  much  larger  than 
the  bulldog,  as  Buffon  describes  that  dog,  he  would  surely  have  been  aware 
of  it.  The  evidence  we  shall  present  regarding  the  dog  called  the  mastiff  be- 
fore and  up  to  1800  does  not  conclusively  show  any  great  dissimilarity  be- 
tween the  mastiff  and  the  bulldog  of  that  time.  We  mean  by  that  that  the 
dividing  line  was  not  specially  marked  by  a  great  dissimilarity  of  size  or  of 
type.  The  bulldogs  differed  in  size  and  the  mastiffs  also,  making  them 
closely  allied  when  it  came  to  the  larger  bulldog  and  the  smaller  mastiff. 
The  first  illustration  which  is  undoubtedly  that  of  a  mastiff  from  a  present- 
day  standpoint  is  the  Buffon  drawing,  and  that  was  not  a  dog  which  that 
authority  would  recognize  as  an  original  breed,  or  an  established  breed  as  we 
now  use  that  term.  Yet  it  was  sufficiently  numerous  in  France  to  find  a 
place  in  his  division  of  the  canine  race. 

When  the  name  of  mastiff  or  any  of  its  equivalents  was  used  in  England 
in  the  early  days  there  is  nothing  to  show  that  the  dogs  held  very  high  rank. 
Some  dogs  that  did  so  were  called  mastiffs,  that  we  admit,  but  these  were  in- 
dividual dogs  and  not  indicative  of  the  breed,  which  filled  many  useful  posi- 
tions, but  nearly  all  inferior  to  those  of  the  dogs  of  the  chase,  kept  by  English 
nobility.  Chaucer  knew  the  difference  between  the  alaunt  and  the  mastiff, 
and  describes  the  king  of  Trace  as  being  surrounded  by  the  former. 

"Aboute  his  char  ther  wenten  whyte  alaunts, 
Twenty  and  mo,  as  grete  as  any  steer, 
To  hunten  at  the  leoun  or  the  deer 
And  folwed  him,  with  mosel  faste  ybounde, 
Colers  of  gold,  and  torets  fyled  rounde." 


554  The  Dog  Book 

Certainly  if  mastiffs  had  been  the  master  dog,  they  would  have  been  the 
choice  of  the  nobility.  Hence  the  deductions  to  be  made  are  that  the  mas- 
tiffs were  inferior  in  size  to  the  alaunts,  as  well  as  in  breeding,  so  that  the  now 
accepted  definition  of  the  name  as  applying  to  a  cross-bred  or  mongrel  dog 
is  undoubtedly  correct. 

We  have  already  quoted  Caius  with  regard  to  mastiffs  of  his  day,  and 
shown  in  connection  with  the  smooth  sheep  dog  and  the  bulldog  that  they 
were  members  of  the  family  of  common  country  dog,  dogs  of  undoubted  cour- 
age, differing  in  size  and  adaptation  for  the  many  uses  to  which  they  were  put. 
The  section  of  the  family  which  we  are  now  discussing  was  the  largest,  and 
Caius  places  it  second  to  the  shepherd's  dog  in  the  family  group.  As  Caius 
tells  us  nothing  of  the  alauntes  and  describes  no  dog  that  at  all  resembles 
what  we  know  it  to  have  been,  we  may  assume  that  they  had  died  out,  but 
we  must  also  assume  that  their  blood  had  become  incorporated  in  that  of 
the  common  dog,  for  men  in  want  of  a  large  fighting  dog  would  naturally 
turn  to  this  dog  to  get  what  they  wanted. 

At  the  period  covered  by  Caius,  1550,  the  mastiff  was  undoubtedly  the 
largest  of  the  English  dogs,  or  at  least  some  of  them  were,  but  in  considering 
his  description  we  should  not  fail  to  note  that  he  had  a  habit  of  piling  up  his 
adjectives;  and  when  he  says  that  the  "mastyne  or  Bandogge  is  vaste, 
huge,  stubborne,  ougly,  and  eager,  of  a  heuy  and  burthenous  body"  it  is  not 
very  different  from  what  he  writes  with  regard  to  English  curiosity  regarding 
foreign  dogs,  "gasping  and  gaping,  staring  and  standing  to  see  them."  In 
another  place  he  says  of  the  mastiff  that  he  is  usually  tied  and  is  mighty, 
gross  and  fat-fed.  It  is  not  necessary  to  imagine  that  they  were  anything 
like  the  size  of  our  mastiffs.  Indeed,  from  illustrations  which  appeared 
during  the  next  hundred  years,  in  representations  of  attacks  on  bears,  they 
were  apparently  not  much  larger  than  a  setter.  Of  course  much  heavier  and 
stronger  but  no  taller.  Active,  powerful  dogs  with  square-shaped  heads. 

Men  who  breed  bull  terriers  for  the  pit  pay  no  attention  whatever  to 
colour  or  points,  breeding  only  from  dogs  of  proved  courage,  and  it  would 
be  ridiculous  to  imagine  that  Englishmen  of  four  or  five  hundred  years  ago 
adopted  any  other  course  in  breeding  for  a  dog  that  would  bait  the  bear  and 
the  bull.  We  can  see  the  result  of  this  system  of  breeding  in  the  colour  of  the 
mastiff  of  a  hundred  years  ago,  all  of  the  illustrations  of  that  period  showing 
more  or  less  white  about  the  head  and  body,  and  that  was  not  bred  out  even 
when  dog-shows  were  started. 


HANNIBAL  ^OF^RQSEIMLE,  at  16  months 
is  yfoff  JsL^pif'^lj*im^d  tblj)e  the  tallest  dog  in  Englan 
&sdiiMaickay 'Scott,  Erith  on  Thames 


CH.  LORD  RONALD  OF  REDGRAVE 

Property  of  Mr.  A.  Sparks,  Stroud  Green,  London 


PRINCE    FLORIZEL 
Property  of  Miss  E.  Mackay  Scott,  Erith  on  Thames 


HANNIBAL   OF   ROSKDALE 
Taken  when  one  month  of  age 


CHANCE   OF   ROSEDALE,  8  months 
Property  of  Miss  E.  Mackay  Scott,  Erith  on  Thames 


HATTO   BOMMELIA 

Property  of  Mr.  J  W.  Marsden,  Leeds 


PRESENT    DAY    DANES    IN    ENGLAND 


The  Mastiff  555 

It  is  probable  that  in  the  case  of  the  larger  mastiffs  which  were  kept  as 
watch-dogs,  and  were  bred  here  and  there  by  noblemen,  that  there  was  a 
far  more  definite  attempt  to  gain  size  and  establish  type,  and  to  this  we  owe 
the  development  of  the  dog  into  the  mastiff  of  1800.  There  is  no  reason  to 
doubt  that  at  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century  there  was  in  England  a  large 
square-headed  dog,  frequently  marked  with  white  and  varying  in  body  colour 
from  fawn  to  black,  with  brindles  of  various  shades.  But  the  name  mastiff 
ranged  down  to  dogs  of  large  bulldog  size;  in  fact,  the  line  of  division  be- 
tween them  was  more  that  of  use  than  anything  else.  At  the  head  of  the 
bulldog  chapter  will  be  seen  Bewick's  bulldog;  and  comparing  it  with  the 
mastiff  by  him,  it  will  be  seen  that  there  is  extremely  little  difference 
between  them. 

That  this  mastiff  of  Bewick's  was  typical  of  all  the  mastiffs  of  his  day 
is  quite  out  of  the  question;  but  that  it  was  accepted  as  an  excellent  illus- 
tration of  quite  a  number  of  mastiffs  is  undoubtedly  correct,  for  it  was  copied 
for  many  years  as  the  type,  and,  although  Mr.  Wynn  detected  some  of  the 
copies,  he  yet  did  not  notice  all  the  plagiarisms,  and  passed  some  that  owed 
their  origin  to  that  past-master  of  wood  engraving.  We  thought  we  had  se- 
cured a  great  find  when  we  picked  up  a  sheet  illustration,  evidently  from  some 
natural  history  book,  and  published  in  1800.  A  splendid  mastiff,  coloured 
very  dark  sepia,  almost  black,  with  white  markings,  and  a  close  inspection 
showed  ten  stripes  down  the  sides  at  wide  intervals.  When  we  got  it  home 
we  turned  to  the  Bewick  to  see  how  closely  they  resembled  each  other,  and 
found  it  was  a  copy  even  to  the  peculiarly  scolloped  edge  of  the  mark- 
ings; but  the  dog  being  drawn  to  face  the  left  made  it  at  first  appear  a  dif- 
ferent animal.  This  same  cut  was  used  in  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica 
(1792  edition)  and  will  be  found  doing  duty,  as  late  as  1858,  in  Jesse's  "An- 
ecdotes of  Dogs,"  where  it  is  claimed  as  the  work  of  W.  R.  Smith,  a  well- 
known  delineator  of  dogs.  It  is  our  old  friend  Bewick,  however,  unless 
there  were  many  mastiffs  with  identical  markings  on  the  flanks  and  hind- 
quarters. 

To  support  Bewick  we  have  a  good  mastiff  in  a  Reinagle  painting 
dating  from  1803.  This  dog  shows  a  great  deal  more  quality  and  breeding 
than  the  rather  common  though  well-proportioned  dog  of  Bewick.  From 
their  surroundings  both  of  these  dogs  were  watch  dogs,  and  came  of  that 
section  bred  for  size;  though  from  the  comparative  size  of  the  mastiff  in  the 
group  behind  the  Bewick  mastiff  it  does  not  appear  that  he  considered  it 


556  The  Dog  Book 

such  a  very  large  dog — there  is  nothing  immense  about  it.  Following 
closely  upon  the  heels  of  the  Bewick  productions  we  have  the  numerous 
etchings  by  Howitt;  and,  while  giving  due  credit  to  Bewick  for  what  he  ac- 
complished as  an  illustrator,  there  is  no  question  but  that  Howitt  far  sur- 
passed the  wood-engraver  in  his  ability  to  catch  the  spirit  of  his  dog.  Howitt 
seems  to  have  taken  cognisance  of  two  varieties  of  mastiff,  the  house  dog  and 
the  sporting  dog.  From  Bingley's  "Quadrupeds"  (1809)  we  give  Howitt's 
house  or  farm  mastiff.  Wynn  repudiated  this  representation  altogether, 
and  in  opposition  to  it  sent  us  for  publication  in  the  American  Kennel 
Register  a  sketch  which  he  made  of  a  church  grotesque  and  an  etching  of  a 
cropped  and  docked  dog  of  strong  boarhound  indications.  This  Howitt 
mastiff  and  Bewick's,  while  dissimilar,  are  yet  very  similar.  Both  are 
sizeable,  well  built  dogs,  indicating  great  strength,  each  skull  is  flat  and  of 
good  length;  good  strong  foreface,  and  this  mastiff  of  Howitt's  has  un- 
cropped  ears  much  smaller  than  those  of  the  Bewick  mastiff. 

Howitt  had  another  mastiff,  the  righting  or  baiting  dog,  and  he  made 
it  sufficiently  different  from  some  of  his  bulldogs  to  permit  of  making  a 
shrewd  guess  as  to  which  is  the  mastiff.  From  a  collection  of  about 
a  dozen  of  Howitt's  etchings  we  select  enough  to  make  a  page  of  illustra- 
tions showing  more  divergence  in  size,  perhaps,  than  in  type.  These 
baiting  mastiffs  are  all  cropped,  and  when  we  take  up  the  mastiffs  which 
date  from  1800  to  1830  it  will  be  found  that  quite  a  number  were 
cropped  and  docked.  It  should  be  said  that  he  also  etched  cropped  bull- 
dogs very  similar  to  his  mastiffs. 

Etchings  and  engravings  of  Alpine  mastiffs  are  by  no  means  uncom- 
mon and  we  give  one  that  was  drawn  by  Edwin  Landseer  and  etched  by  his 
brother  Thomas,  also  a  smooth  St.  Bernard  dog  from  Sir  William  Jardine's 
"Naturalist's  Library"  (1840),  this  smooth  being  a  dog  named  Bass  owned 
by  Sir  Thomas  Dick  Lauder  of  Edinburgh,  who  got  it  from  the  Hospice  in 
1837.  These  two  illustrations  are  given  in  connection  with  the  St.  Bernard 
chapter,  which  follows.  Wynn  draws  attention  to  this  picture  of  Bass,  and 
says  that  but  for  the  difference  in  colour  of  the  markings  it  was  exactly  like 
a  Spanish  mastiff  that  Bill  George  offered  him  for  twenty  pounds,  about  the 
year  1863.  George's  mastiff  was  black  about  the  head,  while  Bass  is  shown 
with  bright  tawney,  without  any  darker  shadings.  In  view  of  the  many 
references  about  to  be  made  to  Alpine  mastiffs  it  will  be  well  to  turn  to  the 
illustrations  referred  to,  and  to  note  the  type  of  these  dogs.  That  these  for- 


Courtesy  of  the  American  Ke 

SANDOR  VOM   INN 


•il-is  exce'lek't  dlav.:in^  'by 'Mr.  Muss  Amolt  was  made  when  the  dog  had  yet  to  fill  out.     The  dog  was  shown  by  the 
.itte  Charles  E.  Tilford,  and  later  by  the  Montebello  Kennels 


SIGNA 


The  Mastiff  557 

eign  dogs  and  also  what  were  called  boarhounds  were  taller  than  the  English 
dogs  seems  to  be  conceded  by  Wynn;  and  he  emphasises  time  and  again 
that  Thompson's  breeding  for  a  moderate-sized  dog  with  a  heavy  body  and 
short  head  was  correct,  and  that  Lukey's  ideas  of  size  were  wrong. 

Another  illustration  which  is  rather  a  shock  to  believers  in  the  "exclus- 
ively English"  of  the  mastiff  is  Buffon's  "dogue  de  forte  race. "  At  first  sight 
it  looks  like  our  friend  the  Bewick  mastiff  but  it  was  published  in  Paris  nearly 
fifty  years  before  the  Bewick  engraving.  Buffon  says  that  this  "dog  of  the 
strong  race ' '  was  a  cross  between  the  dogue  and  the  matin.  The  dogue  was 
the  bulldog,  and  he  mentions  it  as  the  dog  of  England  which  had  been  im- 
ported into  France.  But  he  says  that  it  did  not  thrive  there  well,  and  that 
the  cross  between  the  matin  and  the  imported  English  dogue  and  between  it 
and  the  petit  Danois,  which  respectively  were  the  "dog  of  the  strong  race" 
and  the  pug,  succeeded  better,  adding  that  the  "dog  of  the  strong  race"  was 
also  much  larger  than  the  dogue  of  England.  The  contribution  of  M. 
Daubenton  is  to  the  effect  that  the  "dog  of  the  strong  race"  much  resembled 
the  pure  dogue  but  was  much  larger  and  that  was  the  reason  for  its  name. 
This  increase  in  size  being  due  to  the  cross  with  the  matin  and  with  the  Great 
Dane.  It  was  of  the  same  proportions  as  the  doguey  but  was  longer  and 
larger  in  muzzle,  and  its  lips  were  thicker  and  more  pendulous. 

Thus  far  there  has  been  considerable  groping  along  a  very  indistinct 
path,  but  we  can  now  make  use  of  a  broad  thoroughfare  of  knowledge.  Mr. 
Wynn  was  a  man  of  indefatigable  research,  and  when  it  comes  to  facts  he 
could  obtain  first-hand  he  let  nothing  interfere  in  getting  them  from  the 
parent  source.  In  respect  to  the  record  of  what  he  names  the  re- 
suscitation of  the  mastiff  his  history  of  the  breed  is  invaluable,  but  we 
cannot  give  all  we  would  like  to  extract  from  it,  for  it  teems  with  historical 
facts  for  the  last  seventy  pages. 

The  extraordinary  thing,  which  he  clearly  proves,  although  he  does  not 
know  it,  is  that  we  owe  our  mastiff  to  a  few  obscurely  picked  up  dogs  of  un- 
known origin  and  from  others  that  were  either  half-bred  Great  Danes  or  dogs 
known  as  Alpine  mastiffs,  that  being  the  name  for  the  St.  Bernard  about 
1820,  though  Captain  Brown  called  it  the  Alpine  spaniel.  If  the  dogs  Mr. 
Wynn  found  out  anything  about  were  Alpine  mastiffs  or  half-bred-Danes, 
what  are  we  to  suppose  that  the  strays  and  stolen  dogs  were  ?  Are  we  to  accept 
them  as  all  absolutely  bred  from  old  stock  for  type  and  character,  or  are  we 
to  say:  "If  these  dogs  that  are  traceable  either  from  knowledge  of  breeding 


SS8 


The  Dog  Book 


or  from  appearance  were  not  mastiffs  at  all,  we  can  only  believe  the  same  of. 
such  dogs  as  were  entirely  unknown  so  far  as  breeding  was  concerned,  and 
were  only  tolerably  good-looking  dogs." 

Perhaps  the  best  way  we  can  elucidate  the  slim  foundation  there  is  for 
the  claim  that  the  British  mastiff  is  the  outgrowth  of  the  old  dog  that  went 
by  that  name  in  the  first  books  appertaining  to  dogs,  or  even  the  mastiff  of 
Bewick  and  Howitt,  is  to  copy  the  pedigree  of  Wallace's  Turk  as  it  is  given 
in  the  first  volume  of  the  English  studbook,  and  to  tell  what  is  known  of  the 
terminals.  In  this  pedigree  is  embodied  all  traced  connections  with  the 
past,  and  it  may  be  said  that  the  ancestors  of  dogs  from  1870  to  date  are 
almost  invariably  to  be  found  in  this  pedigree. 


PBDIGRBX  OP  Miss  AGLIONBY'S  TURK,  BORN  1867. 
TURK. 


r*td'»  Rio*. 

MUkAfUonbySUa^ 

irA'A 

Rufl-, 

ruu'sfMt 

Ktcoof»  Q««JM». 

Kichol.  Venu* 

Governor. 

Horn's) 

Jenny. 

Cs»«'«y  »  Quaker.  GarretVs  or 
(Seo  beJaw.)     Cuppy'»  N«II 
(Sea  pert,  of  Raymond'*? 
Prince)          Cu 
«' 

Raymond's.             Raymond's) 
Prinm.                   Ouches*. 

fiir.C.  Domville'*   Duches* 
Oscai. 

"Son.* 

Lukl/s 

Cbuntes* 

nicy's      Garrett'j    George's 
aket        N.U.         Leo. 

Aatdeir*      Jju 
Lao. 

Gamier's.      •Lukey's         Lukey's  Ducfies*  Tnompson'*       Thompsoh's         Lord  Darnleyk 

Eve.  Bmce  IL,    (Sijt«,  to  Thompson**  SaUdin.  DucheM. 


|>W*          L>ik'e/» 
uc*L  JTeZ 


Akroyd's    Thompson**    SifG.  A 
Dan,  Venus. 

I 


Lukey't  B«ti 


(This  is  the  pedigree  from  "The 
Book  of  the  Dog,"  and  differs  slightly 
from  that  of  the  Stud  Book,  the  only 
thing  of  any  consequence,  however,  is 
the  ommission  of  the  dam  of  Lukey's 
Bell  which  the  Stud  Book  gives  as 
Lukey's  Countess. 


J,ulccy'»      Lukey's    Lukey's    Thompson's  Thompson^    Lion. 
UruceL        NeiL         Nero.           Bruce.  Bess. 

I  I  I  I  I 

I 1 


Juno  was  a  bitch  owned  by  Mr.  Edward  Nichols  of  London,  who  seems 
to  have  picked  up  dogs  without  pedigree  to  a  great  extent.  When  we  visited 
his  kennel  at  Knightsbridge  in  1877,  when  he  had  several  winning  dogs,  we 
found  the  run  of  his  kennel  was  towards  decidedly  weak-faced  dogs  com- 
pared with  what  we  should  now  call  good  mastiffs.  If  Juno  had  had  any 


H  •= 

—     '~ 


u  ,_ 


o  | 
o  I 

8  * 
5  = 
o  g 

1 1 


The  Mastiff  559 

pedigree  he  would  undoubtedly  have  given  it.  Ansdell's  Leo  was  a  reputed 
Lyme  Hall  dog.  The  Lyme  Hall  strain  was  undoubtedly  of  alaunt  descent, 
and  it  was  claimed  that  the  original  of  the  strain  was  a  bitch  which  defended 
Sir  Peers  Leigh  when  he  lay  wounded  on  the  battlefield  of  Agincourt,  Oc- 
tober 25,  1415.  Sir  Peers  was  removed  to  Paris,  where  he  died,  and  there 
the  bitch  had  whelps  which  must  have  been  from  a  foreign  service.  The 
body  of  the  knight  was  brought  to  Lyme  Hall,  Stockport,  for  burial,  and  the 
bitch  and  puppies  were  brought  to  the  hall  at  the  same  time  and  are  said  to 
have  founded  the  Lyme  Hall  strain.  Such  of  the  Lyme  Hall  strain  as  we 
have  seen  lacked  very  much  the  short  face  of  the  mastiff,  and  were  light  in 
body,  being  altogether  too  much  of  the  Dane  in  type. 

Nothing  is  known  of  the  dam  of  Raymond's  Duchess  nor  of  George's 
Leo.  Bill  George  was  a  dealer  living  at  Kensal  New  Town,  on  the  road  from 
Paddington  to  Harrow,  and  at  that  time  dealt  largely  in  mastiffs  and  bull- 
dogs. He  had  a  prominent  dog  named  Tiger  (always  named  as  Bill  George's 
Tiger)  which  he  got  as  a  present  from  Mr.  J.  W.  Thompson,  to  whom  we 
shall  shortly  refer.  Tiger  was  a  particularly  good-headed  dog,  but  de- 
fective in  legs  and  hindquarters  owing  to  an  accident  as  a  puppy. 

The  next  line,  Garrett's  Nell,  is  also  short,  and  this  brings  us  to  the  first 
extended  pedigree,  that  of  Cautley's  Quaker,  not  Cantley's  as  it  is  spelled 
all  through  the  studbook.  Cautley's  Quaker  runs  out  to  terminals  owned 
by  Lukey  and  Thompson,  and  we  will  take  them  in  that  order,  although 
Thompson  was  the  older  breeder. 

Mr.  Lukey  began  his  breeding  as  follows:  He  saw  a  large  black  mastiff 
in  Hyde  Park,  in  charge  of  a  footman,  and  on  inquiry  found  it  was  the  prop- 
erty of  the  Marquis  of  Hertford.  He  called  on  that  nobleman  and  received 
permission  to  breed  to  the  dog  provided  the  marquis  was  satisfied  with  the 
bitch.  Mr.  Lukey  thereupon  commissioned  George  White,  a  dealer,  to  get 
him  the  best  mastiff  bitch  he  could  put  his  hands  on.  He  got  a  cropped  and 
docked  brindle  bitch,  which  Wynn  states  was  one  of  an  Alpine  mastiff  line. 
Lukey  wrote  some  time  afterward  that  it  was  of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire's 
Chatsworth  strain,  and  Wynn  says  that  they  were  Alpines.  Pluto  was  un- 
doubtedly in  whole  or  in  part  Thibet  mastiff.  He  was  black  and  in  his  des- 
cendants the  coats  would  at  times  come  rough  and  black.  He  was  not  Eng- 
lish anyway,  nor  was  the  cropped  bitch,  Countess  by  name.  Now  those  two 
were  the  starters  of  the  Lukey  strain  and  from  this  union  came  two  bitch 
puppies,  one  of  which  was  named  Yarrow;  the  other  died. 


560  The  Dog  Book 

Yarrow  was  bred  to  Couchez,  a  dog  brought  from  Italy,  and  reputed 
to  be  Alpine.  He  was  a  dark  brindle  with  black  head  and  a  narrow  blaze, 
and  had  the  reputation  of  being  unbeatable  as  a  righting  dog.  He  was  31 
inches  at  the  shoulders  (probably  taped  to  the  withers)  and  weighed  130 
pounds.  From  Couchez  came  Lukey's  Bruce  I.  Yarrow  was  also  bred  to 
a  pedigreeless  brindle  dog  of  George  White's,  and  from  that  mating  came 
Lukey's  Nell.  The  rest  of  Lukey's  stock  he  got  from  Thompson,  but  be- 
fore moving  on  to  his  strain  we  ask  what  foundation  there  is  for  considering 
Lukey's  dogs  English  mastiffs  ?  Yet  Stonehenge  always  wrote  that  it  was 
to  Mr.  Lukey's  the  breeders  of  1870  owed  the  English  mastiff. 

The  first  Thompson  connected  with  the  breed  was  Commissioner 
Thompson  of  St.  Ann's,  near  Halifax,  who  about  1800  had  three  bitches; 
a  black  named  Sail,  27  inches  tall,  and  a  black  and  white  named  Trusty, 
from  which  came  a  dog  called  Lion  (sent  to  Nostal  Priory)  to  which  we 
shall  refer  a  little  later.  Another  of  his  bitches  was  named  Rose,  a  fawn  and 
white  standing  27  inches,  according  to  old  timers  who  described  her  to  Mr. 
Wynn.  Mating  Rose  to  Robinson's  Bold,  a  fawn  dog,  of  the  Bold  Hall 
strain,  he  got  Holdsworth's  Lion. 

Another  old  breeder  of  mastiffs  for  use  by  keepers  was  John  Crabtree,  who, 
while  making  his  rounds  as  gamekeeper,  found  a  long  and  low  brindle  mas- 
tiff bitch  in  a  trap.  The  presumption  is  she  came  from  Lancashire,  and 
Crabtree  always  said  she  had  bulldog  blood  in  her.  He  named  her  Duchess 
and  bred  her  to  Holdsworth's  Lion.  A  bitch  puppy  of  hers  he  gave  to  a 
Mrs.  Brewer  and  he  afterwards  bred  this  puppy,  Bet,  to  a  dog  that  is  some- 
what frequently  named  in  old  pedigrees  Waterton's  Tiger,  owned  by  Water- 
ton  the  naturalist.  This  dog  came  from  Ireland  and  was  a  cropped  and 
short-tailed  red-fawn  Great  Dane,  said  to  have  been  34  inches  at  the  shoul- 
der. One  of  the  bitches  from  this  litter  was  Mrs.  Scott's  Tiny,  which  was 
bred  to  Gibson's  Nero,  a  brother  to  Mrs.  Brewer's  Bet;  and  John  Crabtree 
kept  one  of  the  dog  puppies  which  afterwards  became  known  as  Sir  George 
Armitage's  Old  Tiger  (he  afterwards  had  another  Tiger — see  tabulated  ped- 
igree of  Turk).  Another  of  this  Waterton's  Tiger  litter  was  a  bitch  called 
Venus  which  was  owned  by  Henry  Crabtree,  brother  of  John,  and  she  was 
bred  to  the  Nostal  Priory  dog,  Lion,  out  of  Commissioner  Thompson's 
Trusty.  From  this  mating  came  Sir  George  Armitage's  Duchess,  also 
called  Venus,  who  was  bred  to  his  Old  Tiger,  and  one  of  her  puppies,  named 
Dorah  was  the  prime  factor  in  forming  the  J.  W.  Thompson  strain,  he  getting 


The  Mastiff  561 

her  from  Crabtree  about   1830.      In  tabulated  form  the  pedigree  is  as 
follows : 


Robinson's  Bold 


[Nero  

!  Hold  (worth's  Lion  .  .  . 

/     Rne» 

'Sir  G.  Armitages      „ 
Old  Tiger 

Tiny  .  . 

Duchess 
(  Waterton's   Tiger 

v.  KOSC 

(Bet  

(  Holds  worth's 

Lion 

Dorah  x 
(1826) 

(  Duchess 

Sir  G.  Armitage's 
Duchess  or  Venus 

{Nostal  Priory  Lion.  .  . 
Crabtree  's   Venui  .  .  . 

Trusty 
J  Waterton's  Tiger 
Bet  .. 

(  Holds-worth's 

Lion 

(  Duchess 

The  inbreeding  in  this  pedigree  is  very  noticeable,  and  also  that  in  the 
third  generation  there  are  two  crosses  of  the  Great  Dane,  Waterton's  Tiger. 

Mr.  J.W.Thompson  had  previously  got  a  bitch  from  Bill  George,  which 
was  named  Juno  and  was  a  rough-coated  brindle.  She  was  bred  to  a  dog 
called  Fenton's  Tiger,  of  which  nothing  is  known.  Dorah  was  also  bred  to 
this  same  Tiger,  who  according  to  Mr.  Thompson  was  one  of  the  largest 
mastiffs  he  ever  saw,  and  was  very  good  in  coat.  From  the  second  mating 
came  the  Athrington  Hall  Lion,  and  to  this  dog  Mr.  Thompson  bred  a  bitch 
he  had  bought  from  a  gentleman  in  Surrey.  Her  name  was  Cymba,  and  she 
was  a  smooth  fawn  of  26  inches  height.  One  of  the  results  from  this  mating 
was  a  bitch  known  as  Thornton's  Juno.  Dorah  was  also  mated  with  a  dog 
of  Sir  E.  Willmott's  called  Lion.  His  pedigree  is  unknown,  but  some  one 
was  authority  for  the  statement  that  he  was  "the  finest  mastiff  he  had  ever 
seen."  There  is  some  doubt  as  to  the  Bess  from  the  litter.  In  the  Turk 
pedigree  Bess  is  put  down  as  the  dam  of  Dr.  Ellis's  Lion,  whereas  Wynn 
says  Bess  went  to  John  Crabtree  as  a  puppy,  and  he  says  that  this  Lion  was 
out  of  Thompson's  Juno.  It  is  not  a  material  point,  as  all  we  desire  to  show 
is  where  the  "back  numbers"  came  from.  Now  that  was  J.  W.  Thomp- 
son's start.  One  bitch,  one  quarter  Great  Dane,  bred  to  dogs  not  one  of  which 
had  a  known  pedigree.  When  he  had  got  thus  far  in  his  breeding,  he  began 
to  get  stock  from  Lukey  and  we  know  what  that  was.  There  does  not  seem 
to  be  any  doubt,  however,  that  Mr.  Thompson  had  type  in  his  mind  other 
than  mere  size,  such  as  Mr.  Lukey  went  in  for  more  strongly.  Thompson's 
ideal  was  a  heavy  dog  of  medium  size,  and  if  he  got  his  type  he  seemed  per- 
fectly willing  to  consider  dogs  of  27  inches  tall  enough. 


562  The  Dog  Book 

We  now  come  to  lines  outside  of  Lukey  and  Thompson.  Ackroyd's 
Dan  was  partly  bulldog,  and  was  kept  at  Trentham,  the  Duke  of  Suther- 
land's estate.  He  was  a  big-headed  dog  and  was  considered  useful  in 
giving  heads.  Garret's  or  Guppy's  Nell  was  out  of  Lord  Darnley's 
Nell  of  unknown  pedigree  and  this  takes  us  to  Captain  Gamier 's  Adam 
and  Eve.  We  are  told  by  Captain  Gamier  himself  that  he  got  them  from 
Bill  George,  and  that  Adam  was  said  to  be  a  Lyme  Hall.  Captain  Gamier 
says  he  always  suspected  him  of  being  part  boarhound,  as  they  then  called 
the  Danes.  Eve  was  got  by  George  from  a  Leadenhall  Market  dealer,  and 
she  was  certainly  a  good  bitch  by  all  accounts;  good  in  type,  according  to 
ideals  of  that  day,  and  stood  29  inches.  Captain  Gamier  took  them  with 
him  to  America,  and  when  he  returned  the  only  mastiff  he  had  was  one  of 
their  puppies  named  Lion.  Wynn  several  times  slurs  at  this  dog  Lion  as  if 
it  had  been  picked  up  in  America,  but  Wynn  was  all  for  Thompson  and  even 
went  the  length  of  saying  that  he  was  the  man  who  produced  Cautley's  Qua- 
ker. He  certainly  bred  him,  but  how  ?  The  sire  was  by  the  big-headed 
Ackroyd's  Dan  out  of  a  bitch  which  Thompson  got  from  Lukey,  so  there  was 
no  Thompson  breeding  on  that  side.  The  dam  was  out  of  a  bitch  he  got 
from  Lukey  and  by  Sir  G.  Armitage's  Tiger,  a  dog  that  was  three-fourths 
his  breeding.  That  is  the  way  Wynn  is  misleading.  He  is  a  very  sound 
man  as  to  any  facts  he  could  find  out  by  persistent  effort  but  when  it  came 
to  opinions  he  would  twist  to  suit  his  views,  so  that  one  must  form  his  own 
conclusions  on  Wynn's  facts. 

It  will  be  seen  what  very  slight  support  there  is  for  the  claim  that  the 
mastiff  is  descended  in  all  its  purity  from  a  magnificent  lot  of  dogs  of  the 
highest  breeding  for  many  generations  and  through  several  centuries. 
The  patent  facts  are  that  from  a  number  of  dogs  of  various  types  of  English 
watch-dogs  and  baiting  dogs,  running  from  26  inches  to  29  or  perhaps  30 
inches  in  height,  crossed  with  continental  dogs  of  Great  Dane  and  of  old 
fashioned  St.  Bernard  type,  the  mastiff  has  been  elevated  through  the  efforts 
of  English  breeders  to  the  dog  he  became  about  twenty  years  ago.  It  was  a 
creditable  piece  of  work  to  accomplish  all  in  the  short  space  of  forty  years,  or 
at  most  fifty  years,  for  Lukey  began  in  1835  and  Thompson  in  1832;  and 
such  dogs  as  The  Emperor,  The  Shah,  Rajah,  Colonel  and  Salisbury  were 
shown  before  1880  and  were  all  of  high  type,  strides  in  advance  of  the  pro- 
duction of  ten  years  before,  notwithstanding  the  talk  of  old  timers  about 
dogs  of  their  youth.  Still  greater  improvement  quickly  followed  in  the 


ffl* 


c 


The  Mastiff  563 

Crown  Prince  era,  culminating  in  the  production  of  that  grand  dog  Minting, 
which  came  to  this  country  before  the  Englishmen  realized  what  they  were 
losing. 

By  way  of  demonstrating  the  improvement  in  mastiffs  during  the  show 
period  and  up  to  1885  we  give  reproductions  of  some  heads  which  were  illus- 
trated in  the  American  Kennel  Register  in  November,  1885.  The  head  of 
King  was  then  incorrectly  stated  to  be  that  of  Governor,  the  correction  com- 
ing from  Mr.  Wynn,  who  also  advised  us  that  the  head  of  Duchess  was  not 
that  of  Hanbury's  Duchess  as  we  had  been  led  to  believe.  We  certainly  did 
not  invent  the  name,  and  it  was  probably  an  error  on  the  part  of  some  person 
who  wrote  the  name  on  the  photograph.  In  all  likelihood  we  got  the  photo- 
graphs from  Mr.  William  Wade,  of  Pittsburg,  a  gentleman  who  took  a  deep 
interest  in  mastiffs  and  knew  more  regarding  the  breed  than  any  person  in 
this  country  and  who  could  only  have  been  excelled  by  Mr.  Wynn,  owing  to 
the  latter's  personal  knowledge  of  dogs  of  his  day. 

Mr.  Wynn  also  wrote  that  he  thought  the  head  of  Turk  did  not  do  the 
dog  justice  and  sent  a  small  photographic  reproduction  from  Webb's  book 
on  dogs;  but  while  Webb's  likeness  shows  a  somewhat  flatter  skull,  the 
Kennel  Register  picture  shows  more  filling-up  of  muzzle  before  the  eyes. 
There  were  a  number  of  Duchesses,  and  which  this  one  was  which  we  then 
reproduced  Wynn  could  not  say  and  of  course  we  could  not.  He  sent  a 
drawing  of  Hanbury's  Duchess  which  was  a  copy  of  an  illustration  made  by 
Harrison  Weir  in  1862,  which  shows  a  far  shorter  and  thicker  head,  and 
Mr.  Weir  was  then  considered  the  best  illustrator  of  dogs. 

How  Mr.  Wynn  was  able  to  accept  that  illustration  as  representing  a 
mastiff,  which  he  states  in  his  book  weighed  only  102  pounds  at  15  months, 
we  are  at  a  loss  to  imagine;  for  the  Weir  drawing,  as  he  copied  it,  seemingly 
by  a  tracing,  represents  what  looks  like  one  of  at  least  140  pounds  and  might 
be  more. 

In  the  same  letter  Mr.  Wynn  sent  us  a  photograph  of  the  Russian  mas- 
tiff he  mentions  on  page  22  of  his  book,  with  this  description:  "He  was  a 
low-standing  animal,  being  not  more  than  29  inches  at  the  shoulder  with 
round  barrel,  short  stout  limbs,  and  one  of  the  most  typical  mastiff  heads  I 
have  ever  seen;  eyes  remarkably  small,  and  grey  in  colour;  the  muzzle 
short,  blunt  and  very  deep;  lips  extremely  pendulous;  ears  very  small; 
coat  short,  very  dense  and  somewhat  woolly;  colour  a  deep  red  chestnut, 
with  blue  or  slate  coloured  points  and  a  white  streak  up  the  face,  white  on 


564  The  Dog  Book 

breast  and  paws;  stern  somewhat  thick  and  brush-like.  He  had  a  split 
nose,  and  the  skin,  instead  of  being  black,  was  a  bluish  colour.  That  this 
was  a  true  mastiff  colour  I  was  aware  from  having  seen  an  English  mastiff 
bitch  of  exactly  the  same  colour  and  markings  at  Lord  Stanley's  of  Alderley." 
How  Mr.  Wynn  could  conclude  that  was  a  true  mastiff  colour  from  seeing 
but  one  specimen  is  rather  strange.  The  natural  conclusion  would  have 
been  that  she  had  some  foreign  ancestry. 

Another  curiosity  with  this  same  letter  was  a  blueprint  of  a  sketch  from 
the  picture  of  Lord  Waldegrave's  Couchez,  taken,  as  he  says  on  page  164  of 
his  book,  from  a  drawing  made  from  an  old  oil  painting,  and  it  is  surprising 
that  Mr.  Wynn  did  not  notice  the  marked  resemblance  it  bore  to  the  Reinagle 
mastiff. 

We  have  shown  very  clearly,  we  think,  that  the  mastiff  of  1885  was  a 
very  different  animal  in  the  accentuation  of  head  type  from  the  early  show 
dogs,  and  that  the  latter  were  considered  remarkable  can  be  shown  by  the 
fact  that  Turk  was  sold  for  $2,500.  In  the  Elaine  and  Pontiff  period  there 
were  a  memorable  number  of  mastiffs  in  England.  In  fact,  it  was  the  high- 
water  mark  of  the  breed,  for  there  never  was  a  time  when  there  were  so  many 
high-class  dogs  on  the  English  show  benches.  We  cannot  give  the  space 
that  really  should  be  devoted  to  even  a  mention  by  names,  and  will  content 
ourselves  with  a  reference  to  Crown  Prince  whose  career  was  phenomenal. 
The  photograph  of  Crown  Prince  which  we  reproduce  is  unique  as  being  so 
far  as  we  know  the  only  one  ever  published  of  this  historical  dog.  It  was 
undoubtedly  taken  when  he  was  past  his  prime,  and  likely  about  the 
time  we  saw  him,  December,  1883.  He  was  then  a  physical  wreck  and  Dr. 
Forbes  Winslow  only  permitted  us  to  see  him  because  we  were  from  America. 
The  dog  tottered  out  and  as  he  turned  his  head  towards  us  our  companion 
turned  with  a  shudder  and  the  exclamation  "  Oh,  what  horrible  eyes.  ''' 
Crown  Prince's  eyes  were  a  very  decided  yellow  and  were  anything  but 
pleasing  in  expression,  being  then  sunk  in  his  head.  He  also  had  a  flesh- 
coloured  nose.  Yet  such  was  the  craze  for  the  short,  square  head  at  that 
time  that  he  had  an  almost  unbeaten  record,  and  his  progeny  were 
also  very  successful;  for  of  course  he  was  bred  from  very  largely.  His 
pedigree  was  recorded  as  by  Young  Prince  out  of  Merlin,  but  there 
is  not  the  shadow  of  a  doubt  that  The  Emperor,  kept  at  the  same 
kennel  as  Young  Prince,  was  the  dog  that  sired  Crown  Prince. 
The  Emperor  was  by  The  Shah,  a  very  successful  dog,  but  long  in 


The  Mastiff  565 

face  and  with  a  peaked  skull,  but  a  grand-bodied  dog  and  one  we  knew 
well. 

Our  first  acquaintance  with  mastiffs  in  America  was  in  connection  with 
the  New  York  show  of  1880  when  Turk  won  in  dogs  and  Rab  in  the  open 
bitch  class.  Turk  was  a  good-bodied  dog,  but  poor  in  head  and  expression. 
He  was  bred  from  a  pair  that  Mr.  Delafield  Smith  got  from  Bill  George, 
and  there  was  no  pedigree  with  them.  Leah  was  a  pedigreeless  bitch  of 
which  we  have  no  memorandum  in  our  catalogue.  She  turned  up  in  the 
champion  class  next  year  as  "imported."  Boston  was  quite  strong  in  mas- 
tiffs even  before  that  date;  and  at  the  Boston  show  of  1878,  21  mastiffs  were 
entered  in  the  one  class.  We  have  no  record  of  the  awards,  but  probably  a 
dog  called  Austin's  Jack  was  pretty  high  on  the  list  as  he  was  bred  to  con- 
siderably in  that  neighbourhood.  He  was  by  Kelley's  imported  Dash,  out 
of  Austin's  Juno,  also  imported.  Austin's  Jack  was  the  sire  of  a  little  dog 
called  Grim,  just  fair  in  head  for  that  time,  owned  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Fraleigh  of 
New  York.  In  1881  at  New  York  this  Grim  won  from  Gurth,  a  big  coarse 
dog,  straight  behind,  and  in  third  place  came  Salisbury,  Mr.  C.  H.  Mason's 
big  English  winner.  Salisbury  was  worth  more  than  all  the  rest  of  the  mas- 
tiffs at  the  show.  It  was  generally  understood  that  the  judge  explained  his 
decision  by  saying  he  had  never  seen  such  a  dog  before.  Grim  should  have 
been  third,  behind  Salisbury  and  Gurth.  Creole,  even  more  pronounced  in 
type  than  Salisbury,  took  the  bitch  prize,  showing  that  the  judge  was  an  apt 
pupil.  In  1882  we  judged  mastiffs  at  New  York  and  put  Gurth  over  Grim 
in  the  champion  class.  In  the  absence  of  a  marked  catalogue  we  presume 
that  an  imported  son  of  Alston's  Colonel,  named  Zulu,  won  in  the  open  dog 
class.  Some  good  puppies  came  from  this  dog. 

Mr.  J.  W.  Alsop  of  Middletown,  Conn.,  was  the  leading  importer  at 
that  time  and  got  over  some  well-bred  stock,  including  the  Rajah  bitch 
Boadicea.  Mr.  Charles  E.  Wallack  was  another  who  took  great  interest  in 
the  breed  and  was  quite  prominent  as  a  breeder  for  a  year  or  two.  Interest 
in  mastiffs  grew  rapidly,  and  when  we  again  had  the  duty  of  judging  at  New 
York,  the  following  year,  there  was  great  improvement  in  all  the  classes. 
Nevison,  a  dog  brought  over  by  the  late  William  Graham  of  Belfast,  had 
won  at  Pittsburg  and  thus  got  into  the  champion  class  at  New  York,  where 
he  won.  Creole,  a  complete  wreck,  was  beaten  by  a  far  inferior  mastiff, 
Lioness,  owned  by  W.  H.  Lee  of  Boston  who  also  had  a  Turk,  by  Rajah  out 
of  Brenda.  Turk  was  one  of  the  popular  names  at  that  time  and  it  is  now 


566  The  Dog  Book 

very  difficult  to  distinguish  one  from  the  other.  This  Turk  was  the 
best-bred  dog  of  all  of  that  name. 

The  New  York  catalogue  of  1883  shows  a  number  of  well-bred  im- 
portations among  the  mastiff  entries.  Stevenson's  Cato,  third  in  open  dogs, 
was  by  Crown  Prince,  and  his  Queen  II.,  also  in  third  place,  was  by  The 
Emperor  out  of  Hanbury's  Queen.  The  Scarborough  Kennels  had  a  litter 
sister  to  Crown  Prince  in  Dolly  Varden,  which  afterwards  went  to  the  Ash- 
mont  Kennels  of  Dr.  Frank  H.  Perry.  In  the  puppy  class  were  a  nice  pair  by 
Stevenson's  Cato  out  of  his  Queen  II.,  named  Homer  and  Dido  II.  that 
promised  well,  but  at  four  months  old  it  was  hard  to  place  them.  Dido  II. 
was,  however,  given  third  ribbon.  She  took  third  two  years  later  at  New 
York,  Hugh  Dalziel  judging,  and  Homer  was  second  in  his  class.  There 
was  a  lack  of  size  about  both  of  these  but  they  were  the  best  thing  in 
American-breds  for  many  years. 

The  Ashmont  Kennels  took  up  the  breed  in  1884,  the  best  of  the  early 
purchases  being  Dolly  Varden,  and  by  judicious  selections  Dr.  Perry  got 
together  an  excellent  kennel,  mainly  of  bitches  at  first.  He  then  purchased 
a  dog  called  Hero  II.  that  we  had  picked  up  in  a  New  York  dealer's  store 
and  which  turned  out  to  be  Mr.  R.  Exley's,  formerly  of  Bradford,  but  later 
a  resident  of  Philadelphia  and  then  of  Providence.  Hero  II.  was  by  Salis- 
bury out  of  Venus  by  Green's  Monarch,  and  had  won  second  in  the  puppy 
class  at  the  Crystal  Palace.  He  was  a  tall  well-built  dog,  somewhat  plain 
in  face.  We  sold  him  to  Mr.  John  Burgess,  the  collie  exhibitor,  and  when 
Dr.  Perry  wanted  a  stud  dog  we  suggested  Hero  II.,  telling  him  he  could  win, 
which  he  did  at  New  Haven  immediately  afterward;  and  Dr.  Perry  then 
bought  him  and  won  wherever  he  showed  him  for  two  years.  He  was, 
however,  beaten  for  the  breed  special  at  New  York  in  1885  by  Mr.  Steven- 
son's or  the  Winlawn  Kennels'  Moses.  The  latter  was  an  uncommonly 
good  dog,  but  we  are  very  sure  he  died  soon  after  the  show  as  we  cannot 
find  anything  further  about  him,  and  no  puppies  of  his  appeared  the  follow- 
ing year,  the  kennel  depending  upon  Homer  as  its  best  show  dog.  Mr. 
Stevenson  was  also  strong  in  bitches,  having  among  others  two  good  daugh- 
ters of  Crown  Prince  in  Russian  Princess  and  Rosalind,  with  which  he  won 
innumerable  prizes,  including  many  specials  for  the  best  mastiff  at  a  number 
of  shows. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Moore  of  Melrose,  Mass.,  who  had  been  showing  St.  Ber- 
nards, now  took  up  mastiffs  and  imported  Ilford  Caution,  a  son  of  Crown 


BEWICK'S    MASTIFF,  1790 


DOGUE  DE  FORTE  RACE 
From  Buff  on 's  "Histoire  Naturelle,"  1750 


REINAGLF/S    MASTIFF 

From  the  "Sportsman's  Cabinet,"  1805 


The  Mastiff  567 

Prince,  bred  by  Mr.  R.  Cook,  the  secretary  of  the  Mastiff  Club  .of  England. 
Mr.  Cook  had  much  to  do  with  the  sending  of  good  dogs  to  us  at  that  time, 
all  the  Ilfords  coming  from  his  kennel,  including  the  brindle  Ilford  Crom- 
well which  was  a  strong  addition  to  the  Ashmont  Kennels.  Mr.  Winchell, 
of  Fair  Haven,  who  afterwards  became  prominent  in  bloodhounds,  began 
a  successful  career  in  mastiffs  with  the  progeny  of  Monmouth  Meg  and  Zulu, 
from  which  he  showed  Boss  and  Bess  at  New  York  in  1876.  At  the  same 
show  Mr.  Reginald  J.  Aston  showed  some  mastiffs  sent  up  from  Florida: 
Baby,  Ilford  Cambria  and  Maidstone  Nellie.  His  return  to  England  caused 
his  early  retirement. 

Much  of  the  interest  in  mastiffs  at  this  time  was  due  to  the  untiring 
efforts  of  Mr.  William  Wade  of  Pittsburg,  who  never  let  an  opportunity  pass 
for  booming  the  breed,  and  of  all  the  large  breeds  the  mastiff  was  then 
the  most  popular.  At  the  New  York  show  of  1888  the  entry  was  three 
dogs  in  the  champion  class  and  an  equal  number  of  bitches  in  their 
class;  while  in  open  dogs  there  were  19,  in  open  bitches  14,  and  in  pup- 
pies 6,  a  total  of  45.  How  the  mighty  have  fallen!  when  at  New  York  in 
1905  not  a  single  mastiff  was  entered.  The  Ashmont  Kennels  had  by  this 
time  ceased  to  exist,  Dr.  Perry  having  sold  his  dogs  to  Mr.  A.  Gerald  Hull 
of  Saratoga.  Among  them  was  a  bitch  named  Bal  Gal,  about  which  there 
is  a  little  history.  At  the  time  Dr.  Forbes  Winslow  sold  out  his  kennels, 
which  was  a  few  days  after  we  saw  Crown  Prince  as  already  mentioned,  he 
owned  Bal  Gal  and  she  was  one  of  the  early  lots  for  disposal.  Mr.  Graham 
found  it  convenient  to  make  a  trip  from  Belfast  to  London  to  see  what  was 
sold  at  what  he  used  to  call  butcher's  price,  and  on  looking  over  the  kennels 
saw  some  excellent  puppies  out  of  Bal  Gal;  so  he  concluded  that  the  dam 
was  worth  purchasing.  He  got  her  for  £S  and  later  on  the  puppies  fetched 
extravagant  prices.  Graham  then  sold  Bal  Gal  to  the  Ashmont  Kennels  at 
a  good  profit. 

The  year  1888  stands  out  prominently  as  the  banner  one  in  the  history 
of  the  mastiff  in  America.  In  the  champion  class  Ilford  Caution,  Ilford 
Cromwell  and  Homer  were  shown;  and  in  the  bitch  class,  The  Lady  Clare, 
Prussian  Princess  and  Bal  Gal.  The  open  dog  class  included  Winchell's  Mo- 
ses and  Boss,  Imperial  Chancellor  and  the  great  Minting,  while  among  the 
bitches  were  Mayflower,  Bess,  Idalia,  Hebe,  Daphne,  Moore's  Duchess  and 
old  Queen  II.  It  was  now  Mr.  Stevenson's  turn  to  retire,  which  he  did  after 
having  made  a  good  record  for  many  years.  Homer  became  the  property 


568  The  Dog  Book 

of  F.  C.  Phoebus,  who  was  one  of  our  earliest  professional  dog  showers,  and 
for  him  he  again  won  in  the  champion  class  at  New  York  in  1891.  To  re- 
place Mr.  Stevenson  we  had  the  combination  of  Mr.  Taunton  of  England 
and  Mr.  Winchell  of  Vermont,  Mr.  Taunton  sending  over  his  good  dog  Beau- 
fort as  the  star  of  the  partnership  kennel.  Beaufort  won  in  the  open  class 
at  New  York  in  1890,  beating  Ilford  Chancellor,  who  was  a  greatly  im- 
proved dog  from  what  he  had  been  when  at  the  Winlawn  Kennels.  Mr.  C. 
C.  Marshall  in  a  report  to  the  Kennel  Gazette  stated  that  Beaufort  was  a 
much  better  mastiff  than  Minting  had  been,  for  he  was  dead  then:  in  fact, 
he  made  him  out  to  be  the  grandest  mastiff  he  had  ever  seen.  Strange  to 
say,  however,  when  the  two  dogs  came  under  the  same  judge  a  year  later 
Chancellor  won,  and  Beaufort  was  put  back  to  third  place,  Mrs.  Wallack's 
Merlin  splitting  the  pair.  Judges'  official  reports  had  then  been  given  up 
so  we  have  not  the  opportunity  of  knowing  the  wherefore  of  this  change  of 
opinion.  Ilford  Chancellor  had  by  this  time  been  purchased  by  the  Flour 
City  Kennels  of  Rochester,  which  also  won  first  in  the  bitch  class  with  Lady 
Dorothy.  Some  more  of  Mr.  Moore's  dogs  were  also  in  this  kennel,  the 
Melrose  exhibitor  having  given  up  the  hard  work  of  dog  showing  soon  after 
he  lost  Minting. 

Beaufort  was  sent  back  to  England  and  in  his  place  Mr.  Winchell  had 
his  son,  Beaufort's  Black  Prince,  the  best  mastiff  we  had  so  far  bred  in  this 
country,  take  him  all  in  all.  With  him  he  won  first  in  the  open  class  in  1892, 
and  the  following  year  took  first  in  the  challenge  class.  Mr.  Wade,  whose 
fancy  for  mastiffs  leant  more  to  the  longer-faced  dogs  than  to  the  fashion- 
able type,  somewhat  astonished  the  fancy  by  getting  hold  of  that  extra  good 
bitch,  Lady  Coleus,  who  had  been  an  extensive  winner,  and  with  her  he  took 
first  in  challenge  class.  We  think  he  had  only  once  before  been  an  exhibitor 
at  New  York,  when  in  1883  Tiny,  a  far  different  type  from  Lady  Coleus, 
won  first  in  the  open  class. 

In  1893  we  find  for  the  first  time  the  name  of  Dr.  Lougest  of  Boston  as 
an  exhibitor  of  mastiffs,  and  although  he  had  little  success  that  year  it  fell 
on  his  shoulders  only  a  few  years  later  to  bear  the  load  of  upholding  the  Eng- 
lish mastiff,  which  had  been  deserted  by  all  its  old  supporters  and  had  gained 
no  new  and  staunch  friends.  It  was  the  beginning  of  the  end  when  Dr. 
Lougest  took  up  the  breed,  for  although  Mr.  Winchell  held  on  while  he  had 
Beaufort's  Black  Prince,  that  was  not  for  long,  and  in  1898  he  had  but  one 
entry  while  ten  of  the  total  of  the  nineteen  dogs  entered  in  1898  were  from 


w    <= 

l! 

8  i 


si 


The  Mastiff  569 

the  Lougest  kennels.  The  dog  with  which  Dr.  Lougest  had  expected  to 
sweep  the  decks  at  this  show  was  Black  Peter,  but  unfortunately  he  did  not 
reach  New  York  in  time  to  compete,  being  only  benched  on  the  last  day. 
The  proverbial  Irishman  might  have  said  that  if  he  had  come  any  sooner  he 
would  not  have  come  at  all,  for  the  dog  was  booked  to  leave  on  the  steamer 
which  sank  in  the  English  Channel  after  a  collision;  but  Peter's  departure 
was  delayed,  from  some  cause,  for  a  later  boat.  This  was  a  truly  grand 
dog,  a  black  brindle,  with  a  great  deal  of  wrinkle  and  a  well-shaped  head. 
He  also  possessed  size  and  substance,  and  must  be  placed  on  record  as  one 
of  the  very  best,  if  not  actually  the  best,  mastiff  we  have  had  here.  He 
possessed  every  property  of  the  mastiff  developed  to  a  notable  degree,  and 
stopped  short  in  every  way  of  any  objectionable  exaggeration. 

In  1898  Mr.  F.  J.  Skinner,  then  of  Baltimore,  entered  a  very  strong 
four  in  Champion  Prince  Cola,  Rossington,  Victoria  III.,  and  Thistle,  but 
not  quite  good  enough  to  beat  the  Lougest  combination.  Mr.  Skinner  had 
been  a  consistent  supporter  of  the  mastiff  for  some  years,  and  may  be  said 
to  have  been  the  last  of  the  old  brigade  to  leave  the  field  for  Dr.  Lougest  to 
fill.  From  Black  Peter  came  some  excellent  brindles,  the  black  Holland's 
Queen  being  a  very  symmetrical  bitch,  possibly  the  best  American-bred 
bitch  we  have  had.  The  best  dog  that  Black  Peter  got  was  The  Emperor, 
but  he  was  not  the  equal  of  the  last  dog  Dr.  Lougest  imported,  Prince  of 
Wales,  which  took  the  Dutch  dog's  place  when  he  was  retired. 

When  things  get  so  bad  that  they  cannot  be  worse  the  only  movement  is 
in  the  line  of  improvement,  and  there  are  signs  of  a  revival  of  interest  in  the 
mastiff  in  England  as  well  as  America.  Mr.  Cooke,  of  Bangor,  Me.,  has 
lately  become  interested  in  the  mastiff  and  tells  us  that  he  has  had  quite  a 
large  correspondence  forced  upon  him  by  persons  who  have  learned  of  his 
importations.  What  these  gentlemen  should  do  is  to  join  the  Mastiff  Club, 
if  there  is  anything  left  to  join,  get  hold  of  the  challenge  cups  and  what  is 
still  left  of  the  moribund  organization  and  put  money  and  vim  into  the 
resuscitation  of  the  breed. 

Although  the  mastiff  has  become  one  of  the  large  dogs  in  the  way  of 
height,  this  property  is  not  the  feature  that  we  find  in  the  Dane.  In  this 
dog  substance  and  massiveness  take  precedence.  Very  naturally  in  a  thick- 
set, massive  dog  we  are  more  likely  to  get  the  head  to  correspond,  while  in 
the  more  racing-built  Dane  we  have  the  narrower  and  longer  head  which 
corresponds  therewith.  Hence  height,  unless  accompanied  by  bulk  sufficient 


57O  The   Dog  Book 

to  still  preserve  that  feature,  must  be  ignored.  The  mastiff  should  be  a  free 
and  easy  mover,  but  fast  work  is  not  an  essential,  hence  speed  lines  are  not 
called  for;  but  to  support  the  weight  of  the  dog  we  must  have  good  legs  and 
the  soundest  of  feet:  weakness  there  means  a  useless  dog.  No  written  de- 
scription of  the  head  of  the  mastiff  will  equal  good  illustrations  as  showing 
what  is  wanted,  hence  we  refer  the  reader  to  these,  and  to  the  standard  which 
is  as  follows  : 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

General  Character  and  Symmetry. — Large,  massive,  powerful,  symmet- 
rical and  well-built  frame.  A  combination  of  grandeur  and  good  nature, 
courage  and  docility. 

Head. — In  general  outline  giving  a  square  appearance  when  viewed 
from  any  point.  Breadth  greatly  to  be  desired,  and  should  be  in  ratio  to 
length  of  the  whole  head  and  face  as  2  to  3. 

Body. — Massive,  broad,  deep,  long,  powerfully  built  on  legs  wide  apart 
and  squarely  set.  Muscles  sharply  defined.  Size  is  a  great  desideratum, 
if  combined  with  quality.  Height  and  substance  important  if  both  points  are 
proportionately  combined. 

Skull. — Broad  between  the  ears,  forehead  flat,  but  wrinkled  when  at- 
tention is  excited.  Brows  (superciliary  ridges)  slightly  raised.  Muscles  of 
the  temples  and  cheeks  (temporal  and  masseter)  well  developed.  Arch 
across  the  skull  of  a  rounded,  flattened  curve,  with  a  depression  up  the  cen- 
tre of  the  skull  from  the  median  line  between  the  eyes  to  halfway  up  the  sag- 
gital  suture. 

Face  or  muzzle. — Short,  broad  under  the  eyes  and  keeping  nearly  par- 
allel in  width  to  the  end  of  the  nose ;  truncated,  i.  e.,  blunt  and  cut  off  square, 
thus  forming  a  right  angle  with  the  upper-jaw  line  of  the  face,  of  great  depth 
from  the  point  of  the  nose  to  the  under  jaw.  Under  jaw  broad  to  the  end: 
canine  teeth  healthy,  powerful  and  wide  apart;  incisors  level  or  the  lower 
projecting  beyond  the  upper,  but  never  sufficiently  so  as  to  become  visible 
when  the  mouth  is  shut.  Nose  broad,  with  widely  spreading  nostrils  when 
viewed  from  the  front,  flat  not  pointed  or  turned  up  in  profile.  Lips  diverg- 
ing at  obtuse  angles  from  the  septum  and  slightly  pendulous,  so  as  to  show 
a  square  profile.  Length  of  muzzle  to  whole  head  and  face  as  I  to  3.  Cir- 
cumference of  muzzle  (measured  half  way  between  the  eyes  and  nose)  to 
that  of  head  (measured  before  the  ears)  as  3  to  5. 


CHAMPION    BEAUFORT 


This  English  dog  was  for  some  time  in  the  kennels  of 
Mr.  Winchell.  of  Fair  Haven,  Vt. 


Propei ty  of  Dr.  Louge,      „  Bostpn 


CHAMPION    CROWN    PRINCE  Photo  by  H.  DUcon  &•  Son,  London. 

The  dog  that  introduced  the  exceedingly  square  head.  A  great  winner  in  England.  The  photograph  was  taken  after  his  show  career 


The  Mastiff  571 

Ears. — Small,  thin  to  the  touch,  wide  apart,  set  on  at  the  highest  points 
of  the  sides  of  the  skull,  so  as  to  continue  the  outline  across  the  summit  and 
lying  flat  and  close  to  the  cheeks  when  in  repose. 

Eyes. — Small,  wide  apart,  divided  by  at  least  the  space  of  two  eyes. 
The  stop  between  the  eyes  well  marked,  but  not  too  abrupt.  Colour,  hazel 
brown,  the  larger  the  better,  showing  no  haw. 

Neck. — Slightly  arched,  moderately  long,  very  muscular,  and  measur- 
ing in  circumference  about  one  or  two  inches  less  than  the  skull  before  the 
ears. 

Chest. — Wide,  deep  and  well  let  down  between  the  forelegs.  Ribs 
arched  and  well  rounded.  False  ribs  deep,  and  well  set  back  to  the  hips. 
Girth  should  be  one  third  more  than  the  height  at  the  shoulder. 

Shoulders  and  arms. — Slightly  sloping,  strong  and  muscular. 

Forelegs  and  feet. — Legs  straight,  strong,  and  set  wide  apart,  bones 
very  large.  Elbow  square,  pasterns  upright.  Feet  large  and  round.  Toes 
well  arched  up.  Nails  black. 

Back,  loins  and  flanks. — Back  and  loins  wide  and  muscular;  flat  and 
very  wide  in  a  bitch,  slightly  arched  in  a  dog.  Great  depth  of  flanks. 

Hind  legs  and  feet. — Hindquarters  broad,  wide  and  muscular,  with 
well  developed  second  thighs;  hocks  bent,  wide  apart,  and  quite  squarely 
set  when  standing  or  walking.  Feet  round. 

Tail. — Put  on  high  up,  and  reaching  to  the  hocks  or  a  little  below  them, 
wide  at  its  root  and  tapering  to  the  end,  hanging  straight  in  repose,  but  form- 
ing a  curve  with  the  end  pointed  upwards,  but  not  over  the  back,  when  the 
dog  is  excited. 

Coat  and  Colour. — Coat  short  and  close-lying,  but  not  too  fine  over  the 
shoulders,  neck  and  back.  Colour  apricot  or  silver  fawn,  or  dark  fawn- 
brindle.  In  any  case  muzzle,  ears  and  nose  should  be  black,  with  black 
round  the  orbits  and  extending  upward  between  them. 

SCALE  of  POINTS 

General  character  and  symmetry 10  Neck,  shoulders  and  ribs 8 

Height  and  substance 10  Forelegs  and  feet 6 

Skull 12  Back,  loins  and  Banks 8 

Face  or  muzzle 18  Hind  legs  and  feet 10 

Ears 4  Tail 3 

Eyes 6  Coat  and  colour 5 

Total . .  .   100 


l  SALISBURY 
Jmportad  6y  Mr.  C.  H. 'Mason  in  1881 


LADY  COLEUS 
A  leading  mastiff  in  18 


Photo  6)  Schreibcr 


LADY   PHYLLIS 
Property  of  the  Flour  City  Kennels 


LADY   BEATRICE 

Property  of  the  Flour  City  Kennels 


PRINCE  OF  WALES 
Property  of  Dr.  Lougest,  of  Boston 


PAULA 
Property  of  Mr.  Forest  J.  Martin,  of  Bangor,  Me. 


CHAPTER  XLI 
THE  ST.  BERNARD  DOG 

HE  first  thing  that  should  be  done  in  writing  a  history  of  the 
St.  Bernard  dog  is  to  remove  as  much  as  possible  of  the 
romance  that  has  become  attached  to  the  breed  and  become 
almost  as  much  a  fixture  as  the  standard.  Ever  since  Land- 
seer's  picture  of  the  two  St.  Bernards  digging  a  traveller  out 
of  the  snow  in  an  Alpine  pass  all  Christendom  has  figured  the  dogs  of  the 
Hospice  as  patrolling  the  passes  of  the  Alps,  provided  with  blankets  and  a 
small  cask  of  brandy  for  the  use  of  travellers.  They  seldom  do  anything 
approaching  that,  the  use  they  are  put  to  being  altogether  different. 
Writing  from  the  Hospice  on  August  27,  1887,  to  the  English  Stock- 
keeper,  Mr.  W.  O.  Hughes-Hughes,  who  was  at  that  time  one  of  the 
leading  lights  of  the  St.  Bernard  fancy  in  England,  gives  the  following  in- 
formation: 

"As  to  the  rescue  of  perishing  travellers,  this  is  a  rare  and  occasional 
incident  of  a  Hospice  dog's  life,  but  the  service  which  he  renders  to  humanity 
is  quite  as  real  and  far  more  frequent  and  arduous.  His  regular  duty  is 
rather  to  prevent  the  traveller  from  falling  into  danger  than  to  save  him  from 
its  consequences.  To  explain :  for  the  last  five  miles  the  path  to  the  Hos- 
pice on  the  Swiss  side  leads  up  a  deep,  narrow  and  rugged  valley,  through 
which  it  winds  from  side  to  side,  crossing  and  recrossing  the  torrent  at  several 
places.  In  winter  vast  quantities  of  snow  accumulate  in  this  valley,  com- 
pletely obliterating  the  path,  the  stream,  and  in  fact  every  landmark. 

These  drifts  are  often  of  immense  depth,  covering  chasms  between  rocks, 
the  deep  bed  of  the  stream,  precipices  and  other  dangers.  The  position  of 
the  drifts  is  also  so  often  altered  by  furious  gales  of  wind  which  remove  them 
from  one  spot  and  heap  them  up  in  another,  that  the  most  experienced  of 
the  monks  cannot  tell  where  it  is  safe  to  tread.  In  this  emergency  the  in- 
stinct of  the  dog  is  infallible.  On  every  winter  morning  one  dog  and  one 
monk  go  down  each  side  of  the  pass  to  escort  to  the  Hospice  the  travellers 
who  have  been  passing  the  night  at  the  refuge  below.  The  dog  goes  in 
front  and  the  monk  follows  in  its  steps  and  is  never  led  astray." 

573 


574  The  Dog  Book 

Mr.  Hughes  does  not  say  so  but  we  can  infer  that  any  travellers  going 
from  the  Hospice  also  accompany  the  dog  and  the  monk.  The  only  chance, 
therefore,  of  any  rescue  work  would  be  in  the  case  of  some  foolhardy  person 
not  content  to  await  the  arrival  of  the  convoy,  and  that  would  of  course  be 
very  exceptional;  while  the  finding  of  any  snow-entombed  man  would 
not  be  done  in  the  manner  so  many  of  us  have  believed,  but  simply  while  the 
dogs  were  doing  their  work  of  leading  the  monk  to  the  refuge  or  back  to 
the  Hospice.  It  is  a  pity  to  knock  the  very  pretty  tale  on  the  head,  but  the 
dog  as  we  know  him  is  good  enough  without  any  untruthful  trappings. 

Another  point  which  it  is  well  to  bring  out  is  that  the  Hospice  dog  is  a 
very  different  animal  from  what  we  see  at  our  shows  of  any  high  rank.  A 
Hospice  dog  would  get  "the  gate"  in  quick  order  at  New  York  while  the 
monks  would  not  want  an  Alta  nor  a  Willowmere.  The  two  strains  are  now 
totally  distinct  in  many  ways,  and  have  been  divergently  bred  until  all  that 
connects  our  show  dogs  with  those  from  which  they  originated  is  the  name. 

That  the  monks  had  any  fixed  ideas  of  breeding  to  a  type  or  confining 
themselves  to  a  particular  strain  is  also  not  to  be  conceded,  for  they  bred  to 
Newfoundlands  and  outside  dogs  and  only  kept  such  dogs  as  were  fitted,  by 
size  and  coat,  for  their  use.  Only  the  males  are  used  at  the  Hospice,  and 
when  a  bitch  is  about  to  whelp  she  is  sent  down  to  the  valley  as  they  have 
never  had  success  in  rearing  puppies  at  the  Hospice.  What  was  wanted 
at  the  Hospice  was  a  dog  of  about  29  inches,  with  a  short,  dense  coat.  What 
the  monks  sold  or  gave  away  were  the  large  puppies  and  those  with  long 
coats,  which  were  just  the  kind  to  give  most  satisfaction,  so  that  both  parties 
were  pleased  in  this  division  of  the  dogs  bred  at  the  Hospice.  Reference 
is  made  in  some  books  to  a  painting  of  the  founder  of  the  Hospice,  who  is 
shown  with  a  dog;  but  that  is  not  at  all  conclusive  as  to  its  being  one  of  the 
dogs  of  the  original  establishment.  It  would  have  to  be  proved  that  it  was 
painted  during  St.  Bernard's  life  or  by  some  one  who  knew  him  and  his  dog 
or  dogs.  For  instance,  we  have  a  very  early  example  of  a  mezzotint  by 
Baumgartnerof  a  painting  representing  Counts  Hartman  and  Otho  of  Kirch- 
berg  kneeling  in  armour  at  each  side  of  a  cross,  but  facing  the  front  so  as  to 
show  each  full-face.  Lying  at  the  feet  of  one  of  the  knights  is  a  dog  of  a 
type  that  Wynn  would  have  dwelt  upon  as  surely  showing  the  large  head, 
square  muzzle  and  deep  flews  of  the  English  mastiff  could  he  have  made  out 
the  picture  to  have  represented  anything  English.  To  us  it  is  a  very 
human  face,  the  artist  very  evidently  not  being  up  in  dog's  faces.  On  the 


a  s 

«/      4J 
.  •      O 

in  "*"_ 
O  « 

U^     4> 

S  j 
"  o 

u 

S 


The  St.  Bernard  Dog  575 

scroll  at  the  top  it  states  that  the  counts  founded  the  monastery  of  Wibling- 
ensis  in  1099,  but  that  tells  nothing  as  to  when  the  painting  was  done;  and 
Baumgartner  did  not  engrave  it  till  five  hundred  years  later,  hence  it  is  of  no 
value  as  a  representation  of  a  dog  of  1099. 

Wynn,  in  his  "History  of  the  Mastiff/'  says  that  the  first  dogs  at  the 
Hospice  were  of  bloodhound  type  and  that  after  that  the  monks  got  dogs 
"more  nearly  resembling  the  spaniel  type,  probably1  identical  with  the 
Italian  wolfdog,  used  to  defend  their  flocks  in  the  mountains  of  Abruzzo." 
Where  Wynn  got  that  idea  from  he  fails  to  say,  and  immediately  proceeds  to 
show  that  it  could  not  have  been  so,  for  to  this  cross  he  attributes  the  long- 
coated  variety,  whereas  we  have  very  positive  evidence  that  the  dogs  at  the 
Hospice  were  smooth-coated  and  that  the  roughs  were  got  rid  of  as  not  suited 
for  the  work. 

The  first  positive  proof  we  have  of  the  St.  Bernard  type  is  the  stuffed  skin 
of  Barry  in  the  Museum  at  Berne.  Barry  was  of  the  old  breed  before  the  ken- 
nels were  brought  so  low  by  accidents  and  sickness  in  the  winter  of  1815. 
We  need  not  describe  Barry,  for  we  show  what  the  stuffed  figure  looks  like, 
that  of  a  medium-sized,  smooth-coated  dog.  Herr  Schumaker  in  his  sketch 
of  the  breed  from  1815  to  1 880  says  that  about  1830  the  kennel  was  so  much 
reduced  once  more  that  the  monks  had  recourse  to  Newfoundland  and  Great 
Dane  bitches  to  get  healthier  and  stronger  dogs,  but  he  does  not  say  what 
was  done  at  the  1815  emergency.  Doubtless  the  same  course  was  followed. 
Barry  is  the  dog  that  Idstone  stated  had  saved  forty-two  lives.  Stonehenge 
copied  him,  and  then  the  number  was  raised  to  seventy-five  by  Mr.  Mac- 
dona,  then  the  Reverend  Macdona,  whose  importations  were  the  first  boom 
the  breed  got  in  England,  though  they  were  not  the  first  St.  Bernards  in 
that  country  by  a  long  way.  Idstone  also  started  the  erroneous  tale  that 
Barry  was  killed  by  a  traveller  he  was  seeking  to  resuscitate,  whereas  he  was 
sent  to  Berne  because  of  his  growing  incapacity  for  the  arduous  work  the 
dogs  had  to  do,  and  there  he  lived  till  his  death. 

That  there  was  another  variety  of  dog,  in  Switzerland  at  that  time  is 
absolutely  certain;  but  whether  they  were  cast-offs  from  the  monastery,  as 
not  being  what  was  wanted  there,  and  were  the  results  of  some  necessary 
outcrossing,  there  is  no  means  of  knowing.  We  cannot  quite  understand, 
however,  why  with  this  large  dog  at  hand  the  monks  went  to  the  trouble  of 
getting  Newfoundlands,  which  could  not  have  been  very  common  there  at 
that  time.  This  other  Swiss  dog  became  known  in  England  as  the  Alpine 


576  The  Dog  Book 

mastiff,  occasionally  called  the  Alpine  spaniel,  and  we  think  he  was  much 
like  a  Leonberg,  the  result  of  cross-breeding  between  large  dogs  of  no  de- 
cided breed. 

One  of  these  Alpine  mastiffs  was  brought  to  England  in  1815  and  is 
always  referred  to  as  the  Leasome  Castle  mastiff.  Wynn  has  it  the  Lea- 
sowe  Castle,  but  his  writing  was  hard  to  decipher  and  he  seemed  to  ignore 
proofreading.  The  Twentieth  Century  Dog  is  far  from  free  from  errors  of 
a  similar  nature,  but  as  we  must  make  a  choice  we  say  the  Leasome  Castle 
dog.  Wynn  gives  us  information  of  an  etching  of  this  dog  by  Thomas 
Landseer  from  a  drawing  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  J.  S.  Morgan,  made 
in  1815,  artist  not  named.  In  1825  he  credits  Thomas  Landseer  with  an- 
other "Alpine  Mastiff"  from  a  drawing  by  his  brother  Edwin.  This  is  the 
illustration  which  we  give.  Between  1835  and  1845  he  credits  Edwin  Land- 
seer with  another  smooth-coated  Alpine  mastiff,  tawney  red,  31  inches  at 
the  shoulder  and  measuring  68  inches  from  tip  to  tip. 

The  Twentieth  Century  Dog  gives  a  line  drawing  of  the  "Leasome 
Castle  St.  Bernard,  "  for  it  has  been  claimed  as  that  by  St.  Bernard  fanciers, 
including  Mr.  Kostin,  the  Secretary  of  the  National  St.  Bernard  Club  of 
England,  and  it  is  identified  as  a  smooth  dog. 

We  are  very  strongly  of  the  opinion  that  all  of  these  mastiffs,  or  Alpine 
dogs,  are  one  and  the  same  animal.  No  one  will  dispute  the  assertion  that 
Landseer  never  copied  any  person,  but  drew  his  dogs  from  life  in  his  own 
way.  This  is  important  because  when  we  came  to  compare  the  Leasome 
Castle  reproduction  with  our  copy  of  the  1825  etching  we  found  them  to  be 
of  the  same  dog  and  from  the  same  drawing,  the  only  difference  being  a  bush- 
ier tail  with  a  side  twist  at  the  end  in  the  1825  etching.  Otherwise  the  dogs 
are  absolutely  the  same  to  a  hair.  That  brings  us  therefore  to  the  possi- 
bility that  the  drawing  which  Mr.  J.  S.  Morgan  had  and  the  painting  said 
to  be  in  the  possession  of  the  Cust  family,  must  have  been  done  by  Land- 
seer. It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  he  was  sketching  from  life  in  a  mar- 
vellous manner  at  the  age  of  five  or  six  years,  and  was  exhibiting  paintings 
in  1819,  when  but  seventeen  years  of  age.  The  Leasome  Castle  dog  picture 
was  also  photographed,  so  Dalziel  says,  and  the  following  statement  was 
printed  on  the  card:  "  The  dog  was  about  a  year  old  when  he  was  received 
at  Leasome  Castle  in  May,  1815.  His  length  was  6  ft.  4  in.,  and  height  in 
middle  of  back  2ft.  7  in.,  and  he  is  now  larger  and  is  still  growing."  This 
is  followed  by  some  general  information.  That  statement  must  have  been 


The  St.  Bernard  Dog  577 

written  soon  after  the  dog's  arrival,  for  him  to  be  still  growing,  and  the  photo- 
graph may  have  been  of  some  copy  of  the  painting  which  had  that  legend 
with  it.  As  to  the  1835  engraving  of  a  Landseer  we  cannot  say  what  it  is, 
not  having  been  able  to  find  a  copy  in  New  York;  but  it  would  not  surprise 
us  to  find  that  it  was  our  Leasome  friend  once  more,  only  reduced  slightly 
in  length,  but  not  in  height.  In  a  portfolio  of  Thomas  Landseer's  animal 
etchings  the  1825  dog  is  given  in  an  addition  to  what  seems  to  have  been  a 
first  edition.  This  portfolio  was  issued  in  1853,  by  Bohn  of  London,  and  as 
both  the  Landseers  were  then  alive  we  may  accept  the  printed  comments  as 
correct.  This  dog  is  Plate  30  and  this  is  the  statement  regarding  it:  "The 
drawing  from  which  the  present  plate  was  engraved  was  made  from  a  very 
noble  Alpine  mastiff",  which  at  that  time,  although  not  full-grown,  was  the 
largest  dog  in  England."  The  remark  about  not  being  full-grown  makes 
it  sound  very  like  the  foregoing  statement  about  the  dog  still  growing.  If 
we  are  correct  in  our  surmise,  then  we  have  a  considerable  reduction,  in 
representations  of  the  Alpine  mastiff. 

If  the  supposition  that  Landseer  drew  the  Leasome  Castle  mastiff  is 
correct,  then  it  is  absolutely  certain,  precocious  as  he  was  as  an  animal  de- 
lineator, that  he  did  not  paint  it  at  that  time.  He  was  only  thirteen  years 
old,  and  to  satisfy  ourselves  regarding  his  abilities  at  that  age  we  made  re- 
search. In  a  very  large  volume  devoted  to  Landseer  and  his  work  there  are 
many  reproductions  of  his  very  earliest  drawings,  and  one  dated  1815  is  a 
mastiff  type  of  dog,  with  the  ears  thrown  slightly  back,  and  is  named  "Sus- 
picion." It  is  referred  to  in  the  text  as  showing  an  advancement  in  his 
work.  The  dog  is  standing  very  much  in  the  attitude  of  the  dog  in  the 
Thomas  Landseer  etching,  but  the  face  is  turned  more  to  the  front.  There 
is  one  very  noticeable  fault  in  this  drawing,  and  that  is  the  putting  the  far 
side  forefoot  on  a  level  with  and  immediately  behind  the  near  one.  The 
boy  had  yet  something  to  learn  in  posing,  and  could  not  at  that  time  have 
drawn  the  Leasome  Castle  dog  as  shown  nor  made  the  drawing  which 
his  brother  Thomas  etched  in  1825.  Basing  the  argument  on  the  authen- 
ticity of  the  Twentieth  Century  Dog  reproduction  as  being  the  Leasome 
Castle  dog,  (and  this  is  supported  by  Mr.  Kostin)  it  must  have  been  painted 
either  by  Landseer  or  copied  by  some  one  from  his  drawing  of  which 
Thomas  made  an  etching.  Of  course  if  the  Leasome  Castle  dog  is  an 
erroneous  claim  of  Mr.  Kostin's  this  argument  falls  to  the  ground;  but  all 
must  admit  that  Landseer  cannot  be  accused  of  plagiarism  in  his  work, 


578  The  Dog  Book 

and  secondly  that  there  is  no  possibility  of  two  men  ten  years  apart  drawing 
from  life  two  dogs  and  making  their  work  so  absolutely  similar  as  are  these 
two  illustrations.  The  solution  is  to  be  found  in  England  and  is  not  within 
our  present  possibilities,  so  we  must  leave  the  matter  where  it  is. 

Mr.  Wynn  names  Landseer's  picture  representing  St.  Bernards  rescuing 
a  traveller  from  the  snow,  (which  by  the  way  was  painted  in  1819,  when  he 
was  seventeen  years  old,)  as  "Alpine  Mastiffs  Reanimating  a  Traveller." 
We  find  that  the  original  title,  or  the  title  by  which  it  is  recorded  in  "Cham- 
bers's  Encyclopaedia,"  was  "Dogs  of  St.  Gothard."  He  also  painted  a 
good  many  dogs  which  were  named  St.  Bernards  and  it  is  very  clear  that  to 
him  the  Alpine  mastiff  was  a  different  dog;  and  it  remains  to  be  shown  that 
he  ever  saw  of  the  latter  more  than  the  one  dog,  or  drew  more  than  the 
one  dog  from  life. 

Another  reputed  Alpine  mastiff  was  L'Ami,  exhibited  in  England  in 
1829,  and  said  to  have  been  brought  from  the  Hospice;  but  that  cannot  have 
been  so,  for  the  dog  was  cropped,  something  of  which  the  monks  were  never 
guilty.  This  dog  was  a  light  brindle,  the  ground  colour  being  a  light  fawn,  and 
was  smooth-coated.  The  very  great  probability  is  that  L'Ami  was  simply  a 
Great  Dane,  and  the  name  St.  Bernard  was  used  for  catchpenny  purposes, 
for  the  dog  was  shown  in  several  English  cities  as  the  largest  dog  in  England. 

Landseer  must  have  seen  dogs  similar  to  those  he  painted  as  dogs  of  St. 
Gothard,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  we  know  of  to  show  where  they  were. 
He  had  not  been  away  from  his  father's  London  home  at  that  time,  so  far  as 
there  is  any  record.  The  dogs  he  drew  a  little  later  for  the  illustrations  of 
Rogers's  Italy  were  St.  Bernards,  and  it  is  likely  that  W.  R.  Smith,  the  en- 
graver, made  use  of  these  when  he  drew  the  St.  Bernard  used  to  illustrate 
Jesse's  "Anecdotes,"  1846  edition.  A  much  more  reliable  illustration  is  that 
of  the  St.  Bernard,  Bass,  from  Colonel  Hamilton  Smith's  two  volumes  on 
the  dog  families,  which  form  part  of  Sir  Wm.  Jardine's  "Natural  History" 
(1839).  Sir  Thomas  Dick  Lauder  got  this  dog  when  a  puppy  direct  from 
the  Hospice,  and  it  was  a  true  St.  Bernard  of  the  type  the  monks  had  been 
breeding  for,  as  shown  by  old  Barry. 

An  early  illustration  of  the  two  types  of  St.  Bernard  is  that  of  the  pair 
owned  by  Queen  Victoria  and  the  Prince  Consort,  and  it  is  singular  that 
there  is  no  reference  to  this  early  introduction  of  the  breed  by  such  promi- 
nent owners.  We  seem  to  have  "wiped  the  eye"  of  English  writers  in  this 
instance  at  least.  We  place  the  painting  at  1840  for  want  of  a  more  exact 


CHAMPION   VIOLA          Copyright,  by  F.  C.  Hignett  <V  Son,  Lostock 
•  This  Beautiful  bitch,  the  property  of  Mr.  Taylor,  of  England,  died  in  1905 


CHAMPION  HECTOR  Copyright,  1887,  by  T.  Scantlebury 

A  Swiss  smooth  dog  successfully  shown  in  1887 


The  St.  Bernard  Dog  579 

date,  as  the  artist  died  in  1845  and  Prince  Albert  came  to  England  in  1840. 
The  rough  dog  is  certainly  a  weird  specimen;  but  the  smooth  dog  is  quite  pre- 
sentable, considering  the  time  they  represent.  It  is  certainly  not  so  good  as 
Lauder's  dog,  but  he,  we  think,  went  in  for  large  dogs  and  probably  was 
more  of  a  judge.  Certain  it  is  that  some  person  near  where  he  lived  had 
large  dogs  about  1850.  His  name  is  peculiarly  familiar  to  us,  as  are 
warnings,  when  we  children  went  visiting  friends  at  The  Grange,  Edin- 
burgh, to  be  on  the  lookout  for  the  dogs. 

Herr  Schumaker  in  his  contribution  to  Dalziel's  monograph  on  the  St. 
Bernard  tells  us  that  when  the  monks  crossed  with  Newfoundlands  and 
Great  Danes,  which  he  says  was  about  1830,  they  gave  away  or  sold  all  the 
rough-coated  dogs  as  being  useless  in  the  snow,  keeping  only  the  smooth- 
coated  ones;  and  thus  the  breed,  if  it  can  be  so  called,  was  distributed 
among  Swiss  fanciers  who  developed  it.  Herr  Schumaker  described  these 
dogs  as  red,  with  white  markings,  black  face,  black  neck  and  double  dew- 
claws,  "and  of  a  height  not  since  attained."  That  was  written  in  1886,  and 
with  all  due  respect  to  the  writer  we  think  his  imagination  as  to  height  is 
supplanting  the  facts,  for  St.  Bernards  have  grown  steadily  in  height  for 
twenty-five  years  and  there  is  nothing  to  prove  that  they  ever  became  reduced 
in  size  among  the  Swiss  breeders. 

Thanks  to  those  gifts  from  the  Hospice  to  the  Swiss  breeders,  the  monks 
were  in  1862  once  more  enabled  to  replenish  their  kennels,  Herr  Schumaker 
being  a  liberal  donor.  By  far  the  largest  number  of  the  dogs  imported  into 
England,  and  certainly  the  best  importations,  came  from  the  Swiss  breeders; 
but  the  proper  thing  to  say  was, "  it  came  from  the  Monastery  of  St.  Bernard ;" 
and  a  great  many  St.  Bernards  were  so  described  which  had  no  claim  to  that 
questionable  distinction,  as  they  were  merely  descendants  from  dogs  which 
had  been  bred  there  years  before. 

The  first  St.  Bernards  we  have  any  recollection  of  were  some  that  Al- 
bert Smith  used  as  an  advertisement  in  connection  with  his  lecture  on  Mont 
Blanc,  which  was  a  standing  dish  at  Egyptian  Hall,  London,  for  a  very  long 
time.  These  dogs  or  some  of  them  we  saw  frequently  at  the  entrance  to  the 
Hall,  for  Dalziel  says  he  had  "some  well-bred  dogs  purchased  at  the  Hos- 
pice;" and  of  course  they  seemed  exceedingly  large  to  our  youthful  imagi- 
nation, and  doubtless  were  fair-sized  dogs  for  that  time.  That  must 
have  been  between  1855  and  1860.  There  seems  to  be  no  tracing 
back  to  these  dogs,  however;  so  that  except  in  the  way  of  a  record 


580  The  Dog  Book 

of  events  they  have  nothing  to  do  with  St.  Bernard  history  as  pertaining 
to  later  dogs. 

The  Rev.  J.  C.  Macdona  was  the  great  English  exploiter  of  the  breed, 
and  it  was  his  importations  and  his  breeding  that  brought  the  St.  Bernard 
prominently  before  the  British  public  at  the  dog-shows.  Mr.  Macdona 
was  an  adept  at  keeping  in  the  lime-light  and  was  a  very  conspicuous 
figure  at  leading  dog-shows  from  1865  until  1880,  when  he  had  no  dog  of  any 
prominence  except  Bayard,  whose  head,  with  that  of  the  collie  Eclipse,  have 
for  years  been  the  commonest  of  all  dog  pictures.  In  giving  the  pedigrees 
of  many  of  his  dogs  they  lost  nothing  in  the  telling  and  whenever  there  was 
a  chance  there  was  an  insertion,  "descended  from  the  celebrated  Barry  at 
the  Hospice,"  or  "bred  by  the  Monks  of  St.  Bernard."  Others  followed 
this  style,  and  a  Mr.  Stone  stated,  in  the  case  of  his  Barry,  that  "his 
pedigree  not  now  on  record  traced  back  to  the  celebrated  Barry  in  the 
Museum  at  Berne." 

As  soon  as  the  dog  was  thus  brought  before  the  British  public  he  became 
popular,  as  was  only  natural  with  a  good-looking  dog  surrounded  by  a  halo 
of  romance  for  deeds  of  heroism.  Mr.  Murchison,  who  had  a  large,  mixed 
kennel  of  dogs,  bought  several  of  the  best  that  were  being  exhibited;  Mr. 
Fred.  Gresham,  still  prominent  in  connection  with  English  shows,  took  up 
the  breed  and  was  soon  recognised  as  the  real  authority  and  soundest  breeder 
in  the  fancy.  He  was  soon  followed  by  the  late  Sydney  Smith  of  Leeds, 
who  took  up  dogs  on  account  of  his  poor  health;  and  to  distinguish  him 
from  other  show  goers  of  the  same  name  he  was  called  "  Barry  "  Smith 
because  of  his  earliest  notable  dog  bearing  that  name.  Thousands  of  dol- 
lars eventually  passed  from  American  purchasers  to  the  bank-account  of 
Sydney  Smith. 

A  great  many  of  these  early  importations  were  short-pedigreed  dogs,  a 
conspicuous  example  being  that  wonderful  brood  bitch,  Gresham's  Abbess, 
a  smooth-coated  one.  Others  were  most  certainly  registered  with  wrong 
pedigrees;  but  be  that  as  it  may,  it  has  little  to  do  with  the  giant  of  a  later 
day,  except  that  from  these  importations  the  indomitable  Englishman  built 
up,  generation  by  generation,  the  grandest  member  of  the  dog  family. 
Breeding  away  from  the  requirements  of  the  Hospice,  the  fanciers  of  Eng- 
land went  in  for  size,  colour  and  the  more  pleasing  long-coated  variety,  and 
made  the  breed  what  we  know  it  to  be  in  America.  We  have  had  importa- 
tions direct  from  Switzerland,  quite  a  number  of  them,  and  mainly  smooth; 


tThe  St.  Bernard  Dog  581 

but,  with  the  single  exception  of  type  of  head,  they  equalled  the  English  dogs 
in  no  particular.  We  mean,  of  course,  that  the  best  English  beat  the  best 
Swiss,  and  not  that  all  the  English  beat  all  the  Swiss.  That  would  be  a 
little  too  much  to  accomplish.  There  was  a  houndiness  about  many  of  the 
Swiss  dogs  that  was  certainly  not  St.  Bernard  type :  and  the  only  successes 
of  consequence  which  they  had  later  on  were  in  smooth  classes  where  com- 
petition was  poor  and  few  English  dogs  were  shown.  The  St.  Bernard  in 
England  is  of  interest  to  Americans  only  in  the  way  of  importations,  and 
those  who  wish  to  go  more  deeply  into  that  sectional  history  will  find  their 
wants  supplied  by  Dalziel's  "  The  St.  Bernard.  " 

There  is  a  possibility  that  General  Lafayette  was  the  first  person  to 
send  any  St.  Bernards  to  this  country.  When  he  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  1824  he  apparently  met  Mr.  J.  F.  Skinner,  who  at  one  time  was 
Assistant  Postmaster  General  and  afterwards  edited  the  American  Farmer, 
The  Sporting  Magazine,  and  other  publications.  At  one  time  he  seemed 
to  have  been  very  much  interested  in  getting  good  sheep  dogs  and  in  this 
he  was  aided  by  General  Lafayette  who  previous  to  1830,  as  near  as  we  can 
judge,  sent  him  two  French  sheep  dogs  and  at  another  time  sent  two  dogs 
which  Mr.  Skinner  described  as  "  Pyrenean  or  St.  Bernard  "  dogs  and  tells 
of  the  use  made  of  them  at  the  Hospice.  As  Mr.  Skinner  was  evidently  get- 
ting sheep  dogs  it  is  more  probable  that  these  were  Pyrenean  sheep  dogs. 
Yet  as  he  particularly  mentioned  the  French  Sheep  dogs  as  having  pointed 
faces,  the  others  not  being  so  described  were  likely  broader  faced  and  were 
halfbred  dogs  akin  to  the  St.  Bernards.  There  is  still  another  possibility 
that  General  Lafayette  may  have  known  of  the  monks  getting  outside  crosses 
a  few  years  before  and  may  have  stated  it  in  such  a  way  as  to  lead  Mr. 
Skinner  to  assume  that  they  were  one  and  the  same  breed  or  bred  the  same 
way  and  thus  give  the  dogs  he  received  the  double  name.  After  Gen. 
Lafayette's  death  Mr.  Skinner  had  some  correspondence  with  his  son  re- 
garding further  importations  of  sheep  dogs  and  he  was  evidently  on  a 
friendly  footing  with  both  Lafayettes. 

At  the  very  first  New  York  show  there  were  St.  Bernards,  for  which  two 
classes  were  provided,  long-coated  and  short-coated  being  the  two  divisions. 
The  winners  in  roughs  were  two  somewhat  ancient  specimens  of  seven  and 
a  half  and  eight  years.  In  the  smooth  division  two  youngsters  that  became 
better  known  later  were  second  and  third,  behind  one  of  Dan  Foster's  picked- 
up  dogs.  These  puppies  were  Miss  Pearsall's  Fino,  almost  invariably 


582  The  Dog  Book 

spelled  Fido,  and  Mr.  Haines'  Don,  the  founder  of  his  owner's  fortunes  as 
a  breeder,  though  he  never  got  anything  nearer  first  class  than  he  was. 
Rather  a  pleasing  dog,  he  was  too  small.  Fino  was  a  far  better  dog,  and 
was  later  very  successful  at  leading  shows.  Two  beaten  dogs  on  this  occa- 
sion were  Mr.  Barclay  Jermain's  Chamounix  and  Mr.  Burdett  Loomis's 
Alpe.  Fino  came  from  the  Hospice  and  Chamounix  from  Switzerland,  as 
did  Alpe,  and  all  three  sired  quite  a  number  of  dogs  that  were  subsequently 
shown.  The  smooths  continued  to  lead  the  roughs  for  several  years.  In 
1880  the  winning  roughs  were  shown  by  Mr.  Godeffroy  and  were  importa- 
tions from  Prince  Albeit  Solm's  kennels.  They  were  very  ordinary  speci- 
mens, though  the  bitch  Braunfels  later  on  became  a  champion.  She  would 
be  fortunate,  if  shown  now,  to  get  above  "commended."  One  of  the 
"bred  at  the  Hospice"  dogs  of  that  time  was  Foster's  Turco,  who  was 
bought  from  a  Swiss  herdsman  and  brought  to  this  country  as  a  compan- 
ion. He  also  became  a  champion.  The  first  good  rough  St.  Bernard  we 
had  in  this  country  was  Mr.  Hearn's  Monk,  the  winner  in  open  class  at  New 
York  in  1882.  He  was  simply  described  as  "full  pedigree,"  but  if  we 
mistake  not  was  from  Mr.  Fred  Gresham's  kennel  and  was  certainly  a  very 
fine  dog.  We  judged  St.  Bernards  at  New  York  that  year  and  can  testify 
as  to  the  much  improved  quality  of  the  class.  Turco,  by  the  way,  had  de- 
veloped a  pedigree,  no  less  a  one  than  by  "  Champion  Tell  out  of  Lady  Al- 
pine." In  addition  to  Monk  there  was  a  very  attractive  dog  named  Bay- 
ard, Jr.  He  was  much  better  in  colour  than  the  somewhat  sedgy  Monk, 
but  not  in  his  class  otherwise.  Nevertheless,  Fritz  Emmett  gave  $2,500  for 
him  at  the  show.  Lohengrin,  the  winning  puppy,  was  another  good  one, 
and  Mr.  Haines  had  to  interview  Mr.  Thomas  W.  White  before  the  next 
show  rolled  around  or  Cranmoor  Farm  would  not  have  had  the  leading 
smooth  dog.  The  sale  was  made  at  a  good  price,  but  Lohengrin  did  not 
mature  into  the  dog  he  was  expected  to,  and  after  Mr.  Haines  was  defeated 
for  the  cup  for  the  best  kennel  of  the  breed,  in  1882,  he  soon  gave  up 
exhibiting,  the  class  of  the  new  imported  dogs  and  the  run  upon  the  roughs 
making  the  smooths  less  desirable  property. 

In  1882  Mr.  Hearn's  Monk  won  the  champion-class  prize,  but  he  was 
then  a  sick  dog  and  died  a  few  weeks  after  the  show.  The  late  Mr.  Rodney 
Benson  got  together  a  kennel  of  roughs  for  New  York  this  year,  adding  at 
the  last  moment  the  newly  arrived  Bonivard,  brought  over  with  a  select  var- 
iety kennel  by  Mr.  William  Graham,  of  Belfast.  Though  rather  small 


SIR  WALDORF 
A  great  winner  — a  dog  of  beautiful  quality  and  type 


WATCH 
A  smooth-coated  importation  of  the  '80 's.     Large,  but  very  faulty  hind  quarters  and  throaty 


The  St.  Bernard  Dog  583 

Bonivard  was  of  beautiful  type  and  decidedly  the  best  dog  so  far  imported, 
Mr.  Benson's  other  dogs  being  nowhere  near  his  quality.  During  the 
winter  of  1883-84  Mr.  Hearn  again  took  up  the  breed  in  earnest  and  bought 
the  dog  that  was  always  called  "  the  giant  Rector."  His  greatest  claim  to 
notice  was  his  immense  size.  We  measured  him  to  be  34^  inches  at  the 
shoulder,  standard  measure.  He  was  never  shown  here,  however;  for  Em- 
mett's  Bayard  Jr.  not  being  any  longer  useful  for  stage  business,  his  owner 
wrote  to  us  about  getting  another;  and  as  he  discarded  Bonivard  as  too 
small,  we  sent  him  to  Mr.  Hearn  to  see  Rector.  Mr.  Hearn  had  no  idea 
of  selling  the  dog,  but  being  pressed  to  name  a  price  said  $4,000.  Mr.  Em- 
mett  took  the  first  train  to  Passaic,  saw  Rector  and  at  once  sent  a  telegram 
to  Mr.  Hearn  that  he  would  take  the  dog.  He  was  a  very  bad-tempered 
animal  and  when  left  one  night  in  the  billiard  room  at  Mr.  Emmett's  famed 
house  up  the  Hudson  ripped  the  expensive  furnishings  to  pieces.  After 
that  he  was  kept  on  chain  a  good  deal,  and  one  night  jumped  his  stall  and 
was  found  hanging  dead  the  next  morning. 

Mr.  Hearn  speedily  reinvested  the  Rector  money  and  in  addition  to 
purchasing  Bonivard  imported  Duke  of  Leeds,  Gertie  and  Rohna  in  roughs, 
and  Don  II.  and  the  grand  Leila  in  smooths.  The  latter  was  a  low,  long- 
bodied  bitch  with  a  grand  head  and  was  by  far  the  best  of  his  purchases. 
Duke  of  Leeds,  though  tall  and  well-built,  was  poor  in  head,  and  the  rest 
of  the  dogs  were  not  up  to  the  mark  at  all. 

With  regard  to  Leila  we  wrote  as  follows  in  the  American  Kennel  Re- 
gister  for  July,  1892:  "It  was  stated  by  a  St.  Bernard  exhibitor  at  the  last 
New  York  show  that  Empress  of  Contocook  was  a  better  bitch  than  Leila, 
but  good  bitch  as  Colonel  Rupperts'undoubtedly  is  she  yet  falls  a  good  deal 
short  of  the  quality  of  Mr.  Hearn's  wonder.  I  cannot  bring  myself  to  believe 
that  any  later  importation  possessed  or  possesses  the  grandeur  of  type  so 
conspicuous  in  Leila.  They  are  all  bigger,  for  Leila  stood  but  29  inches  at 
the  shoulder,  but  size  never  makes  a  dog  good  if  other  much  more  important 
qualities  are  lacking.  Sir  Bedivere  has  been  preached  to  us  as  the  acme  of  all 
that  is  grand  and  desirable  in  the  St.  Bernard,  and  while  it  would  doubtless 
be  correct  to  place  him  over  Leila  in  one's  estimation,  it  would  not  be  by 
head  properties  that  he  would  win.  She  was  the  first  specimen  we  had  of 
the  deep  face  and  narrower  skull  to  which  the  fancy  has  tended  so  much  of 
late."  The  remark,  "narrower  skull,"  does  not  mean  narrow  compared 
with  dogs  of  to-day,  but  only  with  reference  to  what  we  had  had  up  to  that 


584  The  Dog  Book 

time.  She  was  not  what  we  would  now  consider  narrow  at  all,  and  her  great 
depth  of  face  made  her  appear  more  so  than  she  perhaps  actually  was. 

Mr.  Hearn  continued  showing  with  great  success  until  1888,  farming 
the  champion-class  prizes  at  all  important  shows  in  the  East.  By  this  time 
Mr.  E.  H.  Moore  of  Melrose  had  joined  the  fancy,  and  among  his  good  dogs 
were  Merchant  Prince,  Miranda,  Ben  Lomond  and  best  of  all  Alton,  who 
unfortunately  died  before  breeders  had  more  than  learned  what  an  invalu- 
able stud-dog  he  was.  A  remarkably  good-headed  dog  shown  at  this  time 
was  Otho,  imported  in  utero  by  Mr.  Rothera  of  Canada  who  sold  him  to  Mr. 
Hopf  of  Newark,  who  had  a  large  kennel  of  smooth  St.  Bernards  imported 
from  Switzerland,  mainly  from  Herr  Schumaker's  kennels.  His  best  dog 
was  Hector,  but  how  far  he  was  from  high-class  is  to  be  seen  from  his  photo- 
graphs. Then  we  had  at  the  same  time  Apollo,  a  houndy  dog  overdone 
with  dewlap,  with  a  lot  of  odds  and  ends  so  much  diversified  in  type  as  to 
suggest  a  Swiss  kennel  bargain  counter  to  get  rid  of  all  that  was  not  wanted. 

The  roughs  were  the  favourite  of  the  public,  and  when  Mr.  Sears  added 
Sir  Bedivere  to  his  kennel,  and  Colonel  Ruppert  and  Mr.  W.  C.  Reick  got 
together  their  kennels  at  the  cost  of  thousands  of  dollars,  St.  Bernards  were 
at  the  top  of  the  tide  of  success.  Of  all  the  dogs  imported  there  is  but  one 
that  stands  out  pre-eminently  as  of  benefit  to  the  breeder,  and  that  was  Rem- 
nant, brought  over  by  Mr.  Reick,  and  later  transferred  to  Colonel  Ruppert's 
kennel.  He  was  a  son  of  County  Member,  and  Leeds  Barry  was  also  by 
that  dog.  The  latter,  with  but  little  opportunity  at  stud  before  his  accidental 
death,  sired  a  few  exceptional  dogs  including  Sir  Waldorf,  the  best  dog  of 
his  day.  Sir  Waldorf  was  a  failure  at  stud,  but  the  get  of  Remnant  have 
been  very  successful,  especially  the  lines  of  Marse  Jeems  and  Uncle  Remus. 
At  one  of  the  New  York  shows  a  majority  of  the  prizes  were  won  by  descen- 
dants of  Remnant,  and  that  not  in  an  ofF-year,  but  with  good  competition. 
Since  then  the  prevailing  lines  have  been  those  of  his  two  sons. 

In  the  bitch  lines  there  has  of  course  been  more  diversity,  but  a  few  have 
made  themselves  conspicuous  above  the  run  of  even  good  producers.  Judith 
was  the  first  to  do  so,  and  her  litter  by  Alton  were  remarkable  for  their  uni- 
form excellence.  Another  is  the  bitch  Zantha,  owned  in  Canada,  who  to 
Uncle  Remus  threw  the  two  champions,  Mayor  of  Watford  and  Columbia's 
Hope.  Another  of  this  litter  was  Columbia  Gent,  too  small  for  the  higher 
competition,  but  for  his  inches  the  best  of  the  litter,  being  exceedingly  good 
in  head  and  type.  Zantha  also  threw  good  ones  to  other  dogs,  but  nothing 


The  St.  Bernard  Dog  585 

came  up  to  her  Uncle  Remus  lot.  Judith  carries  us  back  to  the  time  the  Rev. 
W.  H.  Walbridge  did  so  much  for  the  improvement  of  the  breed,  twenty- 
five  years  ago.  In  February,  1889,  he  purchased  of  Mr.  Betterton  the  smooth 
bitch  Regina,  a  daughter  of  Champion  Sirius,  the  intention  being  to  have 
her  bred  to  Guide,  to  whom  she  already  had  had  puppies  that  had  won. 
Before  this  was  done  Mr.  Walbridge  received  a  photograph  of  Keeper,  by 
Ivo  out  of  that  famous  bitch  Sans  Peur,  and  he  cabled  to  breed  Regina  to 
this  young  dog.  The  product  of  that  union  included  Empress  of  Contocook 
who  till  she  was  retired  was  an  unbeaten  bitch  and  was  sold  to  Colonel  Rup- 
pert  for  $800  in  the  palmy  days  of  the  breed.  Judith  was  another,  and 
there  was  a  dog  puppy  named  Keeper  of  Contocook,  never  shown  on  ac- 
count of  a  deformed  leg  owing  to  an  accident  when  a  puppy,  but  which  in 
his  owner's  opinion  was  the  best  of  all  that  matured.  Our  St.  Bernard  ex- 
hibitors may  want  to  know  who  Mr.  Walbridge  was  as  a  St.  Bernard  breeder 
outside  of  our  opinion,  and  to  them  we  will  say  that  on  the  last  occasion  of 
our  seeing  him  at  the  New  York  show  of  1892,  we  stood  near  the  ring  gate 
in  company  with  Messrs.  Reick,  Sears,  and  Moore  as  the  last  of  the  smooth 
St.  Bernards  passed  out,  and  we  heard  Mr.  Reick  say  to  Mr.  Walbridge, 
'  You  have  done  more  by  your  importations  and  breeding  to  improve  the 
St.  Bernards  of  America  than  any  other  man  in  the  country.  "  To  which 
both  the  others  cordially  agreed.  Regina  was  bred  to  Watch  and  others, 
the  Watch  mating  being  always  considered  doubtful  business,  but  she  never 
repeated  the  Keeper  success.  Being  smooth-bred  Judith  was  always  apt 
to  get  smooth  or  medium-coated  puppies,  and  as  Alton  was  somewhat  short- 
coated  that  litter  were  mainly  smooths,  with  some  inclination  to  length  when 
in  full  coat.  Judith  was  bred  to  Sir  Bedivere,  but  that  undoubtedly  good 
dog  never  sired  anything  worth  showing. 

Sir  Bedivere  was  the  highest-priced  dog  shown  here,  and  he  would  never 
have  come  to  America  even  at  his  price  had  it  not  been  that  his  sun  had  set 
as  a  money-making  sire  in  England,  for  after  two  years  breeders  were  asking 
where  the  Sir  Bedivere  puppies  were.  All  he  won  here  he  was  fully  entitled 
to,  but  we  did  not  bow  the  knee  to  him  as  the  perfect  dog  by  any  means. 
His  beautiful  expression  and  the  dignity  gained  by  his  depth  of  face  were 
impressive,  but  he  was  deficient  in  skull  and  by  no  means  above  criticism  in 
hindquarters,  while  a  little  more  freedom  about  the  neck  would  have  im- 
proved him.  Sir  Waldorf  was  to  our  mind  a  better  all-round  dog;  and,  with  face 
markings,  Alta  Bruce  would  have  surprised  the  captious  critics  who  passed 


586  The  Dog  Book 

him  by  as  a  "red  dog."  Mrs.  Lee  was  extremely  unfortunate  to  lose  Bruce 
and  still  more  so  when  her  young  dog  Alta  Barrie,  son  of  Bruce,  died  so 
soon  after  his  sire.  Bruce  was  the  best  son  of  Marse  Jeems,  and  had  size 
and  character,  while  his  son  was  a  better  dog  than  he  was,  at  least,  we  con- 
sidered him  so  at  the  time  of  his  death,  and  he  was  also  handsomely  marked. 
It  is  somewhat  strange  to  note  the  number  of  lady  exhibitors  of  St.  Bernards. 
At  one  time  Mrs.  Smyth  was  almost  alone  with  her  Swiss  Mountain  dogs; 
but  at  New  York,  in  1905,  twenty  of  the  forty-seven  dogs  entered  were  ex- 
hibited by  ladies.  Mrs.  Lee  and  Miss  Marks  of  the  Willowmere  Kennels 
are  now  the  leaders,  since  Mr.  Sheubrooks  gave  up  his  dogs,  which  were 
headed  by  Sir  Waldorf  and  included  both  roughs  and  smooths,  the  collection 
being  the  best  ever  grouped  in  any  one  kennel  in  America. 

There  is  no  question  that  we  have  excellent  breeding  material  in  this 
country,  and  the  only  doubt  regarding  the  future  of  the  breed  is  as  to  a  suffi- 
cient number  of  persons  taking  interest  enough  to  make  use  of  that  material. 
At  present  the  breed  has  been  passed  by  the  Great  Dane,  and  the  demand 
of  the  public  has  undoubtedly  fallen  off  very  much  from  the  day  when  fifty 
dollars  was  a  low  price  for  a  puppy,  and  grown  dogs  able  to  win  at  small 
shows  fetched  from  $300  to  $600.  The  same  class  of  dog  is  hard  to  sell 
now  at  anything  over  $100.  The  breed  is  dormant,  or  those  interested  in 
it  are,  which  amounts  to  the  same  thing;  for  unless  a  breed  is  boomed  inter- 
est dies  out  to  a  great  extent.  It  was  the  public  notoriety  of  the  big  dogs  in 
the  Sir  Bedivere  days  that  set  the  public  on  edge;  and  that  desire  to  be  in 
the  swim  has  to  be  catered  to  or  the  public  will  not  "take  hold."  There 
is  ample  room  for  the  St.  Bernard  Club  to  enlarge  its  sphere  of  influence 
in  this  and  other  directions. 

One  thing  the  St.  Bernard  Club  should  do  without  loss  of  time,  is  to 
change  completely  the  standard  which  they  have  had  since  1889.  Mr.  Hopf's 
influence  was  sufficient  to  have  a  translation  of  the  long  and  very  peculiar 
standard  of  the  Swiss  club  adopted.  The  translation  is  as  misleading  as  the 
standard  itself,  as,  for  example:  "Eyes — Set  more  to  the  front  than  the 
sides."  The  tail  is  also  said  in  some  specimens  to  hang  down  in  the  shape 
of  a  "  P. "  Can  any  one  tell  what  that  means  ?  For  the  benefit  of  our  read- 
ers we  prefer  to  give  something  intelligible,  and  quote  the  short  and 
thorough  standard  of  the  English  club. 


THE   NEWFOUNDLAND 
By  Bewick 


THE   NEWFOUNDLAND 
By  Reinagle.     From  the  "Sportsman's  Repository' 


"A   DISTINGUISHED    MEMBER   OF  THE   ROYAL   HUMANE   SOCIETY" 
The  painting  by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer,  which  suggested  the  name  of  "  Landseer  "  for  the  white  and  black  Newfoundlands 


NEWFOUNDLAND  DOG 

"Original  breed."    From  the  "Naturalist's  Library,"  1840 


Newfoundland  head,  by  A. Cooper 
From  the  "Sportsman's  Annual,"  1836 


The  St.  Bernard  Dog  587 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — Large  and  massive,  circumference  of  skull  being  more  than 
double  the  length  of  head  from  nose  to  occiput.  Muzzle  short,  full  in  front 
of  the  eye  and  square  at  the  nose  end.  Cheeks  flat,  and  great  depth 
from  eye  to  lower  jaw.  Lips  deep,  but  not  too  pendulous.  From  nose 
to  stop  perfectly  straight  and  broad.  Stop  somewhat  abrupt  and  well 
defined. 

Ears. — Of  medium  size,  lying  close  to  the  cheeks  and  not  heavily 
feathered. 

Eyes. — Rather  small  and  deep-set,  dark  in  colour  and  not  too  close 
together,  the  lower  eyelid  drooping  so  as  to  show  a  fair  amount  of  haw  at 
the  inner  corner,  the  upper  eyelid  falling  well  over  the  eye. 

Nose. — Large  and  black,  with  well-defined  nostrils. 

Mouth. — Level. 

Expression. — Should  betoken  benevolence,  dignity  and  intelligence. 

Neck. — Lengthy  and  muscular,  slightly  arched,  with  dewlap  well- 
developed. 

Shoulders. — Broad  and  sloping,  well  set  up  at  the  withers. 

Chest. — Wide  and  deep.  The  lower  part  should  not  project  below 
the  elbow. 

Body. — Back  broad  and  straight,  ribs  well  rounded.  Loin  wide  and 
very  muscular. 

Tail. — Set  on  rather  high,  and  in  long-coated  variety  well  feathered. 
Carried  low  when  in  repose,  and  when  excited  or  in  motion  should  not  be 
curled  over  the  back. 

Legs  and  feet. — Forelegs  perfectly  straight,  strong  in  bone  and  of  good 
length.  Hind  legs  heavy  in  bone,  hocks  well  bent  and  thighs  very  muscular. 
Feet  large  and  compact,  with  well-arched  toes. 

Size. — The  taller  the  better,  provided  the  symmetry  is  maintained. 
Thoroughly  well-proportioned  and  of  great  substance.  The  general  outline 
should  suggest  great  power  and  capability  of  endurance. 

Coat. — In  the  long-coated  variety  should  be  dense  and  flat,  rather  fuller 
around  the  neck;  thighs  well  feathered.  In  the  short-coated  variety  it 
should  be  close  and  houndlike,  slightly  feathered  on  thighs  and  tail. 

Colour  and  markings. — Orange,  mahogany,  brindte-red,  brindle,  or 
white  with  patches  on  the  body  of  any  of  the  mentioned  colours.  The 


588  The  Dog  Book 

markings  should  be  as  follows:  White  muzzle,  blaze  up  face,  collar,  chest, 
forelegs,  feet  and  end  of  tail;  black  shading  on  face  and  ears. 

Dew-claws. — Of  no  value.  Dew-claws  are  not  only  of  no  value  but 
are  the  main  cause  of  dogs  becoming  cow-hocked,  from  spreading  the  feet  to 
avoid  the  hanging  claws  "  interfering. "  When  dew-claws  were  bred  for  and 
considered  an  essential,  very  few  dogs  had  perfect  movement  of  hind  legs, 
while  without  them  we  have  very  few  poor  movers. 

Movement. — Is  most  important  and  St.  Bernards  have  often  failed  in 
this  direction,  the  hind  legs  being  especially  faulty. 

Objectionable  points. — Dudley,  liver,  flesh-coloured,  or  split  nose.  Over 
or  undershot  mouth;  snipey  muzzle,  light  or  staring  eyes,  cheek  bumps, 
wedge  head,  flat  skull,  badly  set  or  carried  or  too  heavily  feathered  ears;  too 
much  peak,  short  neck,  curly  coat,  flat  sides,  hollow  back,  roach  back,  flat 
thighs,  ring  tail,  open  or  hare  feet,  cow  hocks,  straight  hocks,  fawn,  or  self- 
coloured. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Skull 3        Neck  and  Shoulders 5 

Ears 4        Chest,  body  and  loin 10 

Eyes 5        Hindquarters 10 

Stop   3  Legs,  feet  and  movement ....  10 

Depth 5       Size 15 

Muzzle 10       Coat 5 

Expression 10       Colours  and  markings 5 

Total  for  head 40       Grand  Total 100 


CHAMPION   GYPSY    PRINCESS 
Property  of  Miss  Goodall,  Rastrick,  England 


Photo  tiy  T.  Fall,  London 
CH.  SHELTON  VIKING 

Taken  when  n  months  old,  the  day  before  he  won  his 
first  championship 


•     i'  '  •   • 


BLACK  BOY 
Property  of  Mrs.  W.  T.  Stern  Von  Gravesende 


MILL   BOY,   A  LANrSEER.  IIEVrP0U;N;DL 
Property  of  Mrs.  W.  A.  Lindsay,  Belfast,  Ireland 


Photo  by  T.  tall,  London  Photo  by  T.  Fall,  London 

SHELTON  VIKING  SHELTON    MADGE 

Property  of  Mrs.  Vale  Nicolas 


CHAPTER  XLII 
THE  NEWFOUNDLAND  DOG 

OPULAR  belief  would  no  doubt  lead  to  the  opinion  that  the 
Newfoundland  dog  would  have  a  very  straight  history,  but 
such  is  not  the  case  by  any  means.  In  the  first  place,  the 
early  illustrations  by  Bewick  and  Reinagle  show  a  long, 
flat-headed  white  and  black  dog.  Captain  Brown  in  1829 
gives  us  a  similar  dog  but  seemingly  solid  black,  but  he  does  not  specify  any 
colour.  Lieutenant-Colonel  Hamilton  who  had  visited  Newfoundland 
stands  alone  in  describing  the  true  Newfoundland  as  a  black-and-tan  dog. 
This  he  calls  the  true  old  type  and  characterises  all  others  as  cross-bred 
dogs.  When  he  was  in  Newfoundland  we  cannot  state,  but  he  was  an  ex- 
perienced investigator  and  possessed  an  extensive  knowledge  of  dogs  in  alt 
parts  of  the  world,  so  that  his  conclusions  and  assertions  are  entitled  to 
great  consideration,  even  if  he  stands  alone  on  the  black-and-tan  statement. 
The  "  Naturalist's  Library  "  for  which  he  wrote  on  dogs  was  published  in 
1840,  hence  we  may  say  he  wrote  of  the  breed  of  1830.  Between  that  time 
and  1860  the  tan  markings  appear  to  have  been  bred  out  entirely,  and  there 
is  little  doubt  that  pure  black,  rusty  black  occasionally,  became  the  prevail- 
ing colour. 

We  must  recognise  that  we  are  not  now  speaking  of  a  country  where 
dogs  were  bred  for  points  but  a  very  undeveloped  territory,  where  the  dogs 
were  obliged  to  earn  their  own  living,  bred  as  they  liked,  and  were  grievously 
neglected  according  to  all  accounts.  Where  they  originated  is  not  hard  to 
state,  for  they  must  have  descended  from  ship  dogs.  In  the  old  days,  which 
in  this  breed  can  be  put  at  1800  to  1850,  there  were  three  varieties,  smooth  or 
short-coated,  shaggy  and  curly.  The  shaggy  were  the  most  attractive,  and 
became  the  popular  dog.  Up  to  1870  the  height  of  dogs  on  Newfoundland 
Island  ran  to  26  inches,  anything  larger  being  an  exception;  and  the  dog 
presented  to  the  Prince  of  Wales  when  he  visited  this  continent  was  a  mon- 
strosity, a  perfect  giant,  and  not  considered  by  any  means  typical  of  the 
breed.  It  was  stated  to  have  measured  "considerably  over  30  inches." 

589 


590  The  Dog  Book 

No  such  dog  had  ever  been  known  on  the  island  before,  hence  it  was  not 
typical  of  the  breed  at  home.  That  they  grew  much  larger  when  taken  as 
puppies  to  England,  or  bred  there,  is  very  well  known.  If  the  breed  had 
never  been  taken  to  England  we  should  have  no  such  dog  as  is  now  called 
the  Newfoundland,  which  is  purely  an  English  development  from  a  very 
common-sized  black  dog. 

In  this  country  we  have  had  one  high-class  dog — that  was  Mayor  of 
Bingley,  brought  over  by  Mr.  Mason  in  1881.  Since  that  time  we  have  had 
two  very  nice  ones  in  Captain  and  Black  Boy,  and  about  two  more  that 
were  passably  good.  All  the  rest  that  have  been  shown  as  Newfound- 
lands were  plain  black  dogs,  mainly  curly. 

The  Landseer  Newfoundland,  as  the  white  and  black  variety  is  called, 
got  its  name  from  the  fact  that  Sir  Edwin  Landseer  took  a  fancy  to  a  dog  of 
that  colour,  and  painted  it  with  the  title  of  "A  Distinguished  Member  of 
the  Royal  Humane  Society."  All  large  water  dogs  had  been  called  New- 
foundlands in  England  for  many  years,  and  Landseer  was  merely  painting 
what  to  him  was  an  attractive  dog,  but  not  distinguished  for  great  amount  of 
what  we  now  would  call  type  of  the  breed,  any  more  than  is  seen  in  any  other 
large  dog  that  has  a  rough  and  shaggy  coat. 

The  peculiarity  that  to  our  mind  is  distinctly  Newfoundland  is  the  skull 
development — a  sort  of  water-on  the-brain  shape,  as  Dalziel  once  said  to  us 
in  speaking  of  the  Clumber.  This  shape  of  head  is  seen  in  no  other  large 
dog,  and  is  only  met  with  in  a  degree  in  the  Clumber.  Another  dog  that  has 
somewhat  of  the  same  head  is  the  Thibet  dog,  but  we  cannot  suppose  that 
dog  had  any  connection  with  Newfoundland,  and  the  Thibet  dog's  head  is 
not  so  much  domed  or  rounded. 

In  view  of  there  being  such  a  paucity  of  the  breed  in  this  country,  we 
leave  the  illustrations  to  speak  for  themselves.  In  the  matter  of  standard 
we  are  at  a  loss  to  know  what  to  use.  That  of  the  Newfoundland  Club  of 
England  is  acknowledged  to  be  quite  out  of  date,  but  no  one  cares  about 
amending  it.  Certainly  it  is  no  guide,  and  its  publication  would  only  be 
misleading.  This  also  applies  to  the  Stonehenge  standard  of  1870,  which 
also  did  duty  in  Dalziel's  book. 

Compared  with  most  large  dogs  the  Newfoundland  is  somewhat  loosely 
built,  and  should  be  a  free,  supple  mover.  Size  is  desirable,  but  not  to  the 
extent  that  it  overtops  character  in  head,  or  colour  with  straightness  and 
quality  of  coat.  A  Newfoundland  is  not  primarily  a  large  dog,  but  size  is 


The   Newfoundland    Dog  591 

wanted  if  you  have  the  other  named  essentials.  He  certainly  should  not 
gain  height  by  mere  length  of  legs,  but  get  it  as  the  mastiff  does  by  depth  of 
body  and  legs  of  suitable  length  to  look  neither  low  nor  high  on  the  leg.  The 
legs  should  be  stout  of  bone  and  straight,  with  feet  somewhat  large,  as  befits 
a  water  dog  and  not  an  animal  which  has  to  travel  on  hard  roads  or  at  speed. 
The  coat  has  a  decidedly  open  appearance  compared  with  most  water  dogs, 
and  has  not  much  undercoat.  Glossy  black  is  decidedly  preferable  to  the 
rusty  black  one  occasionally  sees,  the  consensus  of  testimony  from  those 
competent  to  give  evidence  being  to  the  effect  that  the  parti-coloured  dog  is 
not  a  true  Newfoundland,  so  far  as  being  an  island  dog.  Still,  as  the  New- 
foundland of  England  is  altogether  different  from  the  old  type,  there  is  no 
good  reason  why  variety  in  colour  also  should  not  be  permitted. 


THE  DOG  BOOK 


THE  DOG  BOOK 

A  Popular  History  of  the  Dog,  with  Practical 
Information  as  to  Care  and  Management  of 
House,  Kennel  and  Exhibition  Dogs ;  and 
Descriptions  of  All  the  Important  Breeds.  In 
Ten  Parts 


BY 

JAMES  WATSON 


PART  IX 
Illustrated  from  Photographs 


NEW  YORK 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  COMPANY 
1906 


Copyright,  1906,  by 

Doubleday,  Page  &  Company 

Published  July,  1906. 


All  rights  reserved,  including 
that  of  translation  into  foreign  lan- 
guages, including  the  Scandinavian. 


CONTENTS 
PART   IX 

CHAPTER  XLIII — PAGE   593 

THE  HOUND  FAMILY:  Lieut.-Col.  Hamilton  Smith's  researches — Old 
Egyptian  and  Assyrian  representations — Hunting  hounds  in 
couples — BufFon  and  the  French  Matin — The  origin  of  the  name 
of  greyhound — Harrier  a  general  term  for  scenting  hounds — 
Brach  and  its  synonyms — The  beagle  not  the  gazehound — 
Bloodhounds  and  limers — The  St.  Huberts  and  their  probable 
connection  with  the  Bassets. 

CHAPTER    XLIV — PAGE    603 

THE  SCOTCH  DEERHOUND:  Taylor's  description  of  red  deer  hunting  in 
the  Highlands — The  Glengarry  crosses — Size  not  a  requisite  in 
the  deerhound — Colonel  Thayer's  Chieftain  and  Wanda — The 
modern  deerhound. 

CHAPTER    XLV — PAGE    609 

THE  IRISH  WOLFHOUND:  Early  illustrations  lean  to  a  smooth  dog  of 
Great  Dane  type — The  Earl  of  Arundel's  hound  painted  by 
Rubens — Similants  to  the  mastin  type  painted  by  Snyders— 
Exaggerations  regarding  size — Richardson's  estimate  exploded 
—The  building  up  of  the  present  breed  and  the  adopted 
standard. 

CHAPTER    XLVI — PAGE    617 

THE  GREYHOUND:  A  product  of  breeding  with  a  definite  object — The 
breed  name  a  very  general  English  term  for  racing  dogs  of 
various  countries — The  small  continental  greyhounds — Grey- 
hounds— Greyhounds  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  time — Coursing 
before  the  adoption  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk's  rules — Lord 
Orford  the  promoter  of  modern  coursing — Sir  Walter  Scott's 
love  of  the  sport — The  greyhound  in  America — Standard  and 
scale  of  points. 

CHAPTER    XLVII — PAGE    627 

THE  WHIPPET:  A  product  of  the  sporting  tendencies  of  Yorkshire  and 
Lancashire  workmen — Teaching  the  whippet  to  race — System 
of  handicapping — Efforts  to  advance  whippet  racing. 


CONTENTS— Continued 
CHAPTER   XLVIII — PAGE  629 

THE  RUSSIAN  WOLFHOUND:  A  breed  illustrated  as  a  Russian  hound 
about  1750 — Closely  allied  to  the  Persian  and  Turkish  grey- 
hound— Origin  of  our  title  of  Russian  wolfhound — Russian 
method  of  hunting  the  wolf — Descriptive  particulars  and  scale 
of  points. 

CHAPTER   XLIX — PAGE  635 

THE  BLOODHOUND:  The  present  type  a  comparatively  modern  dog- 
African  and  Cuban  bloodhounds — American  descendants  from 
early  importations  of  the  Lords  Baltimore  time — Difficulty  in 
rearing  the  bloodhound — Connection  of  Mr.  Winchell,  Dr. 
Lougest  and  Dr.  Knox  with  the  breed — The  club  standard. 

CHAPTER   L — PAGE   641 

THE  FOXHOUND:  An  offshoot  from  the  general  hunting  hound  or  harrier 
—Mr.  Meynell  the  originator  of  the  fast  pace  fox  hunting- 
English  foxhound  packs  of  note  date  from  Squire  Osbaldeston 
and  the  Quorn  hunt  in  1817 — Breeding  for  uniformity  in  the 
packs  the  governing  rule  in  England,  while  here  the  indi- 
vidual hound  is  promoted  irrespective  of  type  or  conformation— 
The  American  foxhound  club  standard. 

CHAPTER    LI — PAGE    647 

THE  HARRIER:  The  name  not  originally  connected  with  hare  hunting— 
The  ordinary  scenting  hound  now  practically  extinct. 

CHAPTER    LII — PAGE    649 

THE  BEAGLE:  Origin  of  the  name — The  Gaelic  word  for  small  was  its 
probable  progenitor — Other  obsolete  English  words — Queen 
Elizabeth's  singing  beagles — Oppian's  misquoted  reference  to 
the  Scotch  terrier — Strada  and  Castiglioni  illustrations — George 
III  and  George  IV  patrons  of  beagle  hunting — Col.  Thornton's 
lap  beagles — The  breed  in  America — Rowett  and  Blue  Cap 
strains — The  bench-legged  dogs — Mr.  Kernochan's  importations 
—The  Windholme  and  Rockefeller  packs — American  standard. 

CHAPTER    LIII — PAGE    659 

THE  BASSET:  Probably  the  direct  descendant  of  the  St.  Hubert  limer  or 
bloodhound — Col.  Thornton's  French  bloodhound — Introduced 
into  England  in  1875  as  a  show  dog. 

CHAPTER    LIV — PAGE    661 

THE  DACHSHUND:  Now  a  distinctively  German  dog — The  English  mis- 
interpretation of  "hund"  leads  to  their  breeding  a  dog  of  incor- 
rect type — Importations  to  America  and  their  cross  on  the 
Delaware  beagles — The  deformed  forelegs  an  essential  to  correct 
type — The  German  standard  for  the  breed. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

Champion  Bistri  of  Perchina Frontispiece 

FACING  PAGE 

Tenier's   Kitchen 596 

Typical  heads  by  Landseer,  Cooper  and  Hancock 599 

DEERHOUNDS 

Cader,  a  pure  Glengarry  dog 601 

Scotch  Deerhound,  from  Jesse 's  "Anecdotes  " 601 

Ch.  Chieftain 601 

Lord  of  the  Isles,  Dunrobin,  Olga,  and  Mr.  Spademan's  winning 

couple  at  Wissahickon 603 

IRISH    WOLFHOUNDS 

The  Earl  and  Countess  of  Arundel,  by  Rubens 610 

The    Irish  Greyhound,  by  Bewick  ;    The   Irish   Greyhound,   from 
Brown's    "Anecdotes";    Irish  Greyhound,    by    Reinagle,    and 

Irish  Wolfhound,  from  Jesse's  "Anecdotes" 612 

Ch.  Leinster 614 

GREYHOUNDS 

"Greyhound's  Head,"  by  Old  Wyck;  "Coursing  Fallow  Deere,"  by 
F.   Barlow;  Coursing,  by  Dodd;    Major  Topham's  "Friend"; 

Fullerton,  and  Lady  Glendyne 617 

King  Cob 618 

The  Bulldog  cross,  four  stages 618 

Champion  Lansdowne  Hall   Stream 620 

Lord  Butte 620 

WHIPPETS 
Ch.  Bay  View  Prince,  Ch.  Bay  View  Pride,  Bay  View  May,  Ch.  Bay 

View  Beauty 625 

Ch.  Northern  Flyer 625 

Whippet  Racing  at  Wissahickon  and  Atlantic  City 627 

RUSSIAN    WOLFHOUNDS 

Persian  Greyhound,  Grecian  Greyhound,  Ch.  Bistri  of  Perchina,  and 

Alex 628 

Borzois  at  Sandringham,  An  American  Production,  and  Futurity 

Prospects  at  Valley  Farm 631 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATION  S— Continued 

BLOODHOUNDS 

FACING  PAGE 

"Wareful,  a  Southern  Hound,"  "Marmion,  a  Celebrated  Blood- 
hound," Bewick's  Old  English  Hound,  Cuban  Bloodhounds, 
African  Bloodhounds,  and  Druid 633 

Konpanto,  Magician,  Prince  Leo,  Sultan,  Ch.  Dainty,  and  Blood- 
hound head,  by  Landseer 635 

Charity  Girl,  Ripple  Dulcet,  Lougest's  Luath 636 

Scarthro'  Hebe 636 

FOXHOUNDS 

Illustrations  by  Richard  Blome 641 

Fox  hunting,  by  Frances  Barlow 642 

Wootton's  painting  of  hounds 642 

Death  of  the  Fox,  by  Gilpin .* 642 

Merlin,  Nosegay,  A  Badminton  hound 642 

The  Brandywine  Hunt 644 

Heads — American  and  English  foxhounds,  Middlesex  Hunt  hounds  646 

HARRIERS 

Harrier,  by  Gilpin;  Charity,  a  celebrated  harrier;  King  George  III 

harriers,  and  Pennbrook  Hunt 647 

BEAGLES 

Castiglioni's   Orpheus 649 

King  George  III  and  his  beagles 651 

A  former  winning  four  of  the  Windholme  Kennels 651 

Lap  Beagles  of  Col.  Thornton,  by  Reinagle 651 

The  Beagle,  by  Gilpin 651 

Ch.  Waveland  Jewel,  and  Blue  Bell 653 

Leader  III,  Ch.  Frank  Forest,  Benedict  of  Radnage,  Forward, 
Yankee  Ben,  Windholme's  Dalesman,  Ch.  Corbett's  Evan- 

geline,  Ch.  Royal  Kreuger 655 

Windholme  Kennels'  Beagles  afield 658 

BASSETS 

Ch.  Queen  of  the  Geisha,  Bassets  from  a  French  illustration,  Lockly, 
owned  by  King  Edward  VII,  Rough  Bassets,  and  Colonel 
Thornton's  French  hound 660 

DACHSHUNDS 

Ch.  Hollyberry,  Ch.  Wirral  Hollybranch,  and  Delves  Lady 662 

Ch.  Janet 664 

Ch.  Young  Phoenomen,  Jr.,  and  Hannah  M 666 

Ch.  Smarty  Waldine 666 

Ch.  Parsifal 666 

Hansel  von  Lichtenstein,  German  champion 666 


THE  DOG  BOOK 


CHAPTER  XLIII 

THE    HOUND    FAMILY 

OUNDS  form  a  very  large  section  of  the  dog  family,  as  the  term 
embraces  all  dogs  which  follow  game  either  by  sight  or  by 
scent.  Of  the  former  section  the  leading  member  of  the 
present  time  is  the  greyhound,  and  has  as  its  consorts  the 
Irish  wolfhound,  the  Scottish  deerhound  and  the  Russian 
wolfhound.  To  these  may  be  added  the  later-made  breed  for  racing  and 
rabbit  coursing,  called  the  whippet  or  snap  dog.  Of  the  hounds  that  follow 
the  quarry  by  scent  we  have  the  bloodhound,  foxhound,  harrier,  beagle  and 
basset;  and  up  to  a  short  time  ago  there  was  another  variety  of  large  fox- 
hound called  the  staghound  or  buckhound,  which  was  used  in  deer  hunting, 
such  as  the  Royal  hunt  after  carted  deer,  or  after  wild  deer  in  some  of  the 
still  remaining  sections  of  England  where  they  were  to  be  found.  The 
Royal  buckhounds  were  given  up  some  years  ago  and  the  carted-deer  hunts 
having  fallen  into  disrepute  as  had  the  annual  cockney  Epping  Hunt.  Stag- 
hounds  are  not  a  breed  of  to-day  nor,  indeed,  are  harriers  to  the  extent  they 
were.  The  harrier  is  the  intermediate  dog  between  the  foxhound  and  the 
beagle  and  has  been  interbred  at  each  end,  so  that  we  have  foxhound-har- 
riers and  beagle-harriers;  and  the  old  type  of  true  harrier  is  confined  to  a 
very  few  English  hunts  and  is  not  in  any  sense  an  American  breed,  though 
some  small  foxhounds  in  Canada  are  called  harriers  or  "American  fox- 
hounds" as  the  owner  pleases. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Hamilton  Smith,  whose  researches  into  the  origin 
of  the  dog  and  the  individual  breeds  have  never  been  properly  recognised  by 
modern  writers,  to  whom  his  work  seems  to  have  been  unknown,  devoted 
much  attention  to  the  question  of  the  early  hounds.  When  he  wrote  re- 
garding ancient  dogs  researches  in  Assyria  had  not  progressed  so  far  as  they 
had  in  Egypt,  and  he  was  only  aware  of  one  representation  of  a  long-eared 
dog,  the  others  being  erect-eared.  He  was  therefore  inclined  to  the  opinion 
that  the  greyhound  type  was  the  older.  Since  his  day,  however,  we  have 
had  the  Layard  researches  and  those  of  later  times  and  the  pendulous-eared 

503 


594  The  Dog  Book 

dog  was  the  prevailing  one  in  Assyria,  according  to  sculptures  and  tablets 
which  have  been  discovered  there.  A  large  number  of  the  Egyptian  hunt- 
ing dogs  were  also  drop-eared  and  any  priority  which  may  be  claimed  as 
between  the  greyhound  or  tracking  hound  will  have  to  be  based  upon  some 
other  ground  than  description  of  ears. 

In  old  Egyptian  and  Assyrian  representations  of  dogs  we  have  to  take 
into  consideration  the  conventional  type,  which  differed  very  much.  All 
Assyrian  dogs  are  stout,  strong,  muscular  dogs  of  what  we  should  call  mastiff 
type.  The  Egyptian  artists,  on  the  other  hand  depicted  their  dogs  as  leggy, 
light  of  build  and  running  more  to  the  greyhound  type,  "weeds'*  we  would 
be  likely  to  call  them.  We  know  that  Assyrian  dogs  were  taken  to  Egypt 
as  gifts  and  also  as  tribute,  yet  these  tribute  dogs  are  painted  on  Egyptian 
conventional  lines,  while  the  same  type  of  dogs  by  an  Assyrian  sculptor  are 
made  altogether  different.  We  must  therefore  discard  all  of  them  as  truly 
representative,  except  where  we  come  across  radical  differences  between 
Egyptian  dogs  or  between  dogs  of  Assyria. 

It  was  Colonel  Hamilton  Smith's  opinion  that,  although  Greek  and 
Roman  authors  gave  tribal  names  to  some  sixteen  or  seventeen  hunting  dogs 
there  were  but  two  distinct  races:  one  of  greyhounds  and  one  of  dogs  that 
hunted  by  scent.  One  of  these  tribal  names  was  the  Elymaean,  which 
name  was  claimed  by  some  to  have  come  down  through  many  generations 
in  one  form  or  another  till  it  became  the  limer,the  bloodhound  led  in  leash 
or  Ham  to  track  the  quarry  to  its  lair  or  harbour.  There  seems  also  to  have 
been  a  dog  of  greyhound  type  that  had  a  similar  name,  but  with  an  added 
"  m, "  its  mission  being  to  race  at  the  game  and  pin  it  by  the  nose,  whereas 
the  bloodhound  was  not  used  further  than  to  locate  the  game  and  was  never 
off  the  lead.  In  the  Assyrian  sculptures  we  find  hunting  dogs  on  the  lead 
and  they  are  also  represented  in  a  similar  manner  in  Egyptian  paintings, 
both  erect-  and  drop-eared,  or,  as  we  would  characterise  them,  greyhounds 
and  scenting  hounds.  There  is  nothing  in  which  custom  is  more  of  an 
heirloom  than  in  sporting  practice  and  the  leading  of  the  greyhounds  in  slips, 
taking  the  brace  of  setters  on  lead,  or  coupling  the  hounds,  might  possibly 
have  had  its  origin  a  long  way  farther  back  than  the  Assyrian  dog  on  the 
leash  which  Layard  considered  was  one  of  the  oldest  tablets  he  had  found 
at  Nineveh.  It  is  only  about  two  hundred  years  since  foxhounds  were 
hunted  in  couples,  and  all  through  the  old  prints  and  illustrations  hounds 
are  shown  in  couples  when  led  afield,  one  man  taking  each  couple. 


The  Hound  Family  595 

There  is  no  reason  to  question  the  statement  that  the  hounds  originated 
in  the  Far  East  and  followed  the  western  migration,  or  accompanied  it  along 
the  Mediterranean  to  Spain  and  to  Ireland,  likewise  across  Europe,  leaving 
the  Russian  wolfhound's  ancestors  a  little  farther  west  than  they  did  those 
of  the  Persian  greyhound;  dropping  the  Molossian  for  Greeks  to  admire  and 
taking  more  of  the  same  breed  as  they  spread  over  Europe,  to  give  to 
Spain  the  alaunt  and  to  Germany  and  Denmark  the  Great  Dane.  With 
them  came  also  the  tracking  hound  and  the  swift  racing  dog,  developed  by 
centuries  of  breeding  for  speed  till  it  became  what  it  is  to-day :  the  perfection 
of  lines  with  but  one  object  in  view. 

In  the  very  oldest  Greek  and  Latin  books,  we  find  that  fads  of  fancy 
then  existed  and  certain  colours  were  valued  more  than  others,  the  high- 
est esteemed  being  the  fawn  or  red  with  black  muzzle,  the  colour  the 
late  Robert  Fulton  always  maintained  was  the  true  bulldog  colour  and 
known  to  us  as  the  red  smut,  or  the  fallow  smut,  according  to  the  shade. 

Other  colours  referred  to  by  Xenophon  are  white,  blue,  fawn,  spotted  or 
striped;  and  they  ranked  according  to  individual  fancy,  just  as  they  did  for 
many  hundreds  of  years.  It  was  not  until  about  Markham's  time  that  we 
find  authors  discrediting  colour  as  a  guide  to  excellence  or  defect. 

How  much  original  relationship  existed  between  the  smooth  greyhound 
and  the  other  racing  dogs  is  something  which  has  been  taken  for  granted  and 
not  looked  into  very  closely.  The  Persian  and  Russian  are  the  same  dog, 
undoubtedly.  So  also  the  Irish  wolfhound  and  the  Scottish  deerhound, 
while  the  smooth  greyhound  differs  from  the  others  as  they  also  differ  be- 
tween themselves.  Because  they  are  much  alike  in  shape  is  not  to  our  mind 
sufficient  evidence  upon  which  to  say  that  they  are  the  same  dogs  changed 
by  climatic  influences,  as  BufFon  held.  Buffbn  maintained  that  a  dog  taken  to 
a  cold  country  developed  in  one  direction,  while  a  similar  dog  sent  to  a  warm 
climate  produced  something  quite  different.  Size,  conformation,  and  coat 
were  all  changed,  according  to  that  authority,  and  he  gave  the  French 
matin  credit  for  being  the  progenitor  of  a  large  number  of  breeds  upon  that 
supposition.  Climate  has  influence  beyond  a  doubt,  but  there  are  other 
things  just  as  important,  one  of  which  is  selection.  As  far  back  as  men 
knew  anything  they  must  have  known  that  the  way  to  get  fast  dogs  was  to 
breed  fast  dogs  together;  and  if  in  eight  generations  it  is  possible  to  com- 
pletely breed  out  a  bulldog  cross  on  a  greyhound,  as  we  shall  show  later  on 
was  accomplished,  what  is  to  prevent  men  all  over  the  world  taking  any 


596  The  Dog  Book 

kind  of  medium-sized  dogs  and  breeding  them  into  greyhounds  in  shape, 
and  eventually  approaching  them  in  speed  ?  We  have  an  instance  to  hand 
in  the  Irish  wolfhound,  which  was  extinct,  yet  by  crossing  Danes  and  deer- 
hounds  a  dog  of  the  required  type  was  produced  in  a  very  few  years. 
Whippets  are  the  production  of  about  thirty  years  of  breeding  between  ter- 
riers of  various  breeds,  crossed  with  Italian  greyhounds  and  small  grey- 
hounds— and  what  is  more  symmetrical  than  a  whippet  of  class  ? 

The  very  name  of  greyhound  is  to  our  mind  proof  that  this  dog  was 
originally  a  much  smaller  and  very  ordinary  dog.  Efforts  have  been  made 
to  prove  that  the  greyhound  was  the  most  highly  valued  of  all  the  dogs, 
hence  and  in  keeping  therewith  a  high  origin  was  necessary  for  the  word 
grey.  According  to  some  it  was  a  derivation  from  Grew  or  Greek  hound; 
Jesse  held  that  "originally  it  was  most  likely  grehund  and  meant  the  noble, 
great,  or  prize  hound. "  Caius  held  that  the  origin  of  the  word  was  "  Gradus 
in  latine,  in  Englishe  degree.  Because  among  all  dogges  these  are  the  most 
principall,  occupying  the  chiefest  places  and  being  absolutely  the  best  of  the 
gentle  kinde  of  houndes."  Mr.  Baillie  Grohman  thinks  the  probable  origin 
was  grech  or  greg,  the  Celtic  for  dog,  this  having  been  the  suggestion  of 
Whitaker  in  his  "History  of  Manchester."  We  can  see  but  one  solution  of 
the  name  and  that  is  from  grey,  a  badger. 

There  was  far  more  badger  hunting  than  hare  hunting  when  England 
was  overrun  with  forests  and  uncultivated  land,  and  a  small  dog  for  badgers 
would  have  earned  his  name  as  the  badger  hound  or  "  grey  "  hound.  Contem- 
poraneous with  this  dog  was  the  gazehound,  which  ran  by  sight,  and,  as 
terriers  became  a  more  pronounced  breed  and  "grey"  hounds  found  a  more 
useful  field  of  operations,  the  latter  were  improved  in  size  and  became  classed 
with  the  gazehound  as  a  sight  hunter,  eventually  crowding  out  the  older 
name  of  the  coursing  dog.  That  is  our  solution,  and  there  is  no  wrenching  a 
person's  imagination  with  the  supposition  that  Latin  was  the  common  lan- 
guage of  Britain  at  the  early  period  when  this  name  was  adopted. 

We  find  a  very  similar  substitution  of  name  in  the  scenting  hounds. 
The  term  harrier  has  for  so  long  been  associated  with  the  sport  of  hare 
hunting  that  it  is  common  belief  that  the  dog  got  his  name  from  the 
hare.  A  study  of  Caius  would  have  caused  some  doubt  as  to  that,  for  he 
only  names  the  bloodhound  and  harrier  as  hounds  of  scent.  The  harrier 
was  the  universal  hunting  dog  of  his  day,  being  used  for  the  fox,  hare,  wolf, 
hart,  buck,  badger,  otter,  polecat,  weasel,  and  rabbit.  They  were  also  used 


The  Hound  Family  597 

for  the  "lobster,"  a  very  old  name  for  the  stoat  or  martin;  but  this  not  being 
known  to  a  French  sporting  author,  he  undertook  to  instruct  his  fellow 
countrymen  how  to  catch  rabbits  by  putting  a  crawfish  into  the  burrows, 
having  first  netted  all  exits.  The  crawfish  was  supposed  to  crawl  in  till  he 
got  to  the  rabbits  and  then  nip  them  till  they  made  a  bolt  into  one  of  the 
nets.  If  we  did  not  have  the  French  book  with  the  instructions  in  we 
would  feel  inclined  to  doubt  the  truth  of  this  story,  to  which,  if  we  mistake 
not,  we  first  saw  reference  in  one  of  Colonel  Thornton's  books. 

The  meaning  of  harrier  was  originally  to  harry,  to  rouse  the  game,  and 
had  no  reference  to  hares  at  all,  it  being  more  in  regard  to  deer.  In  an  Act 
of  Parliament  of  one  of  the  Georges  this  meaning  is  given  to  the  name  har- 
rier, and  was  ridiculed  in  a  sporting  dictionary  of  about  1800.  From  the 
old  spelling  of  the  word,  or  the  variety  of  methods  of  spelling  it,  there  is 
ample  evidence  that  the  writers  made  no  attempt  to  connect  the  dog  with  the 
hare.  The  Duke  of  York  writes  of  "heirers,"  and  other  spellings  are 
hayrers,  hayreres,  herettoir,  heyrettars,  herettor,  hairetti.  It  will  be  noted 
that  four  of  these  spellings  have  "e"  as  the  first  vowel,  while  at  that 
time  the  word  hare  was  always  spelt  with  an  "a";  the  spelling  of  harrier 
then  began  to  change,  and  "a"  replaced  the  "e"  as  the  first  vowel,  and 
when  harrier  became  thoroughly  established  the  name  eventually  became 
more  associated  with  the  hounds  specially  kept  for  hare  hunting  until  it 
was  given  to  no  other,  and  it  finally  became  accepted  that  the  harrier  was  a 
dog  kept  for  hare  hunting,  and  presumably  always  had  been.  That  is 
something  we  can  trace,  but  the  probable  transfer  of  the  name  of  the 
badger  dog  to  the  hare  courser  is  something  that  must  have  taken  place 
years  before  writing  was  used  to  any  extent  in  England. 

The  old  name  for  running  hounds  in  common  use  in  Europe  was  brach 
in  one  of  its  many  forms.  Shakespeare  uses  the  term  several  times,  such  as 
"I  had  rather  hear  Lady,  my  brach,  howl  in  Irish."  "Mastiff,  greyhound, 
mongrel  grim,  hound  or  spaniel,  brach  orlym."  Mr.  Baillie  Grohman 
gives  the  quotation  from  "Taming  of  the  Shrew"  as  follows: — "Huntsman, 
I  charge  thee,  tender  well  my  hounds,  brach  Merriman — the  poor  cur  is  em- 
bossed," but  it  is  now  generally  held  that  it  should  be  "trash  Merriman — 
the  poor  cur  is  embossed,"  otherwise,  "take  care  of  Merriman,  the  poor  dog 
is  tired  out." 

Nathaniel  Cox,  whose  "Gentleman's  Recreation"  went  through  several 
editions  from  167410  1721,  gives  "rache"  as  the  latest  rendering  of  the  word. 


598  The  Dog  Book 

Cox  is  exceedingly  unreliable  as  an  authority,  because  he  copied  wholesale 
from  old  authors,  with  only  a  few  alterations  of  his  own.  In  the  quotation 
referred  to  he  says  there  were  in  England  and  Scotland  but  "two  kinds  of 
hunting  dogs,  and  nowhere  else  in  all  the  world."  These  are  specified  as 
the  rache,  with  brache  as  feminine,  and  the  sleuth  hound.  Here  he  differs 
from  Caius  who  gives  rache  as  the  Scottish  equivalent  for  the  English  brache. 

Cox  copied  from  some  author  the  statement  that  the  beagle  was  the 
gazehound,  yet  he  describes  the  latter  exactly  as  Caius  did,  stating  that  it 
ran  entirely  by  sight  and  was  "  little  beholden  in  hunting  to  its  nose  or  smell- 
ing, but  of  sharpness  of  sight  altogether,  whereof  it  makes  excellent  sport 
with  the  fox  and  hare."  That  most  assuredly  does  not  fit  the  beagle  yet  a 
little  further  on  he  says,  "After  all  these,  the  little  beagle  is  attributed 
to  our  country;  this  is  the  hound  which  in  Latin  is  called  Canis  Agaseus, 
or  the  Gaze-hound. "  This  is  not  the  agasseus  which  Oppian  states  was 
"Crooked,  slender,  rugged  and  full-eyed"  and  the  further  description  of 
which  fits  the  Highland  terrier  much  better  than  the  beagle,  as  we  have 
already  set  forth  in  the  chapter  on  the  Skye  terrier. 

Cox  credits  the  greyhound  as  an  introduction  from  Gaul,  but  if  such 
was  the  case  they  must  have  been  greatly  improved  in  size,  or  the  dogs  of 
the  continent  must  have  greatly  deteriorated.  Quite  a  number  of  illustra- 
tions of  continental  greyhounds  are  available  to  show  the  size  of  the  levrier 
of  France  and  Western  Europe,  and  they  all  show  dogs  of  the  same  relative 
size  as  those  so  well  drawn  in  the  painting  by  Teniers  of  his  own  kitchen. 
A  hundred  years  later  we  have  Buffbn  giving  us  the  height  at  the  withers  of 
the  levrier  as  15  inches,  which  is  just  whippet  size. 

We  have  said  nothing  as  to  the  bloodhound,  which  is  another  of  those 
breeds  about  which  there  has  been  a  good  deal  of  romance.  Originally  the 
bloodhound  was  the  dog  lead  on  leash  or  Ham,  variously  spelled,  to  locate 
the  game.  An  example  of  the  method  is  shown  in  the  illustration  facing 
page  284,  the  head  and  neck  of  the  deer  which  is  being  tracked  showing  very 
plainly  in  the  thicket  close  by.  The  dog  having  tracked  the  game  to  the 
wood  was  then  taken  in  a  circle  around  the  wood  to  find  whether  exit  had 
been  made  on  the  other  side.  If  no  trace  was  found  the  game  was  then  said 
to  be  harboured  and  to  this  point  the  huntsmen  and  hounds  repaired  later 
for  the  hunt.  These  limers  were  selected  from  the  regular  pack,  not  on 
account  of  any  particular  breeding,  but  for  their  ability  to  track  the  slot  of 
the  deer,  boar,  or  wolf.  This  use  as  slot  trackers  resulted  in  the  name  of 


BLOODHOUND  BEAGLE 

By  Charles  Hancock  By  A.  Cooper 

TYPICAL   HEADS 
From  the  "  Sportsman's  Annual,"   1836 


The  Hound  Family  599 

sleuth  hounds  being  given  to  them  on  the  Scottish  border.  Naturally,  in  the 
case  of  wounded  animals  breaking  away  and  trace  of  them  being  lost,  these 
good-nosed  dogs  found  further  employment  in  tracking  the  quarry  by  the 
blood  trail,  and  here  we  have  the  bloodhound  name.  It  was  ability,  not 
breeding,  that  caused  a  dog  to  be  drafted  as  a  limer  or  bloodhound,  and  we 
cannot  show  this  more  conclusively,  perhaps,  than  by  jumping  to  the  "Sporting 
Tour"  of  Colonel  Thornton  in  France  in  1802.  In  describing  wild  boar  hunt- 
ing he  says:  "A  huntsman  sets  his  bloodhound  upon  the  scent  and  follows 
him  till  he  has  reared  the  game."  He  purchased  one  of  these  hounds, 
which  had  been  bred  at  Trois  Fontaines  and  illustrated  it  in  his  book  and  it 
proves  to  be  a  basset.  Here  we  have  the  name  applied,  as  it  always  had  been, 
to  the  use  the  dog  was  put  to  and  not  to  the  specific  breed  of  the  dog.  Col- 
onel Thornton,  in  speaking  more  particularly  of  this  special  dog,  said  that 
the  breed  name  was  briquet. 

The  prevalent  opinion  is  that  the  bloodhound  is  a  descendant  from 
what  has  been  called  the  St.  Hubert  hound,  and  in  support  of  this  contention 
the  favourite  piece  of  evidence  is  Sir  Walter  Scott's  lines: 

"Two  dogs  of  black  St.  Hubert's  breed, 
Unmatched  for  courage,  breath,  and  speed." 

The  legend  is  that  in  the  sixth  century,  St.  Hubert  brought  black  hounds 
from  the  South  of  France  to  the  Ardennes,  and  it  is  supposed  that  these 
hounds  came  from  the  East.  It  was  also  said  that  some  white  hounds  were 
brought  from  Constantinople,  by  pilgrims  who  had  visited  Palestine,  and  on 
their  return  they  offered  these  dogs  at  the  shrine  of  St.  Roch,  the  protecting 
saint  from  hydrophobia.  These  dogs  were  also  called  St.  Hubert  hounds 
and  it  is  stated  that  the  white  dogs  were  the  larger  and  more  prized  of  the 
two.  The  Abbots  of  St.  Hubert  gave  six  hounds  annually  to  the  king  and 
it  was  from  these  hounds  that  the  best  limers  were  said  to  be  obtained. 

If  we  are  to  accept  later-day  poetical  descriptions  as  conclusive  evidence, 
then  the  St.  Hubert  hounds  were  magnificent  animals,  with  all  the  character- 
istics of  the  modern  show  bloodhound,  and  with  a  deep,  resounding  voice. 
Records  are  not  made  in  that  fanciful  way  and  what  evidence  we  have  is  to 
the  effect  that  the  St.  Hubert  was  a  heavy,  low,  short-legged  dog,  running 
almost  mute  and  particularly  slow  in  movements.  In  fact,  we  are  very  much 
of  the  opinion  that  the  basset  is  the  descendant  of  the  St.  Hubert  breed.  As 


600  The  Dog  Book 

evidence  in  that  direction,  we  present  an  extract  from  that  exceedingly  scarce 
work,  the  "Sportsman's  Annual"  for  1839.  Who  the  editor  was  we  have 
not  been  able  to  ascertain,  but  it  contains  a  dozen  beautifully  executed  and 
coloured  dogs'  heads  drawn  specially  for  this  number,  seemingly  the  first  of 
what  was  to  be  an  annual,  but  which  was  only  issued  the  one  year.  We  re- 
produce a  number  of  the  heads  of  the  hounds,  by  Landseer,  Hancock,  and 
Cooper;  that  of  the  harrier  by  the  later  being,  in  our  opinion,  the  most  beau- 
tifully executed  head  of  any  dog  we  have  ever  seen. 

In  the  letterpress  regarding  the  bloodhound  we  find  the  following  ex- 
tract credited  to  "a  small  quarto  volume  of  fifteen  pages,  printed  in  1611, 
and  very  scarce": 

"The  hounds  which  we  call  St.  Hubert's  hounds,  are  commonly  all 
blacke,  yet  neuertheless,  their  race  is  so  mingled  in  these  days  that  we  find 
them  of  all  colours.  These  are  the  hounds  which  the  Abbots  of  St.  Hubert 
haue  always  kept,  or  some  of  their  race  or  kind,  in  honour  or  remembrance  of 
the  saint,  which  was  a  hunter  with  S.  Eustace.  Whereupon  we  may  con- 
ceiue  that  (by  the  Grace  of  God)  all  good  huntsmen  shall  follow  them  into 
paradise.  To  returne  unto  my  former  purpose,  this  kind  of  dogges  hath  been 
dispersed  through  the  countries  of  Henault,  Lorayne,  Flaunders,  and 
Burgoyne.  They  are  mighty  of  body,  neuertheless  their  legges  are  low  and 
short,  likewise  they  are  not  swift,  although  they  be  very  good  of  scent,  hunt- 
ing chaces  which  are  farre  stranggled,  fearing  neither  water  nor  cold  and 
doe  more  couet  the  chaces  that  smell,  as  foxes,  bore,  and  like,  than  other, 
because  they  find  themselues  neither  of  swiftnes  nor  courage  to  hunt  and 
kill  the  chaces  that  are  lighter  and  swifter.  The  bloudhounds  of  this  colour 
proue  good,  especially  those  that  are  cole-blacke,  but  I  make  no  great  account 
to  breede  on  them  or  to  keepe  the  kind,  and  yet  I  found  a  booke  which  a 
hunter  did  dedicate  to  a  Prince  of  Lorayne,  which  seemed  to  loue  hunting 
much,  wherein  was  a  blason  which  the  same  hunter  gaue  to  his  bloudhound, 
called  Soullard,  which  was  white,  whereupon  we  may  presume  that  some 
of  the  kind  proue  white  sometimes,  but  they  are  not  of  the  kind  of  the 
Greffiers,  or  Bouxes,  which  we  haue  at  these  days."  The  hound  Soullyard 
was  a  white  hound  and  was  a  son  of  a  distinguished  dog  of  the  same 
name: 

* 

"  My  name  came  first  from  holy  Hubert's  race, 
Soullyard,  my  sire,  a  hound  of  singular  grace." 


CADER 

'A  deerhound  of  pure  Glengarry  breed,  28  inches  high." 
From  "Stonehenge  on  the  Dog,"  1859 


"SCOTCH  DEER  HOUND" 

From  Jesse's   "Anecdotes,"  1845 


CH.   CHIEFTAIN 
A  c-lebrity  fifteen  years  ago  when  Colonel  John  E.  Thayer  s  kennel  was  invincible 


The  Hound  Family  601 

The  name  of  the  author  of  the  fifteen-page  book  is,  unfortunately,  not  men- 
tioned, but  he  was  in  error  regarding  the  colour  of  the  St.  Huberts  in  the 
Royal  kennels  and  that  of  the  Greffiers,  as  he  spells  the  name. 

Another  importation  of  hounds  was  made  by  St.  Louis  toward  the 
middle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  which  are  described  as  taller  than  the  usual 
run  of  French  hounds,  and  were  faster  and  bolder  than  the  St.  Huberts. 
These  were  described  as  gris  de  lievrey  which  may  be  interpreted  as  a  red 
roan.  These  hounds  seem  to  have  been  extensively  used  as  a  cross  on  the 
low  French  hounds,  but  no  importation  seems  to  have  had  so  much  effect  as 
that  of  the  bracco,  or  bitch,  brought  from  Italy  by  some  scrivener  or  clerk  in 
the  employ  of  Louis  XII.  This  Italian  bitch  was  crossed  with  the  white  St. 
Huberts  and  her  descendants  were  known  as  chiens  griffiers.  So  much  im- 
provement did  these  dogs  show  that  special  kennels  were  built  for  them  at 
St.  Germains  and  they  became  the  popular  breed. 

Specimens  of  all  of  these  hounds  undoubtedly  went  to  England  and  we 
may  also  assume  that  English  pilgrims  and  crusaders  brought  back  dogs 
from  the  East  as  they  did  to  France,  the  progeny  of  which  were  drafted  as 
they  showed  adaptability  or  were  most  suited  for  the  various  branches  of 
sport,  but  it  is  more  than  doubtful  whether  any  hunting  establishments  in 
England  approached  the  greater  ones  of  France.  The  Duke  of  Burgundy 
had  in  his  employ  no  less  than  430  men  to  care  for  the  dogs  and  attend  to  the 
nunts,  hawking  and  fisheries.  There  was  one  grand  huntsman,  24  attend- 
ant huntsmen,  a  clerk  to  the  chief,  24  valets,  120  liverymen,  6  pages  of  the 
hounds,  6  pages  of  the  greyhounds,  12  under  pages,  6  superintendents  of  the 
kennels,  6  valets  of  limers,  6  of  greyhounds,  12  of  running  hounds,  6  of 
spaniels,  6  of  small  dogs,  6  of  English  dogs  (probably  bulldogs),  6  of  Artois 
dogs;  12  bakers  of  dogs'  bread;  5  wolf  hunters,  25  falconers,  I  net-setter 
for  birds,  3  masters  of  hunting  science,  120  liverymen  to  carry  hawks,  12 
valets  fishermen  and  6  trimmers  of  birds'  feathers. 

It  will  be  seen,  however,  that  only  three  varieties  of  hounds  are  named, 
and  these  were  the  lines  of  distinction  set  by  Buffbn,  who  named  them 
levrier,  chien  courant  and  basset  as  the  successors  of  what  are  named  in 
the  foregoing  list  as  greyhounds,  running  hounds  and  limers.  It  is  there- 
fore to  England  we  owe  the  perfection  of  the  greyhound,  the  preservation  of 
the  deerhound,  and  the  improvement  and  subdivision  of  the  running 
hounds  into  foxhounds,  harriers  and  beagles,  together  with  the  establish- 
ment of  type  in  each  variety. 


CHAPTER  XLIV 


THE  SCOTCH  DEERHOUND 

F  a  clear  line  of  descent  could  be  established  to  the  Irish 
wolfhound  precedence  would  be  given  to  that  dog  as  the 
oldest  type  of  hunting  dog  preserved  in  its  original  purity, 
but  such  not  being  the  case  the  off-shoot  therefrom,  the 
deerhound  of  Scotland,  is  entitled  to  priority.  It  is  a  little 
more  than  singular  that  modern  writers  on  the  two  breeds  have  contented 
themselves  with  the  surmise  that  they  were  possibly  of  similar  origin,  when 
the  fact  of  their  having  been  the  same  could  have  been  authenticated  so  read- 
ily. There  is  a  question  as  to  whether  there  were  not  two  Irish  wolfhounds 
a  smooth  and  a  rough,  but  that  there  was  a  rough  is  not  contraverted  and 
it  was  this  rough  dog  which  was  also  kept  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland 
and  has  been  preserved  to  this  day,  not  in  what  we  should  call  original 
purity,  but  with  his  original  appearance  and  characteristics. 

The  first  descriptive  reference  to  these  dogs  is  found  in  Taylor's  "  Penni- 
lesse  Pilgrimage,"  published  in  1618,  and  is  given  in  the  account  of  one  of 
the  great  red-deer  hunts  of  the  Earl  of  Mar.  '  The  manner  of  the  hunting 
is  this:  five  or  six  hundred  men  doe  rise  early  in  the  morning  and  they  doe 
disperse  themselves  various  ways,  and  seven,  eight  or  even  ten  miles  com- 
pass they  doe  bring  or  chase  the  deer  in  many  beards  (two,  three  or  four 
hundred  in  a  heard)  to  such  or  such  a  place,  as  the  nobleman  shall  appoint 
them.  Then  when  the  day  is  come,  the  Lords  and  gentlemen  of  their  com- 
panies doe  ride  or  go  to  the  said  places,  sometimes  wading  up  to  their  mid- 
dles through  bournes  and  rivers,  and  then  they  being  come  to  the  place, 
doe  lye  down  on  the  ground  till  these  foresaid  scouts,  which  are  called  the 
tinckell,  doe  bring  down  the  deer;  but  as  the  proverb  says  of  a  bad  cook, 
so  tinckell  men  doe  lick  their  own  fingers,  for  besides  their  bows  and  ar- 
rows which  they  carry  with  them  we  can  hear  now  and  then  a  harque- 
busse  going  off,  which  they  doe  seldom  discharge  in  vain;  then  after  we 
had  stayed  three  houres  or  there  abouts,  we  might  perceive  the  deer  appear 
in  the  hills  round  about  us  (their  heads  making  a  show  like  a  wood),  which 

603 


604  The  Dog  Book 

being  followed  close  by  the  tinckell,  are  chased  down  into  the  valley  where 
wee  lay;  then  all  the  valley  on  each  side  being  waylaid  with  a  hundred 
couple  of  strong  Irish  greyhounds,  they  are  let  loose  as  occasion  serves  upon 
the  heard  of  deere,that  with  the  dogs,  gunnes,  arrowes,  durks  and  daggers,  in 
the  space  of  two  houres  four-score  fat  deer  were  slaine,  which  after  were 
disposed,  some  one  way  and  some  another,  twenty  or  thirty  miles;  and 
more  than  enough  left  for  us  to  make  merry  withal  at  our  rendezvous. 

'  Being  come  to  our  lodgings  there  was  much  baking,  boyling,  roasting, 
and  stewing,  as  if  cook  ruffian  had  been  there  to  have  scalded  the  devil  in  his 
feathers — the  kitchen  being  always  on  the  side  of  a  banke,  many  kettles  and 
pots  boyling,  and  many  spits  turning  and  winding,  with  great  varietye  of 
cheere,  as  venison  baked,  sodden,  roast  and  stu'de;  beef,  mutton,  goates, 
kid,  hares,  fish,  salmon,  pigeons,  hens,  capons,  chickens,  partridge,  moor- 
coots,  heathcocks,  caperkillies  and  termagants,  good  ale,  sacke,  white  and 
claret,  tente  (or  aligant),  and  most  potent  aqua  vitts.  All  this,  and  more 
than  these,  we  had  continually  in  superfluous  abundance,  caught  by  faul- 
coners,  fowlers,  fishers  and  brought  by  my  Lord  Marr's  tenants  and  pur- 
veyors to  vitual  the  camp,  which  consisted  of  fourteen  or  fifteen  hundred 
men  and  horses. " 

The  quotation  is  lengthy,  but  it  is  worth  giving  as  showing  the  number 
of  red  deer  at  that  time  in  the  Western  Highlands  of  Scotland  and  the  whole- 
sale manner  in  which  they  were  killed  when  attacked  in  this  method  of 
driving.  The  minuteness  of  the  detail  carries  with  it  the  conviction  that 
the  "pilgrim"  was  very  exact  in  his  statements  and  being  a  participant  at 
such  gatherings  he  would  not  use  the  term  "Irish  greyhounds"  unless  he 
was  fully  justified  in  so  doing.  Whether,  if  these  dogs  had  been  such  im- 
mense animals  as  we  read  about  in  some  old  books,  the  author  of  this  des- 
cription would  have  dwelt  upon  that  fact  we  leave  to  the  opinion  of  the 
reader.  Our  mind  was  made  up  long  ago  that  the  many  claims  to  gigantic 
height  in  the  wolfhound  are  gross  exaggerations,  to  give  them  a  mild  term. 
Goldsmith  mentions  them  as  being  as  large  as  a  calf  of  a  year  old  and  being 
four  feet  high.  BufFon  eclipses  Goldsmith  entirely  when  he  says  that  he 
had  only  seen  one  which  when  sitting  down  seemed  to  be  five  pieds  (a  pied 
was  13$  inches)  high,  and  resembled  the  dog  to  which  is  given  the  name  of 
Great  Dane.  There  is  no  evidence  that  these  measurements  were  taped 
and  when  we  come  to  reliable  data  we  find  that  the  Irish  and  Scottish  dogs 
differed  but  little.  The  Marquis  of  Sligo  was  one  of  the  last  to  keep  any 


The  Scotch  Deerhound  605 

wolfhounds  and  to  pay  attention  to  their  breeding.  And  it  was  one  of  his 
dogs  which  Aylmer  Bourke  Lambert,  vice-president  of  the  Linnean  Society, 
measured  and  found  to  be  10  inches  in  length  of  head,  "from  tip  of  nose  to 
back  part  of  skull,"  and  "from  the  toe  to  top  of  the  fore  shoulder"  28$ 
inches.  That  is  to  say  a  27-inch  dog,  standard  measure.  As  Mr.  Lambert 
was  not  seeking  to  depreciate  the  wolfhound  we  may  presume  that  this  was 
a  large  dog  which  he  measured.  That  height  would  not  have  been  at  all 
uncommon  for  a  Scottish  deerhound.  Sir  Walter  Scott's  Maida  cannot  be 
given  as  an  example  of  the  latter  for  he  was  a  black  and  white  dog,  a  cross 
between  a  large  Pyrenean  sheep  dog  and  a  deer  hound.  He  was  bred  by 
Macdonell  of  Glengarry,  or  Glengarry,  as  he  was  commonly  called,  and  he 
made  no  secret  of  his  introducing  the  West  Indies  bloodhound  and  the  dog 
of  the  Pyrenees  into  his  kennel  "to  prevent  the  degeneracy  which  results 
from  consanguinity."  Maida  must  have  been  a  very  large  dog,  but  we  have 
not  found  any  record  of  his  height.  Coming  to  later  times,  we  have  in 
Dalziel's  "  British  Dogs"  a  number  of  measurements  of  dogs  of  about  1880, 
and  of  the  sixteen  heights  recorded  only  two  were  under  27  inches;  the  others 
ranging  from  27  inches  to  32  inches.  The  contributor  of  much  of  the 
article  in  "  British  Dogs  "  did  not  believe  in  the  usefulness  of  large  dogs, 
considering  that  28  inches  was  as  tall  as  a  working  dog  should  be.  He 
stated  that  he  had  measured  the  deerhounds  at  the  Birmingham  show  of 
1873  and  gives  the  particulars  of  seven  named  ones,  two  at  26^  inches,  three 
at  27,  one  at  28  and  one  at  30$  inches,  adding  that  there  were  seven  dogs  over 
30  inches  and  that  the  second  prize  was  taken  by  one  of  26  inches.  This 
was  in  the  early  days  of  dog  shows  and  before  there  could  have  been  any  of 
the  breeding  for  size  which  dog  shows  cultivated. 

The  tallest  dog  we  have  had  here  to  our  knowledge  was  Mr.  John  E. 
Thayer's  Chieftain  which  measured  31  inches,  and  he  was  a  dog  that  beat  all 
England  and  to  the  best  of  our  recollection  was  the  largest  of  the  deerhounds 
of  his  day.  Since  then  Mr.  Lee  in  his  "  Modern  Dogs  "  mentions  one  of 
32!  inches  at  twenty  months.  Stonehenge  also  illustrated  a  deerhound 
said  to  be  33  inches  in  height,  but  of  that  there  is  much  doubt. 

Height  is  not  at  all  an  essential  in  a  deerhound,  in  fact  if  the  dog  is  to  be 
considered  as  one  for  work  his  height  should  be  limited  to  a  size  that  would 
keep  him  a  workman  and  not  merely  a  show  poser.  We  had  but  the  one 
objection  to  Chieftain  of  his  being  too  large  and  for  that  reason  always  pre- 
ferred his  kennel  mate,  the  bitch  Wanda,  who  was  28$  inches.  She  showed 


606  The  Dog  Book 

a  little  more  quality,  was  much  better  in  ears  and  was  every  bit  as  large  as 
one  wants  in  a  deerhound  bitch.  We  do  not  remember  whether  we  ever 
had  them  in  opposition  in  the  ring,  but  if  we  did  then  Wanda  must  have 
won,  or  condition  beat  her.  We  consider  30  inches  as  much  as  a  deer- 
hound  should  measure  to  be  of  use.  It  is  a  breed  which  should  be  judged 
on  the  lines  of  a  greyhound,  symmetry  and  speed  formation  being  placed 
over  size. 

Reference  was  made  to  cross-breeding  by  Glengarry,  but  his  was  an 
exception  to  the  general  usage  of  deerhound  breeders  in  Scotland,  at  the 
time  these  dogs  were  used  exclusively  in  deer  stalking.  There  were  many 
other  kennels  where  the  utmost  care  was  taken  to  keep  the  breed  pure,  and  if 
any  cross  became  necessary  it  was  obtained  from  other  kennels  and  not  by 
such  radical  departures  as  Glengarry  resorted  to.  There  were  in  his  days 
plenty  of  rough  Scottish  greyhounds  of  stout  breeding,  even  if  no  deerhounds 
were  obtainable. 

Several  works  have  treated  at  length  upon  the  deerhound,  the  first  of 
which  is  Scrope's  "Deerstalking/*  and  he  commended  the  cross  of  the  fox- 
hound. Colonsay  also  wrote  on  the  breed,  and  St.  John,  in  "Highland 
Sports,"  gives  many  interesting  anecdotes  and  sketches  in  which  deerhounds 
figure.  The  most  pretentious  work  is  Weston  Bell's  monograph,  published 
in  1892,  from  which  we  learn  that  the  breed  is  no  longer  in  request  in  deer- 
stalking, his  place  even  then  having  been  usurped  by  the  less  demonstrative 
collie,  taught  to  track  the  wounded  stag. 

The  deerhound  is  a  dog  that  really  should  be  popular,  but  he  is  not,  at 
least  he  has  always  had  a  small  following  here.  After  Mr.  Thayer  gave  up 
exhibiting,  the  only  person  who  took  any  interest  in  the  breed  was  Mr.  Page, 
who  had  some  hounds  from  the  Duke  of  Sutherland's  kennels,  while  of 
late  Mr.  Spackman  of  Philadelphia  has  been  about  the  only  exhibitor,  and 
such  was  the  paucity  of  competition  and  the  ease  with  which  he  secured  the 
prefix  of  champion  for  his  dogs  that  he  became  a  strong  advocate  for  in- 
creased difficulty  in  securing  that  coveted  title.  Exhibitors  who  think  cham- 
pion titles  won  too  easily  should  try  collies,  fox  terriers,  Irish  terriers  or  some 
breed  like  that  and  they  would  not  complain  of  easy  wins. 

The  deerhound  so  closely  approaches  the  greyhound  in  conformation 
that  the  standard  of  that  dog  may  be  taken  to  apply  for  all  points  except  the 
larger  size  and  greater  bone  of  the  deerhound,  and  his  coat.  The  deerhound's 
coat  should  be  about  3  inches  in  length  and  as  harsh  as  possible  to  the 


The  Scotch  Deerhound  607 

touch,  especially  along  the  back  and  ribs.  It  is  softer  on  the  under  part  of 
the  body  and  is  shorter  on  the  head  than  on  the  body,  but  it  should  not  be 
smooth.  In  order  to  obtain  the  correct  expression  it  is  especially  necessary 
that  the  eyebrows  should  be  shaggy  and  the  moustache  somewhat  long  com- 
pared with  the  skull  coat.  There  should  be  a  beard  from  the  lower  jaw, 
and  ears  should  be  small,  neatly  carried  like  a  greyhound,  and  covered  with 
short  hair,  darker  than  the  body  coat.  The  English  club  for  this  breed 
gives  the  weights  as  from  85  Ibs.  to  105  Ibs.  for  dogs  and  from  65  Ibs.  to  80 
Ibs.  for  bitches.  This  club  has  also  published  the  following  scale  of  points: 

Head  and  Skull  15  Coat    8 

Eyes  and  Ears   10  Stern    5 

Neck  and  Chest   10  Colour 5 

Body,  including  Loins 10  General  symmetry 15 

Thighs  and  Hocks 12  Legs  and  Feet 10 

Total  .  100 


CHAPTER  XLV 
THE  IRISH  WOLFHOUND 

HE  resuscitated  wolfhound  of  Ireland  has  been  made  a  stouter 
edition  of  the  Scottish  deerhound,  but  there  is  no  absolute 
proof  that  that  was  the  sole  type  of  dog  that  went  by  the 
name  of  wolfdog  or  was  used  for  wolf  hunting  in  Ireland. 
That  there  was  a  smooth  dog  in  Ireland  is  beyond  a 
question,  indeed  the  burden  of  proof  may  almost  be  said  to  be  upon  the  sup- 
porters of  the  rough  dog,  because  all  the  pictures  and  most  of  the  information 
on  the  breed  from  1750  to  1830  runs  in  favour  of  a  dog  of  Great  Dane  type. 
To  claim  positively  that  the  rough  is  the  only  original  is  more  than  the  facts 
warrant,  and  the  doubts  which  must  occur  to  all  who  have  gone  into  the  sub- 
ject with  an  unbiased  mind  have  left  us  with  anything  but  a  decided  opinion 
upon  the  subject.  We  seem  to  have  got  about  as  far  as  to  have  a  theory,  and 
we  do  not  know  but  that  is  a  better  position  than  the  man  who  starts  in  to 
prove  what  he  wants  to  prove  and  sifts  his  information  to  secure  only  facts  in 
accordance  with  his  wishes.  Those  who  hold  to  the  rough  dog  as  having 
been  the  only  wolfhound  in  Ireland  have  to  ignore  the  fact  that  Bewick  in 
1790,  Reinagle  in  1800  and  Captain  Brown  in  1839  all  depicted  the  Irish 
wolfhound  as  not  a  rough  dog.  Reinagle  gave  his  dog  a  little  indication 
of  not  being  entirely  smooth,  but  the  other  two  illustrations  are  perfectly 
smooth  dogs.  Buffbn  also  said  that  the  large  one  he  saw  was  like  a  Great 
Dane.  Colonel  Hamilton  Smith,  writing  before  1840,  said  that  there 
seemed  to  be  various  types  of  these  wolfhounds,  rough  dogs  and  smooth 
dogs,  besides  other  differences.  We  also  have  the  reference  to  Irish  grey- 
hounds in  the  "  Pennilesse  Pilgrimage,"  quoted  in  the  deerhound  chapter. 
Captain  Graham,  who  has  for  years  been  an  enthusiast  on  the  subject 
of  the  Irish  wolfhound,  collected  a  great  deal  of  information  regarding  the 
wolfhound,  and  if  it  were  not  for  the  illustrations  mentioned  his  many  refer- 
ences would  be  well-nigh  conclusive  that  it  was  a  rough  dog  of  greyhound 
variety,  but  in  none  of  the  books  he  quotes  from  that  we  have  had  access  to 
is  there  any  mention  of  the  Dane  or,  what  was  the  same  thing,  the  alaunt, 
yet  there  must  surely  have  been  some  of  these  in  existence. 

609 


6io  The  Dog  Book 

No  one  seems  to  have  seen  the  references  to  the  wolfhound  in  Nicholas 
Cox's  "Gentleman's  Recreation."  What  he  says  was  probably  original  with 
him  and  referred  to  conditions  about  1675.  His  first  mention  of  the  wolf- 
hound is  in  the  description  of  the  greyhound.  '  The  best  greyhound  hath 
a  long  body,  strong  and  reasonably  great,  not  so  big  as  the  wolfdog  in 
Ireland.  "  A  little  further  on  in  his  chapter  on  foreign  methods  of  hunting 
he  says: 

"Although  we  have  no  wolves  in  England  at  this  present,  yet  it  is  cer- 
tain that  heretofore  we  had  routs  of  them,  as  they  have  to  this  very  day  in 
Ireland;  and  in  that  country  are  bred  a  race  of  greyhounds  which  are  com- 
monly called  wolfdogs,  which  are  strong,  fleet  and  bear  a  natural  enmity  to 
the  wolf.  Now  in  these  greyhounds  of  that  nation  there  is  an  incredible 
force  and  boldness,  so  that  they  are  in  great  estimation,  and  much  sought 
after  in  foreign  parts,  so  that  the  King  of  Poland  makes  use  of  them  in  his 
hunting  of  great  beasts  by  force.'* 

Accepting  the  situation  which  seems  to  point  to  wolfdogs  in  Ireland 
being  in  part  rough  dogs  of  greyhound  formation  and  that  there  were  also 
smooth  dogs  there,  we  have  a  similar  condition  to  what  was  the  case  in  the 
south  of  France  at  the  time  of  Gaston  Phoebus,  with  his  alauntes  and  mas- 
tins.  Then  we  have  these  mastins  illustrated  in  the  paintings  of  Snyders 
and  others  as  rough  dogs  of  greyhound  formation,  dogs  which  bear  a  striking 
resemblance  to  the  dog  we  show  in  the  portrait  of  the  Earl  and  Coun- 
tess of  Arundel.  This  is  not  a  dog  put  in  to  fill  up  the  canvas  but 
must  have  been  a  favourite  dog,  as  the  painting  is  in  every  way  a  portrait. 
Whether  it  is  possible  to  get  the  history  of  this  dog  we  cannot  say,  but  we 
have  not  been  able  to  find  out  anything  regarding  it.  All  we  know  is  that 
Rubens  was  in  England  in  1630,  and  presumably  this  was  painted  then. 
The  size  of  the  dog  is  much  greater  than  the  greyhounds  of  that  period  and 
we  infer  that  it  is  an  Irish  wolfdog.  If  it  is  accepted  as  such  by  the  reader, 
let  him  turn  to  the  chapter  on  the  Great  Dane  and  compare  this  dog  with 
the  mastins  in  Snyders'  wild  boar  hunt.  None  of  these  mastins  are 
portrait  dogs,  but  represent  the  -type  of  the  wolfdogs  kept  for  their 
courage,  while  the  Arundel  dog  was  a  pet,  well  fed  and  well  groomed. 
Yet  the  similarity  between  them  is  too  marked  to  be  overlooked  or  cap- 
tiously discarded. 

We  know  very  well  that  the  wolfhound  did  not  originate  in  Ireland  and 
our  opinion  is  that  some  of  the  parent  stock  of  the  mastins  and  the 


The  Irish  Wolfhound  611 

alauntes  went  also  to  Ireland  and  were  kept  there  for  the  same  uses  that 
they  were  in  Southern  France.  If  this  is  a  tenable  conclusion  then  we  can 
account  for  both  smooth  dogs  of  Dane  type  and  rough  dogs  of  greyhound 
conformation  being  kept  and  bred  in  Ireland  according  to  the  fancy  of  vari- 
ous owners,  with  the  possibilities  of  their  being  inter  bred  and  adding  still 
further  to  the  varieties  of  dogs  which  went  by  the  uniform  name  of  wolfdogs 
or  wolfhounds. 

In  this  breed  also  we  meet  with  the  exaggerations  of  height  common 
to  all  large  dogs,  spoken  of  comparatively.  Goldsmith  said  that  they  were 
the  largest  of  the  dog  kind  to  be  seen  in  the  world.  '  The  largest  of  those 
I  have  seen — and  I  have  seen  about  a  dozen — was  about  four  feet  high  and  as 
tall  as  a  calf  of  a  year  old.  He  was  made  extremely  like  a  greyhound,  but 
more  robust  and  inclining  to  the  figure  of  the  French  matin  (Buffon's)  or  the 
Great  Dane."  This  certainly  suggests  a  smooth  coated  dog.  Richardson 
wrote  very  fully  regarding  the  wolfhound  and  also  credited  the  dog  with 
excessive  height.  One  of  his  arguments  was  that  from  the  fact  that  some 
skulls  found  at  Dunshauglin  were  1 1  inches  long,  he  took  it  that  3  inches 
could  be  added  as  the  length  of  the  head  in  life,  but  that  is  far  too  much 
allowance,  and  Captain  Graham  in  referring  to  this  said  that  i£  or  2  inches 
at  the  most  was  all  that  should  be  allowed.  Richardson  then  assumed  that 
with  a  deerhound  of  II  inches  head  standing  29  inches,  a  dog  of  14  inches 
head  would  be  40  inches  in  height,  and  that  is  how  he  figured  wolfhounds  as 
giants.  Captain  Graham's  formula  was  that  the  head  should  be  accepted 
as  13  inches  at  the  outside,  and  that  a  deerhound  of  29  inches  should  have 
an  ii-inch  head,  and  one  of  13  inches  in  head  could  not  therefore  exceed  34 
inches,  a  reduction  of  6  inches  from  Richardson's  figures. 

The  calculations  of  Captain  Graham  would  not  be  far  out  if  all  dogs 
preserved  the  same  uniformity  of  measurements,  but  length  of  head  is  not 
a  safe  basis  to  take  for  height  at  shoulder.  Dalziel  gives  the  measurements 
of  nine  deerhounds,  two  of  which  were  12^  inches  in  head  and  both  were 
exactly  31  inches  at  the  shoulder.  Of  two  dogs  which  had  n^-inch  heads 
one  measured  28  inches  at  the  shoulder  and  the  other  30^.  The  whole 
business  looks  very  much  like  a  house  of  cards  and  when  we  come  to  actual 
tape  measurements  of  dogs  we  find  that  while  the  various  breeds  all  main- 
tain their  relative  proportions  the  giants  have  dwindled  to  very  ordinary 
specimens.  We  have  already  quoted  Mr.  Lambert's  measurements  of  the 
Marquis  of  Sligo's  dogs,  one  of  which  had  a  lo-inch  head  and  from  point  of 


612  The  Dog  Book 

toe  to  top  of  shoulder  was  28^  inches,  equal  to  not  over  27  inches  standard 
measure. 

It  need  occasion  no  surprise  that  these  gross  exaggerations  have  been 
accepted  to  such  a  large  extent;  for  even  at  the  present  day  owners  whose 
misinformation  is  not  only  easily  detected,  but  is  also  very  well  known,  add 
a  number  of  inches  to  the  actual  height  of  such  dogs  as  Great  Danes.  Mr. 
Lee  in  his  "  Modern  Dogs  "  states  that  when  he  and  Captain  Graham 
measured  the  Great  Danes  at  Ranelagh  show  in  1885  "it  was  extraordinary 
how  the  thirty-five  and  thirty-six  inch  animals  dwindled  down,  some  of  them 
nearly  half  a  foot  at  a  time."  If  that  was  the  case  such  a  short  time  ago, 
when  owners  knew  that  the  dogs  might  be  taped  at  any  time,  we  cannot  won- 
der at  Goldsmith  judging  height  by  the  size  of  a  calf  and  saying  the  dog 
stood  four  feet  high,  or  that  Buffon  said  a  wolfhound  he  saw  seemed  to  him 
to  be  five  feet  high  when  seated.  The  latter  was  of  course  height  to  the  top 
of  the  head  and  Goldsmith  might  have  meant  the  same — in  fact  the  great 
probability  is  that  he  did  mean  that.  Estimating  by  the  size  of  a  calf  is  on 
a  par  with  the  elastic  measurements  such  as  "large  as  a  potato,"  "large  as 
a  baby's  head,"  and  conveys  no  accurate  meaning.  So  also  when  we  read 
in  books  of  1600  to  1700  that  the  wolfdogs,  as  they  were  called  then  were 
larger  than  mastiffs  and  larger  than  greyhounds,  we  must  not  think  of  the 
largest  greyhound  or  heaviest  mastiff  we  have  ever  seen  and  at  once  conclude 
that  these  old  writers  had  similar  dogs  in  mind  when  they  made  the  compari- 
son. Mastiffs  in  their  days  were  very  ordinary  sized  dogs  and  so,  we  imagine, 
were  greyhounds,  though  there  was  doubtless  more  latitude  in  their  size  than 
is  now  the  case  with  the  coursing  dogs  which  even  yet  sometimes  vary  in  a 
marked  degree,  such  as  that  great  bitch  Coomassie,  44  Ibs.,  and  Fullerton, 
66  Ibs. 

Perhaps  we  have  given  too  much  space  to  old  lore,  considering  that  we 
have  little  or  no  connection  with  the  past  in  the  wolfhounds  now  being  shown. 
About  twenty  years  ago  the  extinction  of  this  old  breed  was  very  well  ac- 
knowledged and  the  few  enthusiasts  who  were  endeavoring  to  build  it  up 
were  then  discussing  the  question  as  to  how  to  manufacture  a  breed  which 
would  be  an  exaggeration  of  the  Scottish  deerhound  in  size,  bone  and  sub- 
stance. The  consensus  of  opinion  was  that  the  Great  Dane  and  deerhound 
promised  to  be  the  most  advantageous  cross.  Captain  Graham  had  at 
least  one  dog  which  had  some  claims  to  Irish  ancestry  and  he  was  also  used 
and  so  was  the  borzoi,  or  Russian  wolfhound.  In  fact  anything  which 


Q   - 


E 

r  2 


The  Irish  Wolfhound  613 

promised  to  assist  in  producing  a  dog  of  the  desired  type  was  impressed 
into  service.  Mr.  Lee  mentions  a  dog  shown  in  1895,  named  Goth  II., 
which  stood  34  inches  and  weighed  134  pounds,  that  impressed  him  very 
much  and  on  inquiry  he  found  that  Goth  II.  was  a  combination  of  Russian 
wolfhound,  through  his  sire  the  well-known  Korotai,  bred  on  a  bitch  of  Irish 
and  Scottish  hounds  strain,  with  a  dash  of  what  was  given  as  Siberian  wolf 
or  sheep  dog  coming  through  one  of  his  maternal  grandsires.  While  all  of 
them  were  not  such  an  olla  podrida  of  blood  lines  as  that  winning  Irish  dog, 
yet  the  connection  with  the  past  was  so  slight  and  so  many  more  were  pro- 
duced without  a  drop  of  Irish  blood  in  their  veins  that  it  is  quite  a  stretch 
of  the  imagination  to  give  them  the  name  they  have. 

Still  there  is  much  credit  due  to  the  gentlemen  who  have  attempted  to 
reproduce  what  they  held  was  the  correct  type  of  the  best  lines.  They  did 
not  breed  some  dogs  and  then  fit  them  with  a  standard,  but  drew  up  a  de- 
scription of  what  they  considered  must  have  been  a  typical  dog  of  the  old 
breed  and  then  set  to  work  to  produce  that  ideal.  That  they  have  succeeded 
to  a  marked  extent  is  beyond  contradiction  and  with  the  facile  material  at 
their  command  and  their  good  judgment  in  using  it  to  the  best  advantage, 
the  Irish  wolfhound  as  shown  to-day  in  England  and  Ireland  is  as  typical  of 
what  one  would  imagine  the  dog  that  was  lost  must  have  been  as  is  possible 
to  conceive.  It  combines  size,  strength,  speed  and  a  quiet  dignity  of  car- 
riage which  all  go  to  make  up  a  dog  of  quite  impressive  appearance.  After 
one  has  read  so  much  about  this  wonderful  dog  as  described  by  fanciful 
writers  there  may  be  some  disappointment  that  even  the  show  specimens 
do  not  look  so  very  large,  nor  are  they  so  large  as  the  Great  Danes  and  St. 
Bernards,  but  one  must  dismiss  the  old  visionary  tales  and  prepare  himself 
to  see  a  substantially  built  deerhound  and  he  will  not  then  be  disappointed; 
for  he  may  see  a  larger  dog  than  he  really  anticipated  if  the  specimen 
is  a  good  one,  for  they  do  run  up  to  33  inches  and  some  times  a  little  over 
that. 

The  breed  has  never  attained  to  the  popularity  that  it  should  have 
among  Irishmen,  indeed  were  it  not  for  a  Scotchman,  Captain  Graham,  and 
some  half  dozen  Englishmen  the  breed  would  never  have  become  what  it  is 
to-day.  The  larger  English  shows  offer  classes  for  Irish  wolfhounds,  but 
the  entries  are  never  large  and  in  this  country  there  has  never  been  a  class 
provided  for  them.  Indeed  we  know  of  but  one  in  the  country  and  that 
is  a  bitch  owned  by  Mr.  Ballantyne  at  Empire,  Colorado. 


614  The  Dog  Book 

The  Irish  Wolfhound  Club  standard  is  the  only  one  that  has  ever  been 
published  and  it  is  as  follows: 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

General  Appearance. — The  Irish  wolfhound  should  not  be  quite  so 
heavy  or  massive  as  the  Great  Dane,  but  more  so  than  the  deerhound, 
which  in  general  type  he  should  otherwise  resemble.  Of  great  size  and 
commanding  appearance,  very  muscular,  strongly  though  gracefully  built; 
movements  easy  and  active;  head  and  neck  carried  high;  the  tail  carried 
with  an  upward  sweep,  with  a  slight  curve  toward  the  extremity.  The 
minimum  height  and  weight  of  dogs  should  be  31  inches  and  120  pounds; 
of  bitches  28  inches  and  90  pounds.  Anything  below  this  should  be  de- 
barred from  competition.  Great  size,  including  height  at  shoulder  and 
proportionate  length  of  body  is  the  desideratum  to  be  aimed  at,  and  it  is 
desired  to  firmly  establish  a  race  that  shall  average  from  32  inches  to  34 
in  dogs,  showing  the  requisite  power,  activity,  courage  and  symmetry. 

Head. — Long;  the  frontal  bones  of  the  forehead  very  slightly  raised, 
and  very  little  indentation  between  the  eyes.  Skull  not  too  broad. 
Muzzle  long  and  moderately  pointed.  Ears  small  and  greyhound-like  in 
carriage. 

Neck. — Rather  long,  very  strong  and  muscular,  well  arched,  without 
dewlap  or  loose  skin  about  the  throat. 

Chest. — Very    deep.     Breast    wide. 

Back. — Rather    long    than    short.     Loins    arched. 

Tail. — Long  and  slightly  curved,  of  moderate  thickness  and  well 
covered  with  hair. 

Belly. — Well  drawn  up. 

Forequarters. — Shoulders  muscular,  giving  breadth  of  chest,  set  sloping. 
Elbows  well  let  under,  neither  turned  inwards  nor  outwards. 

Leg. — Fore-arm  muscular,  and  the  whole  leg  strong  and  quite 
straight. 

Hindquarters. — Muscular  thighs,  and  second  thigh  long  and  strong  as 
in  the  greyhound,  and  hocks  well  let  down  and  turning  neither  in  nor  out. 

Feet. — Moderately  large  and  round,  neither  turned  inwards  nor  out- 
wards. Toes  well  arched  and  closed.  Nails  very  strong  and  curved. 

Hair. — Rough  and  hard  on  body,  legs  and  head;  especially  wiry  and 
long  over  eyes  and  under  jaws. 


The  Irish  Wolfhound  615 

Colour  and  Markings. — The  recognised  colours  are  grey,  brindle,  red, 
black,  pure  white,  fawn  or  any  colour  that  appears  in  the  deerhound. 

Faults. — Too  light  or  heavy  a  head;  too  highly  arched  frontal  bone; 
large  ears  and  hanging  flat  to  the  face;  short  neck;  full  dewlap;  too  narrow 
or  too  broad  chest;  sunken,  or  hollow,  or  quite  level  back;  bent  forelegs; 
overbent  fetlocks;  twisted  tail;  weak  hindquarters;  cow-hocks;  a  general 
want  of  muscle  or  too  short  a  body. 

The  Wolfhound  Club  adopted  no  scale  of  points  and  as  this  is  a  speed 
dog  those  of  the  greyhound  or  deerhound  will  give  a  guide  as  to  what  prop- 
erties are  the  more  important. 


CHAPTER  XLVI 

THE  GREYHOUND 

THE  introductory  chapter  to  the  hound  family  we  referred 
to  the  name  of  greyhound  and  gave  our  opinion  regarding 
its  origin,  with  our  reasons  therefore,  so  that  we  shall  now 
confine  ourselves  to  the  dog  and  its  history.  The  advisabil- 
ity, if  not  the  necessity,  for  having  a  fast  dog  with  which  to 
capture  animals  for  food  at  a  time  when  weapons  were  in  their  infancy,  needs 
no  detailed  setting  forth.  That  was  the  starting  point  of  the  greyhound, 
however,  and  we  may  depend  upon  it  that  discrimination  was  used  in  mating 
fast  dogs  together  so  as  to  get  still  faster  ones,  until  the  lines  of  the  grey- 
hound were  established.  The  ancestor  of  the  greyhound  was  a  contem- 
porary of  the  first  watch  dogs  and  the  first  sheep  dogs  and  was  the  first  to  be 
bred  for  shape.  We  do  not  mean  that  our  ancient  ancestors  had  a  scale  of 
points  for  their  food-catching  dogs,  but  they  bred  the  speediest  and  cleverest 
dogs  together.  That  of  itself  means  that  they  bred  for  uniformity  of  type, 
for  there  is  but  one  form  that  will  give  us  speed  and  the  ability  to  be  clever 
in  handling  game.  Those  lines  are  what  we  see  in  greyhounds  that  are 
great  performers,  not  dogs  bred  for  show  points,  but  for  work.  A  wide 
chested,  straight-shouldered,  slack-loined,  weak-quartered  dog  cannot  run 
fast,  and  one  that  does  will  not  have  those  faults,  because  if  he  had  he  could 
not  do  what  he  does.  That  is  the  reason  why  the  form  of  the  greyhound  is 
traced  back  as  far  as  we  have  any  dog  delineations. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  name  was  made  to  cover  a  great  many  dogs 
that  were  not  what  we  call  greyhounds.  It  is  not  so  very  long  ago  that  deer- 
hounds  and  wolfhounds  were  called  Scottish  and  Irish  greyhounds.  The 
Russian  wolfhound  was  mentioned  as  the  Russian  greyhound  and  his  close 
relative  of  Persia  had  also  the  same  breed  name  and  if  we  go  back  further 
we  cannot  find  traces  of  dogs  that  must  have  existed  in  England  and  could 
only  have  been  included  in  the  general  group  of  greyhounds.  No  mention 
will  be  found  of  any  dog  that  bore  any  resemblance  to  the  Great  Dane,  yet 

there  are  illustrations  of  such  dogs  in  England  from  a  very  early  date.     They 

617 


6i8  The  Dog  Book 

could  not  have  been  grouped  with  harriers,  nor  considered  as  being  the 
tracking  bloodhound  or  limer,  neither  were  they  the  mongrel  mastiff,  nor 
the  terrier.  The  affinity  of  the  alaunt  or  Great  Dane  type  is  with  the  grey- 
hound family  and  the  greyhound  of  England  must  at  one  time  have 
covered  a  good  deal  of  ground  in  the  matter  of  size.  Even  as  late  as  the 
time  of  Caius  we  have  very  conclusive  evidence  that  the  greyhound  had 
other  vocations  than  hare  and  deer  coursing  and  that  according  to  their  size 
and  weight  they  were  used  for  certain  game. 

Continental  greyhounds  were  the  same  variety  of  swift  dog,  there  being 
different  names  for  the  larger  dogs  of  the  chase,  the  matins  and  alaunts.  In 
France  we  find  the  levrier  retaining  the  size  which  is  shown  in  the  Roman 
and  Greek  statuary,  a  dog  of  about  18  inches  at  the  shoulder.  If  there  was 
any  levrier  of  the  size  of  the  English  greyhound  it  must  surely  have  been 
shown  in  paintings  of  the  sixteenth  or  seventeenth  century,  but  the  only  dog 
of  that  type  is  the  one  so  well  shown  in  the  picture  of  Teniers's  kitchen.  It 
is  easy  to  see  that  Teniers  painted  portraits  of  his  principal  employees  and 
even  if  the  dogs  were  exceptional  to  this  picture  we  could  accept  them  as  we 
do  the  portraits  of  the  men.  They  are  not,  however,  in  any  way  exceptional, 
but  typical  of  all  paintings  we  have  seen  of  foreign  dogs  of  greyhound  type, 
indicating  that  the  English  coursing  greyhound  must  have  been  increased 
in  height  from  the  continental  dog  by  crosses  such  as  we  have  indicated. 

When  coursing  deer  came  to  an  end  what  little  remaining  use  there  had 
been  for  a  large  greyhound  in  England  was  at  an  end  and  he  became  the 
coursing  dog  of  to-day.  From  that  time  we  can  reckon  that  the  size  of  the 
greyhound  became  settled  as  it  was  found  that  a  medium-sized,  correctly 
built  dog  could  defeat  a  larger,  less  clever  dog  in  handling  the  hare  under 
the  rules  of  coursing  which  had  been  drawn  up  by  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  at 
the  request  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  This  event  may  be  said  to  mark  the  ascend- 
ancy of  the  greyhound  as  a  hare  courser,  though  he  was  still  a  deer  courser 
and  remained  so  for  a  good  many  years,  as  we  see  by  Barlow's  engrav- 
ing of  holding  the  hounds  till  the  deer  got  his  "fair  law." 

Engraving  failed  to  keep  pace  with  painting  and  although  we  have  in 
these  earlier  wood  cuts  every  evidence  that  greyhounds  were  then  built  on 
racing  lines,  better  evidence  is  required  to  show  that  dogs  of  the  same  times 
were  possessed  of  quality.  Such  we  find  in  paintings  of  the  class  of  that  by 
Wyck,  or  "Old  Wyck"  as  it  is  credited  on  the  mezzotint  reproduced.  That 
is  a  head  which  will  bear  study  and  would  be  fit  to  represent  a  very  high- 


HALF   AND    HALF 
Half  bred  bulldog  and  greyhound 


HECATE 
Second  cross  from  the  bulldog 


KING  CO  I? 


HYSTERICS  HECULA 

Fourth  cross  from  the  bulldog  Third  cross  from  the  bulldog 

These  illustrations  are  from  "  Stonehenge  on  the  Dog,"  1859.  The  breeding  experiment  was  made  by  Sergeant  Major  Hanley 
of  the  First  Life  Guards,  and  the  drawings  were  made  from  photographs.  King  Cob  is  used  to  show  the  ideal  greyhound 
as  illustrated  in  the  same  volume. 


620  The  Dog  Book 

object  with  certainty  as  we  see  by  an  engraving  of  a  picture  by  Dodds,  of  the 
date  of  about  1 780.  It  will  be  well  to  note  the  terrier  in  this  engraving  as 
being  an  earlier  illustration  than  we  gave  previously  of  old  terriers.  It  is 
also  illustrative  of  the  custom  of  taking  a  pointer  or  spaniel  to  find  the  hare 
in  its  "form,"  and  then  getting  the  greyhounds  ready  for  the  course. 

The  courser  whom  all  writers  of  those  early  days  placed  at  the  head 
was  Lord  Orford,  who  established  the  first  coursing  meeting  in  England, 
the  Swaffham  Club  in  Norfolk,  which  started  in  that  memorable  year,  1 776. 
The  following  sketch  of  this  nobleman's  connection  with  the  sport  is  from 
Goodlake's  "Courser's  Manual"  published  in  1828: 

"  His  extensive  property  and  his  influence  as  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Nor- 
folk gave  him  the  greatest  means  of  accomplishing  his  favourite  object.  He 
could  command  such  an  immensity  of  private  quarters  or  walks,  as  they 
are  generally  called,  for  young  greyhounds,  that  he  bred  largely  and  few 
possessed  the  same  advantages  of  selection.  He  is  recorded  as  having  at 
one  time  fifty  brace  of  greyhounds,  and  it  was  his  fixed  rule  never  to  part 
with  a  single  whelp  till  he  had  had  a  fair  trial  of  his  speed,  consequently  he 
had  chances  beyond  almost  any  other  individual  of  having  a  very  superior 
collection  of  dogs.  Intent  on  obtaining  as  much  perfection  in  the  breed  as 
possible  he  introduced  every  experimental  cross,  from  the  English  lurcher 
to  the  Italian  greyhound.  He  it  was  who  first  thought  of  the  cross  with  the 
English  bulldog,  in  which  he  persevered  in  opposition  to  every  opinion, 
until  after  breeding  on  for  seven  removes  he  found  himself  in  possession  of 
the  best  greyhounds  at  the  time  ever  known,  and  he  considered  the  cross 
produced  the  small  ear,  the  rat  tail,  the  fine,  silky  coat,  together  with  that 
innate  courage  which  the  high-bred  greyhound  should  possess — preferring 
death  to  relinquishing  the  chase."  Lord  Orford  eventually  went  out  of 
his  mind  and  met  his  death  through  escaping  from  his  attendants  to  see  his 
bitch  Czarina  run  a  match  and  while  following  the  course  on  his  pony,  he 
was  supposed  to  have  had  an  attack  of  apoplexy,  expiring  almost  imme- 
diately. 

The  next  coursing  meeting  to  be  established  was  that  at  Lambourn, 
known  as  the  Ashdown  Park  meeting,  the  first  gathering  being  held  in  1780 
and  one  of  the  original  members  was  the  Earl  of  Sefton,  a  time-honoured 
name  in  connection  with  the  sport,  as  the  Waterloo  Cup  is  annually  decided 
over  property  of  the  Earl  of  Sefton  at  Altcar,  near  Liverpool.  With  such 
staunch  supporters  of  coursing  as  Colonel  Thornton  and  Major  Topham 


CHAMPION   I.ANSDOWNE   HALL  STREAM 

Property  of  Mr.  B.  F.  Lewis,  Lansdowne,  Pa.       ,'          .> 


LORD  BUTTE 

An  American  Waterloo  Cup  winner,  and  a  first  prize  winner  at  Denver,  igo-j 
Property  of  L.  F.  Bartel,  Denver,  Col. 


The  Greyhound  621 

in  Yorkshire  a  meeting  was  early  established  at  Malton  and  the  formation  of 
clubs  spread  rapidly  throughout  England,  extending  to  Scotland  through 
the  encouragement  given  to  the  sport  by  the  Duke  of  Gordon,  the  Earl  of 
Eglinton  and  other  influential  gentlemen. 

The  custom  of  greyhound  owners  to  give  their  dogs  names  with  the 
same  initial  letter  had  its  origin  in  the  Swaffham  Club.  The  members  were 
restricted  to  twenty-six,  the  number  of  letters  in  the  alphabet,  and  each  had 
to  give  his  dogs  names  beginning  with  the  letter  he  represented  as  a  member. 
The  members  had  also  to  name  their  colours,  but  what  they  were  for  does 
not  appear.  Probably  the  dogs'  clothing  was  made  up  in  the  claimed  col- 
ours. Some  of  the  club  rules  were  very  peculiar,  such  as  the  right  of  a  mem- 
ber to  put  up  at  auction  the  dog  of  any  other  member  and  the  owner  was  only 
allowed  one  bid  on  his  dog.  Another  rule  was  that  no  rough-haired  dog 
should  be  considered  a  greyhound,  a  provision  which  would  have  barred  a 
number  of  north  country  dogs,  for  many  of  the  best  greyhounds  of  Scotland 
were  rough  in  coat;  not  to  the  extent  shown  in  the  deerhound,  but  what 
might  be  looked  for  in  a  dog  one-quarter  deerhound. 

Among  the  famous  greyhounds  of  England  before  public  coursing  was 
established  Major  Topham's  Snowball  is  perhaps  the  best  known.  Mr. 
Lee,  misled  by  the  name  states  that  it  was  a  white  dog,  whereas  he  was  jet 
black,  two  others  of  the  litter  being  brindle.  These  were  named  Major 
and  Sylvia  and  the  three  were  considered  the  most  remarkable  trio  of  grey- 
hounds ever  produced  in  one  litter.  Snowball  was  bred  by  Major  Topham 
and  was  by  Claret,  a  dog  got  from  Lord  Orford's  kennel  by  Colonel  Thorn- 
ton. 

Sir  Walter  Scott  was  an  ardent  patron  of  the  leash  and  had  this  to  say 
about  the  famed  Snowball: — 

'Twas  when  fleet  Snowball's  head  was  grey, 
A  luckless  lev' ret  met  him  on  his  way: 
Who  knows  not  Snowball  ?  He  whose  race  renowned 
Is  still  victorious  on  each  coursing  ground: 
Swaffham,  Newmarket  and  the  Roman  Camp 
Have  seen  them  victors  o'er  each  meaner  stamp" 

Of  the  growth  and  progress  of  coursing  in  England  it  is  not  necessary  to 
go  into  details,  for  it  is  well  known  that  it  is  the  great  winter  sport,  taking  the 


622  The  Dog  Book 

place  of  racing  when  that  is  not  permitted.  In  this  country  greyhounds  were 
kept  as  companions  long  before  there  was  any  coursing  and  at  some  of  the 
early  New  York  shows  the  classes  were  surprisingly  large.  We  recall  one 
occasion  when  there  were  no  fewer  than  27  competitors  in  one  class.  What 
made  us  particularly  remember  that  class  was  that  the  best  dog  in  the  entire 
number  was  sent  out  of  the  ring  without  a  mention.  To  the  onlookers,  not 
to  the  owners  of  the  good  dogs,  it  was  a  very  amusing  illustration  of  a  judge 
out  of  his  element  being  finally  shown  what  to  look  at  to  base  a  decision  upon. 
Until  the  time  the  judge  finally  looked  at  the  ultimate  winner  he  had  the  dogs 
all  head  on  and  if  he  did  not  like  the  head  out  the  dog  went.  When  he  came 
to  the  one  that  got  first  the  owner  slung  her  around  stern  on,  passed  his  hand 
down  her  neck  to  show  its  length,  drew  attention  in  the  same  way  to  her  clean 
shoulders,  then  along  her  back  and  stuck  his  fingers  in  her  well-muscled 
quarters  by  way  of  a  wind  up.  The  judge  was  not  slow  to  take  the  hint  and 
back  he  went  to  the  head  of  the  long  line,  had  all  the  dogs  reversed  in  posi- 
tion and  eventually  placed  them  pretty  well,  at  least  what  were  then  left, 
for  the  best  one  of  all  and  some  fair  ones  had  got  out  on  the  head  inspection. 

That  incident  occurred  over  twenty  years  ago  and  so  many  new  breeds 
have  been  introduced  since  then  which  have  proved  more  attractive  that 
very  few  greyhounds  are  now  seen  at  even  the  most  important  shows.  With 
the  exception  of  Ben  Lewis,  who  usually  has  a  brace  of  good  winners,  there 
is  but  one  exhibitor  who  pays  any  attention  to  the  breed  in  the  East;  that  is 
Mrs.  Kelley,  with  the  Ticonderoga  Kennels'  dogs.  As  we  have  already  said 
the  coursing  men  pay  little  attention  to  shows  in  England  and  they  are  not 
any  better  patrons  of  exhibitions  here.  We  see  the  same  thing  in  the  thor- 
oughbred classes  at  our  horse  shows,  two  or  three,  often  very  ordinary  speci- 
mens, competing  for  valuable  prizes.  There  are  many  hundreds  of  coursing 
greyhounds  kept  within  a  short  distance  of  San  Francisco  yet  the  show  there 
only  attracts  two  or  three  entries,  so  that  as  a  dog  kept  for  show  purposes  he 
is  pretty  much  of  a  failure  both  in  England  and  America. 

A  very  erratic  popular  sentiment  classes  coursing  as  cruelty  to  animals 
and  in  many  of  the  Western  states,  where  coursing  might  be  followed  with 
advantage  to  the  farmers  whose  crops  suffer  from  the  depredations  of  hares, 
there  are  prohibitory  laws  in  force.  It  is  now  a  prohibited  sport  in  Colorado 
and  owners  of  greyhounds  have  to  try  them  surreptitiously  if  at  all.  It  is 
still  permitted  in  California  and  some  other  states  and  coursing  within  large 
enclosures  is  a  great  attraction  for  San  Francisco  sportsmen.  This  style  of 


The  Greyhound  623 

sport  was  tried  in  England  but  it  did  not  take,  the  feeling  being  that  the 
hares  did  not  have  a  fair  chance  and  that  it  too  much  resembled  rabbit 
racing  by  whippets.  The  San  Francisco  enclosures  are,  we  believe,  much 
larger  than  the  English  ones  and  sufficient  escapes  are  provided  for  the  hares 
so  that  the  sport  is  a  very  close  imitation  of  what  would  be  seen  in  the  field, 
without  the  hard  work  of  following  the  beat.  To  pass  laws  prohibiting 
coursing  in  the  interests  of  the  prohibition  of  cruelty  to  animals  and  permit 
of  the  unmitigated  brutality  of  "  rabbit  hunts  "  where  thousands  of  them  are 
clubbed  to  death  in  the  centre  of  a  human  enclosure,  so  massed  as  to  prevent 
the  escape  of  a  single  animal,  is  the  straining-at-a-gnat  and  swallowing-a- 
camel  principle  carried  to  the  extreme.  Coursing  is  infinitely  to  be  pre- 
ferred to  shooting  as  it  is  less  liable  to  give  unnecessary  pain,  for  a  hare  cap- 
tured by  greyhounds  is  instantly  killed  and  if  it  escapes  it  is  uninjured, 
whereas  a  wounded  hare  may  escape  capture  and  die  a  lingering  death  or 
only  recover,  after  his  broken  leg  has  healed,  to  remain  a  life  cripple. 

The  inflexibility  of  sporting  custom  is  well  illustrated  in  the  very  small 
amount  of  change  made  in  the  coursing  rules  since  the  original  code  was 
drawn  up  at  the  request  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Such  rules  as  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk  then  put  on  record  were  undoubtedly  based  upon  the  custom  in 
force  among  the  better  class  of  sportsmen  of  that  period  and  were  no  new  de- 
parture, though  local  usage  doubtless  had  occasionally  to  be  changed  to  fit 
the  new  code.  The  principle  of  deciding  merit  between  two  dogs  upon  clev- 
erness and  ability  to  overcome  the  wiles  of  the  hare  and  not  merely  upon  the 
kill  of  the  quarry,  must  then  have  been  fully  recognized  and  shows  the  em- 
inently sportsmanlike  stage  which  had  been  arrived  at  in  England  at  that 
time.  Since  then  there  have  been  a  few  additions  to  the  code  making  it 
more  specific. 

According  to  the  degree  of  speed  shown  in  the  run  up  the  faster  dog 
scores  one,  two  or  three  points.  The  run-up  ends  when  the  hare  turns,  and 
if  a  full  turn  is  caused  by  one  of  the  dogs  that  dog  gains  one  point,  a  wrench 
being  half  a  point.  Passing  another  dog  is  called  a  go-by  and  scores  two 
points,  and  if  done  by  the  dog  running  on  the  outer  circle  he  gets  three 
points.  One  point  is  scored  by  a  dog  tripping  or  flecking  the  hare,  but  not 
holding  it  fast.  The  actual  kill  may  count  two  points  if  of  merit,  but  all  de- 
pends upon  how  it  is  done  and  it  may  count  nothing  if  the  other  dog  turned 
the  hare  so  that  the  dog  that  made  the  kill  could  not  help  getting  the  hare 
and  did  nothing  on  his  part  towards  that  end  except  to  lay  hold  of  what  was 


624  The  Dog  Book 

put  in  front  of  his  mouth.  There  are  other  points  in  the  rules  such  as  dis- 
qualification if  a  dog  stops  and  declines  to  continue  the  course  or  refuses 
to  fence  or  jump,  but  these  are  seldom  applied  with  the  class  of  dogs  which 
are  now  put  in  slips. 

The  form  of  the  greyhound  is  so  well  known  that  it  has  become  custom- 
ary to  give  but  little  description,  the  one  exception  being  Stonehenge,  who 
was  the  authority  of  his  day  upon  the  greyhound  and  published  a  most  elab- 
orate description  full  of  explanations  and  references,  which  we  do  not  need. 
Condensed  it  may  be  made  to  read  as  follows: 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — Fairly  wide  between  the  ears,  no  stop,  or  brow,  good  length  of 
muzzle,  which  should  be  fine  provided  it  still  shows  strength.  Eyes  bright 
and  indicative  of  a  dog  of  spirit.  Ears  small,  thrown  back  and  folded,  ex- 
cept when  excited,  when  they  are  carried  semi-erect.  Teeth  very  strong  and 
of  good  length  and  even  in  front  so  as  to  hold  a  hare  well. 

Neck. — Long,  slightly  arched  and  widening  gradually  into  the  shoul- 
ders. 

Shoulders  and  Forelegs. — Shoulders  cannot  be  placed  too  obliquely. 
Fore-arm  of  good  length,  held  in  line  with  the  shoulder  and  the  elbow 
neither  turning  in  nor  out  but  moving  freely  in  line  with  the  point  of  the 
shoulder.  Fore-legs  perfectly  straight,  neither  looking  light  nor  too  heavy 
in  bone,  but  in  keeping  with  the  build  of  the  dog.  The  leg  should  be  twice 
as  long  from  elbow  to  fetlock  joint,  or  knee,  as  from  the  latter  to  the  ground. 

Chest. — Neither  too  wide  nor  narrow,  "neither  too  small  for  wind,  nor 
too  wide  for  speed,  nor  too  deep  to  keep  free  from  the  irregularities  of  the 
ground  when  racing"  but  a  happy  medium. 

Loins  and  Back  Ribs. — Good  length  from  shoulders  to  the  back  rib,  with 
these  ribs  well  sprung  and  deep  to  afford  good  attachment  for  the  broad 
mass  of  muscles  of  the  loins,  on  which  depend  the  movement  of  the  hind- 
quarters. These  muscles  should  also  show  great  depth.  A  slight  arch  in 
the  back  is  permissible,  but  not  to  the  extent  of  losing  length  or  being  a 
wheel-back. 

Hindquarters. — Powerful  and  muscular  and  showing  great  length  by 
reason  of  well  bent  stifles.  The  hindquarters  should  spread  somewhat,  and 
appear  wide  at  the  hocks,  but  they  should  be  perfectly  straight  fore  and  aft, 


t  OQH.LBAY  VIEW  PRIXCK 


CH.  PiAY   VIEW    PRIDE 


IMPORTED  BAY  VIEW   MAY 

Formerly  Hunt's  May — winner  of  thiee  Higginshaw  handicaps 
before  being  18  months  of  age.     Now  12  years  of  age 


CH.  BAY   VIEW   BEAUTY 
The  best  American  bred  whippet  yet  shown 


Property  of  the  Bay  View  Kennels,  East  Providence,  R.  I 


CHAMPION    NORTHERN   FLYER 

A  most  successful  show  dog.     Property  of  Mr.  E.  M.  Oldham,  New  York 


The  Greyhound  625 

the  width  at  hocks  being  to  permit  the  hind  legs  to  pass  the  forelegs  when  the 
dog  is  galloping.  The  hocks  should  show  strength  of  bone  and  sinew  and 
the  haunches  and  thighs  should  be  extremely  muscular. 

Feet. — Stonehenge  admitted  both  cat  and  hare  foot,  as  each  had  its  ad- 
vocates; personally  he  believed  the  round  cat  foot  was  more  liable  to  "break 
down"  than  the  hare  foot,  but  what  is  of  more  importance  than  the  form  is 
that  the  feet  should  not  be  flat  or  open.  They  should  be  well  knuckled  up 
with  good  strong  claws. 

Tail. — Fine,  free  from  fringe,  long  and  nicely  curved  toward  the  end. 

Colour  and  Coat. — Colour  having  no  effect  upon  a  dog's  speed,  this  is 
immaterial.  The  coat  should  be  short,  smooth  and  firm  in  texture. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Head 10  Hindquarters 20 

Neck     10  Feet    15 

Chest  and  Fore  quarters . .  20  Tail 5 

Loins  and  Back  ribs  ....  15  Colour  and  Coat 5 

Total  100 


CHAPTER  XL VII 


THE  WHIPPET 

HE  ever-present  desire  of  Englishmen  to  be  either  competing 
personally  or  owning  birds  or  animals  which  could  take  his 
place  as  a  competitor  was  the  reason  for  the  development  of 
the  whippet  or  snap  dog.  The  ban  upon  dog  fighting,  bull 
baiting  and,  finally,  upon  prize  fighting  turned  the  attention 
of  the  mill  operatives,  miners  and  the  workmen  of  Lancashire,  Yorkshire 
and  the  North  of  England  generally  to  more  legitimate  forms  of  sport  in 
which  they  could  participate,  and  resulted  in  the  introduction  of  the  world- 
famed  Sheffield  handicaps  for  the  fast  sprinters  of  all  nations  and  other  per- 
sonal contests.  Many  of  these  were  purely  local  sports,  such  as  the  bowling 
on  Newcastle  Town  Moor  and  the  knur  and  spell  of  Yorkshire.  In  the  way 
of  animal  contests  they  took  up  racing  dogs  against  each  other  and  coursed 
rabbits  with  the  larger  of  these  fast  dogs.  Then  sport  promoters  introduced 
open  handicaps  and  as  every  man  could  keep  a  running  dog  in  his  house,  and 
the  cost  of  racing  was  small,  while  the  winning  of  a  handicap  meant  a  great 
deal,  whippet  racing  became  the  home  lottery  of  Lancashire. 

Whippet  racing  is  an  exaggerated  development  of  the  inclination  of 
puppies  to  pull  at  anything  that  is  held  out  to  them.  When  very  young  the 
puppies  are  induced  to  play  at  pulling  a  rag  and,  little  by  little,  they  are  let 
run  at  the  rag  across  the  room.  When  they  have  progressed  so  far  as  to  run 
from  the  liberator  to  the  shaking  rag  and  pull  at  it  they  are  then  taken  out  of 
doors,  to  some  convenient  alleyway  for  choice,  and  at  gradually  increasing 
distances  held  and  then  let  loose  to  run  to  the  enticing  piece  of  rag  or  towel, 
which  their  owner  shakes  so  vigorously  while  he  calls  them  with  encouraging 
shouts.  Finally  the  training  progresses  until  the  whippet  can  run  the  full 
course  of  200  yards,  the  handicap  distance. 

Handicaps  are  based  mainly  upon  the  weight  of  each  competitor  and 
although  the  system  might  seem  very  complicated  it  is  plain  and  simple  to 
those  who  are  experts,  and  who  can  hardly  perhaps  read  or  write.  In  pro- 
portion to  weight  a  dog  of  15  pounds  is  faster  than  either  larger  or  smaller 

627 


628  The  Dog  Book 

dogs.  That  is  to  say  the  average  of  performers  show  that,  for  individuals 
naturally  differ.  With  nothing  known  as  to  ability  shown  by  previous  wins 
a  15-pound  dog  is  asked  to  give  3  yards  start  to  one  of  14  pounds  and 
will  get  3  yards  start,  from  one  of  16  pounds.  Then  the  allowance  to 
smaller  dogs  increases,  while  that  from  larger  dogs  decreases  on  the  pound 
basis.  For  instance  a  13-pound  dog  will  get  7  yards  from  one  of  15  pounds 
and  the  latter  will  get  less  than  6  yards  from  one  of  17  pounds.  Then 
there  is  a  sex  allowance  of  3  pounds  and  penalties  for  wins,  with  allowances 
for  novices  and  beaten  dogs,  all  tending  to  make  it  very  muddled  to  the  out- 
sider, while  the  "Lancashire  lad"  or  "Yorkshire  tyke"  can  reel  it  off  a  good 
deal  easier  than  his  multiplication  table. 

Efforts  have  been  made  by  well-meaning  people  to  popularise  whippet 
racing  here  and  bring  it  to  the  attention  of  the  general  public,  but  it  is  a  sport 
which  had  better  be  left  alone.  The  dogs  are  all  right,  but  it  seems  abso- 
lutely essential  to  have  a  class  of  persons  connected  with  them  and  the  sport 
which  will  always  be  an  insurmountable  drawback  to  whippet  racing.  The 
dogs  have  to  be  trained  and  this  is  done  by  men  walking  the  dogs  along 
country  roads.  No  American  will  do  this  sort  of  thing,  so  recourse  must  be 
had  to  those  who  have  done  it  in  England  and  such  men  as  we  have  here  who 
will  do  this  are  drawn  from  the  class  who  are  failures  at  legitimate  occupa- 
tions. 

An  attempt  was  made  to  elevate  whippet  racing  in  England  and  it  was 
introduced  at  the  Ranelagh  club,  but  they  could  not  stand  the  surroundings 
and  neither  can  we  here.  It  will  have  a  lingering  existence  in  localities 
where  imported  mill  hands  are  found,  such  as  at  Fall  River.  At  one  time 
Philadelphia  was"an  important  centre,  but  high  license  and  the  suppression 
of  sporting  resorts  killed  Pastime  Park  games  and  now  there  are  only  a  few 
places  in  the  East  where  it  is  seen,  with  the  exceptions  of  occasional  exhibi- 
tions at  fair  grounds. 

The  dogs  are  judged  entirely  on  the  lines  of  the  greyhound,  but  it  is 
usual  to  have  more  or  less  feathering  on  the  tails.  Too  much  evidence  of  a 
cross  with  the  Italian  greyhound  is  very  objectionable,  for  there  is  nothing 
toyish  about  the  whippet,  except  his  size,  and  he  should  be  a  clean-cut  little 
fellow. 


CHAPTER  XL VIII 


THE  RUSSIAN  WOLFHOUND 

HE  marked  family  resemblance  between  the  long-coated  grey- 
hounds of  Eastern  Russia,  Persia  and  that  section  of 
Europe  and  Asia,  demonstrates  very  clearly  that  there  must 
have  been  for  many  ages  a  well  defined  type  of  greyhound 
or  racing  hound  such  as  we  have  known  for  nearly  twenty 
years  as  the  Russian  wolfhound.  Being  a  fast  racing  hound  it  naturally  is  of 
greyhound  formation,  but  it  differs  somewhat  in  general  appearance,  being 
leaner  as  well  as  taller.  It  is  also  apt  to  be  more  reached  in  back  and 
straighter  in  hind  legs.  Stonehenge  in  speaking  of  the  sweep  of  the  hind  legs 
of  the  greyhound  said  that  without  that  formation  speed  would  be  impossi- 
ble, yet  the  wolfhound  shows  speed.  We  acknowledge  that  we  have  never 
seen  racing  between  greyhounds  and  wolfhounds  and  are  quite  open  to  cor- 
rection as  to  what  we  say  on  this  subject.  The  greyhound  is  much  quicker  in 
action  than  the  wolfhound,  the  wolfhound's  stride  being  longer  and  in  those 
we  have  seen  racing  the  action  is  higher,  possibly  from  so  many  being  more 
upright  in  shoulder  than  we  see  in  the  majority  of  greyhounds.  Quick  action 
is  often  deceiving  when  it  is  not  in  actual  competition  with  a  slower  but 
longer  stride,  but  it  will  rather  surprise  us  to  have  it  demonstrated  that  the 
wolfhound  can  beat  a  greyhound,  both  being  good  ones.  Certainly  the 
better  shouldered  dog  is  much  the  cleverer  and  quicker  in  turning  and  can 
travel  down  hill  without  propping  himself,  but  as  the  accounts  of  Russian 
wolf  hunting  are  to  the  effect  that  wolves  race  straightaway,  and  do  not 
turn  or  twist  like  a  hare,  and  the  hunting  ground  is  on  level  plains,  there  is 
not  so  much  necessity  for  good  shoulders  in  the  borzoi  as  in  the  hare 
courser. 

The  type  of  the  wolfhound  or  borzoi  has  been  thoroughly  established 
for  centuries,  undoubtedly.  When  we  go  away  back  as  far  as  we  can  and 
yet  not  be  shrouded  in  "the  mists  of  antiquity"  we  find  representations  of 
racing  hounds  which  may  or  may  not  have  been  meant  for  illustrations  of 

dogs  which  were  of  the  family  now  under  discussion.     For  instance  that  very 

629 


630  The  Dog  Book 

old  drawing  reproduced  from  the  Bronze  Dog  and  to  be  found  in  the  Great 
Dane  chapter,  page  535.  That  has  quite  a  borzoi  look  about  it  and  at 
the  same  time  comes  somewhat  near  to  the  mastin  type. 

This  illustration  was  placed  in  the  position  it  occupies  with  some  mental 
reservation  as  to  whether  it  was  not  more  entitled  to  be  put  with  something 
of  the  greyhound  order.  It  bears  every  look  of  being  a  portrait,  or  modelled 
from  life  and  not  merely  a  study,  but  as  many  of  the  illustrations  of  French 
mastins  of  about  the  same  date  were  not  unlike  this  dog  in  many  ways  it  was 
put  with  them,  the  intention  being  to  draw  attention  to  it  as  we  do  now. 

The  first  positive  representation  of  the  borzoi  we  have  seen  was  in  a 
volume  of  illustrations  made  of  engravings  from  some  French  work.  There 
was  no  title  page  nor  any  description  of  the  engravings  other  than  their  titles 
in  French.  A  memorandum  in  pencil  on  a  front  blank  page  stated  they  were 
from  a  natural  history  work  and  many  of  them  bore  marked  resemblance  to 
many  of  the  Buffbn  engravings.  In  our  edition  of  Buffbn  there  is  not,  how- 
ever, any  particular  reference  to  this  dog,  although  mention  is  made  of  the 
matin  being  connected  with  the  Russian  dog.  No  engraving  of  it  appears  in 
our  edition  nor  is  there  any  mention  of  one  as  in  the  case  of  all  other  dogs 
illustrated.  The  fact  remains,  however,  that  it  was  known  about  1750  and 
the  illustration  is  perfect  enough  to  stand  duty  as  representing  the  breed 
as  seen  at  our  shows.  Colonel  Hamilton  Smith  mentions  them  as  part  of 
the  greyhounds  of  the  Persian  type.  What  the  latter  looked  like  is  shown  in 
Jessie's  "Anecdotes,"  1858  edition.  The  author  stated  that  several  of  these 
hounds  had  been  brought  to  England  from  time  to  time  and  the  one  given 
as  an  illustration  was  a  bitch  bred  in  England,  painted  by  Hamilton. 

It  is  only  within  the  last  twenty  years  or  so  that  the  Russian  hound  has 
become  known  to  any  extent  in  England  or  America,  and  his  career  has  been 
a  diversified  one  in  this  country.  In  England  the  borzoi  had  the  advantage 
of  being  taken  up  by  royalty  and  we  recall  seeing  one  at  Mr.  Macdona's 
kennels  when  he  was  rector  of  Cheadle,  near  Manchester,  in  1879,  the  dog 
having  been  a  present  from  the  Prince  of  Wales,  now  King  Edward.  It  was 
not  a  large  dog  as  we  now  remember  it. 

When  they  were  introduced  in  this  country  there  was  a  very  animated  dis- 
cussion as  to  their  correct  name,  the  late  Mr.  Huntington  leading  on  the  side 
for  the  name  psovoi,  while  others  held  for  borzoi,  the  name  accepted  in  Eng- 
land. As  the  disputants  did  not  seem  able  to  come  to  an  agreement  we  sug- 
gested using  the  name  Russian  wolfhound,  as  fully  descriptive  of  what  they 


BORZOIS   AT   SANDRINGHAM 
Puppies  bred  by  Her  Majesty,  Queen  Alexandra 


Photograph  by  Baker,  Birmingham 


AN   AMERICAN   PRODUCTION 
Litter  bred  by  Dr.  De  Mund,  of  Bensonhurst,  L.  T. 


FUTURITY    PROSPECTS  AT  VALLEY   FARM 


The  Russian  Wolfhound  631 

were,  pending  some  settlement.  The  name  was  made  use  of  in  that  way  and 
has  never  been  changed. 

Being  a  dog  of  striking  character  and  typical  of  high  breeding  it  is  sur- 
prising that  it  has  not  been  followed  up  more  systematically  since  its  intro- 
duction, but  the  records  show  that  its  support  has  been  very  spasmodic.  Mr. 
Huntington  was  very  enthusiastic  for  a  year  or  two  and  then  took  more  to 
greyhounds.  Mr.  Stedman  Hanks,  of  Boston,  was  the  next  prominent 
supporter  and  he  secured  some  good  hounds  when  on  one  occasion  he  visited 
Russia.  He  kept  them  for  a  few  years  and  then  stopped  exhibiting,  his  dogs 
being  taken  over  by  his  kennel  manager,  Tom  Turner,  who  was  about  the 
only  exhibitor  for  several  years,  his  kennel  being  at  the  last  made  up  of  dogs 
bred  from  Mr.  Hanks's  dogs.  Mr.  Turner  was  still  an  occasional  exhibitor 
when  Mr.  J.  B.  Thomas,  Jr.,  took  hold  in  a  very  stirring  manner.  He  first 
bought  all  the  good  dogs  he  could  get  here,  those  of  the  Turner  kennel  and 
some  from  Mr.  J.  G.  Kent,  of  Toronto,  who  had  the  only  collection  of  the 
breed  in  the  Dominion.  Not  content  with  these  dogs,  Mr.  Thomas  con- 
cluded to  visit  Europe  for  something  better  and  after  inspecting  the  English 
kennels  went  on  to  Russia,  where  he  purchased  some  very  good  ones,  in- 
cluding Bistri  and  Sorva.  His  strongest  competitor  was  Mr.  E.  L.  Kraus 
of  Slatington,  Pa.,  who  was  his  predecessor  as  an  exhibitor  and  had  a  very 
good  kennel  at  that  time,  but  with  the  advent  of  Mr.  Thomas  his  increasing 
business  demands  made  it  impossible  for  Mr.  Kraus  to  devote  the  atten- 
tion to  exhibiting  dogs  which  he  had  done  and  he  retired. 

With  the  view  of  putting  the  breed  on  a  substantial  footing  Mr.  Thomas, 
with  the  co-operation  of  Dr.  De  Mund,  Mr.  Kent  and  others  who  took  more 
or  less  interest  in  the  breed,  organised  the  Russian  Wolfhound  Club  and 
marked  improvement  was  at  once  apparent  in  the  support  given  the 
principal  shows.  Two  years  ago  at  New  York  the  entry  was  an  excellent 
one  and  the  quality  very  good  throughout.  Mr.  Thomas's  Valley  Farm 
entry  won  the  lion's  share  of  the  prizes  as  it  had  done  the  previous  year  and 
has  done  at  all  shows  where  he  has  been  a  competitor,  and  we  rather  fear 
that  there  is  a  likelihood  of  the  breed  falling  back,  as  is  almost  invariably 
the  case  where  there  is  one  dominating  kennel  taking  the  bulk  of  the  prize 
money.  We  seem,  however,  to  have  got  to  an  end  of  importations  and  if 
exhibitors  confine  themselves  to  home  or  American  bred  dogs  and  so  put  all 
on  a  more  equitable  footing  there  is  no  reason  to  look  for  decline  in  the 
breed,  now  that  we  have  so  much  breeding  material  in  the  country. 


632  The  Dog  Book 

As  most  wild  animals  are  fought  and  killed  by  the  dogs  which  hunt 
them  it  is  well  to  state  that  the  Russian  wolfhound  is  not  supposed  to  kill  the 
wolf.  When  a  wolf  is  driven  into  the  open  it  is  the  custom  to  slip  a  brace  of 
wolfhounds,  unless  the  dog  is  a  large  and  powerful  one.  The  dogs  slipped 
are  always  well  matched  in  speed  so  as  to  reach  the  wolf  together  if  possible. 
They  range  up  on  either  side  of  the  fleeing  wolf  and  pin  him  back  of  the  ears, 
holding  him  till  the  mounted  huntsman,  who  follows,  can  reach  them. 
The  huntsman  then  muzzles  the  wolf,  which  is  taken  to  the  kennels  for  use 
in  teaching  the  younger  dogs  their  business.  Many  wolves  are  killed 
when  not  so  wanted,  but  the  object  of  the  hunt  may  be  said  not  to  be  that 
of  the  fox  hunt  or  hare  coursing,  which  is  the  kill,  but  the  capture  of  the  wolf. 

The  Russian  wolfhound  has  been  styled  the  aristocrat  of  the  canine 
family,  which  is  a  well-earned  name  and  a  very  excellent  one  in  illustrating 
his  distinguishing  feature,  as  compared  with  other  breeds.  It  will  be  seen 
that  the  descriptive  particulars  of  the  standard  call  for  a  dog  on  greyhound 
lines,  the  differences  being  a  narrower  skull,  with  an  indication  of  angle  at 
the  brow,  up  to  which  the  nasal  line  is  carried  without  any  indication  of  drop 
in  the  outline,  in  fact  it  is  more  often  Roman  nosed.  From  the  angle  at  the 
brow  the  outline  is  fairly  straight  to  the  occiput;  the  other  differences  are  the 
longer  coat,  sometimes  with  a  curl,  and  the  somewhat  straighter  hindquart- 
ers when  the  dog  is  standing. 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — Skull  slightly  domed,  long  and  narrow,  with  scarcely  any 
perceptible  stop,  rather  inclined  to  the  Roman-nosed;  jaws  long,  powerful 
and  deep;  teeth  strong,  clean  and  even;  neither  pig- jawed  nor  undershot; 
nose  large  and  black. 

Ears. — Small  and  fine  in  quality,  lying  back  on  the  neck  when  in  repose 
with  the  tips  when  thrown  back  almost  touching  behind  occiput;  raised 
when  at  attention. 

Eyes. — Set  somewhat  obliquely,  dark  in  colour,  intelligent,  but  rather 
soft  in  expression,  never  full  nor  stary,  light  in  colour,  eyelids  dark. 

Neck. — Clean,  free  from  throatiness,  somewhat  shorter  than  in  the  grey- 
hound, slightly  arched,  very  powerful,  and  well  set  on. 

Shoulders. — Sloping,  should  be  fine  at  the  withers  and  free  from  coarse- 
ness or  lumber. 

Chest. — Rather  narrow,  with  great  depth  of  brisket. 


The  Russian  Wolfhound  633 

Ribs. — Only  slightly  sprung,  but  very  deep,  giving  room  for  heart  and 
lung  play. 

Back. — Rising  a  little  at  the  loins  in  a  graceful  curve. 

Loins. — Extremely  muscular,  but  rather  tucked  up,  owing  to  the  great 
depth  of  chest  and  comparative  shortness  of  back  and  ribs. 

Forelegs. — Bone  flat,  straight,  giving  free  play  for  the  elbows,  which 
should  be  neither  turned  in  nor  out;  pasterns  strong. 

Feet. — Hare-shaped,  with  well-arched  knuckles,  toes  close  and  well 
padded. 

Hindquarters. — Long,  very  muscular  and  powerful,  with  wellbent 
stifles  and  strong  second  thighs,  hocks  broad,  clean  and  well  let  down. 

Tail. — Long,  set  on  and  carried  low  in  a  graceful  curve. 

Coat. — Long,  silky  (not  woolly),  either  flat,  wavy  or  rather  curly.  On 
the  head,  ears,  and  front  ot  legs  it  should  be  short  and  smooth;  on  the  neck 
the  frill  should  be  profuse  and  rather  curly.  Feather  of  hindquarters  and 
tail,  long  and  profuse,  less  so  on  chest  and  back  of  forelegs. 

Colour. — Any  colour;  white  usually  predominating,  more  or  less  mark- 
ed with  lemon,  tan,  brindle  or  grey.  Whole-coloured  specimens  of  these 
tints  occasionally  appear;  black  to  be  discouraged. 

General  Appearance. — Should  be  that  of  an  elegant,  graceful  aristocrat 
among  dogs,  possessing  courage  and  combining  great  muscular  power  with 
extreme  speed. 

Size. — Dogs,  average  height  at  shoulder  from  28  to  31  inches;  average 
weight  from  75  to  105  Ibs.  Larger  dogs  are  often  seen,  extra  size  being  no 
disadvantage  when  it  is  not  acquired  at  the  expense  of  symmetry,  speed  and 
staying  quality. 

Bitches  invariably  smaller  than  dogs,  and  two  inches  less  in  height  and 
from  15  to  20  Ibs.  less  weight  is  a  fair  average. 

SCALE    OF    POINTS 

Head 15  Hindquarter,    Stifles  and 

Ears 5                 Hocks 15 

Eyes   5         Legs  and  Feet 10 

Neck 5         Coat  and  Feather 10 

Shoulders  and  Chest  ....      15         Tail 5 

Ribs,  Back  and  Loins     ..      15 

Total  .  100 


t' c  lt"  iKtONpANTO  (5  months) 
Ttopevt)  wf  Dk/KnW,  Danbury,  Conn. 


SULTAN 
Property  of  Mrs.  C.  Chapman 


MAGICIAN  (10  months) 
Property  of  Dr.  Knox,  Danbury,  Conn. 


CH.  DAINTY 


BLOODHOUND    HEAD 

From  a  painting  by  Sir  E.  Landseer 


PRINCE  LEO 
Property  of  Dr.  Knox,  Danbury,  Conn. 


CHAPTER  XLIX 

THE  BLOODHOUND 

HE  dog  to  which  we  usually  give  the  name  of  English  blood- 
hound, to  distinguish  it  from  various  dogs  called  blood- 
hounds, is  a  very  different  animal  from  what  was  called 
originally  by  the  same  name  in  England.  Like  the  mastiff 
and  a  good  many  other  dogs  he  has  been  improved  beyond 
recognition  from  the  dog  of  even  fifty  years  ago.  It  is  not  necessary  to  go 
over  the  ground  that  we  already  have  done  in  the  introductory  chapter  re- 
garding hounds.  Poetical  descriptions  are  not  essentially  facts  and  to  say 
that  a  dog  had  heavy  flews  and  long  ears  does  not  mean  that  he  had  the  ex- 
cess of  loose  skin  about  the  head  we  see  in  our  show  dogs,  nor  their  length 
of  ears.  Illustrations  of  bloodhounds  and  Southern  hounds,  which  are 
generally  held  to  have  been  the  main  progenitors  of  our  bloodhounds,  do 
not  differ  essentially  from  drawings  by  the  same  artists  or  contemporary 
artists,  when  one  goes  back  to  1800-30,  of  other  dogs  that  were  called  blood- 
hounds and  were  found  in  other  countries.  All  of  these  hounds  showed 
more  flew  and  dewlap  than  the  foxhound,  and  had  natural  ears,  while  the 
foxhound  has  had  his  ears  rounded  or  trimmed  for  many  years.  At  the  time 
we  speak  of  the  efforts  of  foxhound  breeders  was  to  get  a  small-headed 
dog,  and  they  were  then  drawn  with  some  exaggeration  in  that  respect,  for 
the  heads  on  portrait  dogs  are  usually  out  of  proportion  to  the  style  of  dog, 
so  as  to  suit  the  fancy  for  small  heads  then  prevailing. 

The  bloodhounds  at  the  Tower  Menagerie,  as  shown  in  the  volume 
issued  in  1829  descriptive  of  the  animals  then  on  exhibition — the  drawings 
being  from  life  by  Harvey — are  strikingly  like  some  of  Landseer's.  These 
dogs  were  brought  from  Africa  by  Colonel  Denman,  who  had  gone  there  on  a 
hunting  expedition  and  had  been  so  impressed  with  the  work  of  the  hounds 
he  got  there  that  he  brought  back  three  and  presented  them  to  the  mena- 
gerie. Cuban  bloodhounds  were  also  taken  to  England  and  they  are  seen  to 
be  the  same  type  of  dog.  Youatt  used  a  study  by  Landseer  on  the  title  page 
of  "The  Dog"  and  described  the  bloodhound  as  broad  skulled,  with  long 

635 


636  The  Dog  Book 

ears.  Hancock  drew  what  must  have  been  considered  a  typical  head  for 
the  "Sportsman's  Annual" of  1829  an^  tnat  ls  not  in  any  way  noticeable  for 
bloodhound  type  as  we  know  it.  He  afterwards  painted  a  portrait  of  a  dog 
called  Marmion,  given  in  Jesse's  1858  edition.  This  dog  shows  a  very  wide 
rounded  skull,  with  a  weak  foreface,  but  is  a  strong,  large,  well-built  dog  so 
far  as  can  be  judged.  The  hound  in  Landseer's  "Dignity  and  Impudence" 
is  a  more  modern  type  of  dog  than  any  he  shows  in  his  many  Highland 
sketches,  or  in  the  study  head  used  by  Youatt. 

Notwithstanding  this  lack  of  some  essentials  in  bloodhound  character 
we  are  fully  convinced  that  bloodhound  characteristics  did  exist  in  some 
English  hounds  of  quite  a  long  time  ago.  We  do  not  think  the  narrow 
skull  and  prominent  peak  and  bloodhound  type  could  develop  themselves 
naturally,  as  can  be  seen  in  some  black  and  tan  hounds  of  the  old  Maryland 
and  Southern  Pennsylvania  type.  About  twenty  years  ago  the  opportunity 
to  see  this  bloodhound  type  in  these  dogs  was  better  than  it  is  now,  and  so 
struck  were  we  with  a  small  black  and  tan  foxhound  bitch  we  saw  at  a 
Philadelphia  show  that  we  secured  the  promise  of  her  from  Mr.  Howard 
Ireland,  her  owner,  for  the  purpose  of  sending  her  to  the  Crystal  Palace  show, 
not  for  competition,  but  to  show  English  men  that  there  was  a  connection  be- 
tween our  old  black  and  tan  foxhound  and  their  bloodhound,  which  must 
have  had  its  origin  in  the  hounds  of  two  hundred  years  ago,  for  these  Amer- 
ican dogs  were  undoubtedly  descendants  from  importations  made  in  the  days 
of  the  Lords  Baltimore.  The  bitch  unfortunately  died  soon  after  the  show, 
where  she  was  in  poor  condition.  She  was  far  too  small  and  weedy  for  show- 
ing as  a  bloodhound  in  England  but  she  was  all  bloodhound  in  type. 

It  was  owing  to  the  knowledge  we  got  as  to  these  old  hounds  at  that 
time  that  when  Mr.  Strong  of  Cooperstown  wrote  to  the  American  Kennel 
Club  for  advice  as  to  a  cross  for  better  constitution,  and  the  question  was  re- 
ferred to  us,  we  advised  him  to  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  suggestion  of  the 
great  English  authority  on  the  breed,  Mr.  Edwin  Brough,  who  recommended 
a  Great  Dane  cross,  but  get  what  he  wanted  from  these  Southern  Pennsyl- 
vania black  and  tan  hounds.  This  he  did  with  success,  as  he  lost  but  little 
character  even  in  the  first  cross  and  breeding  back  to  the  bloodhound  again 
secured  good  type  and  an  improved  dog  in  constitution. 

This  weakness  in  constitution  and  inability  to  stand  the  attacks  of  dis- 
temper, to  which  they  seem  to  be  particularly  susceptible,  is  the  great 
difficulty  bloodhound  breeders  have  to  contend  against.  When  at  Danbury 


The  Bloodhound  637 

Dog  Show  in  October,  1905,  we  saw  at  Dr.  Knox's  kennels  twenty  as  fine 
young  dogs  as  one  could  imagine,  from  twelve  to  fifteen  months  old;  large, 
big-boned,  strong  dogs,  every  one  of  them.  Three  months  later  Dr.  Knox 
wrote  us  that  he  had  been  busy  burying  puppies  for  the  past  month 
and  had  hardly  one  left  of  all  the  lot  we  saw. 

Mr.  L.  L.  Winchell,  of  Fair  Haven,  Vt.,  was  the  first  American  to  take 
up  the  bloodhound  of  England,  and  after  he  had  been  exhibiting  for  a  year 
or  two  Mr.  Brough  sent  over  some  dogs  which  were  shown  in  partnership. 
Dr.  Lougest  of  Boston  was  the  next  to  show  bloodhounds  and  he  has  had  by 
far  the  largest  number  of  show  winners  of  anyone  in  this  country.  Some  of 
his  dogs  and  some  from  Mr.  Winchell  were  bought  by  Dr.  Knox  of  Danbury 
and,  as  the  Fair  Haven  kennels  have  long  been  given  up,  there  are  only  the 
two  doctors  in  the  field,  with  an  occasional  outside  entry.  A  number  of  per- 
sons advertise  bloodhounds  but  those  who  want  to  get  the  genuine  article  of 
English  bloodhound  should  be  exceedingly  cautious  in  buying  dogs  from  any 
person  other  than  exhibitors.  If  a  dog  to  trail  a  scent  is  all  that  is  wanted 
that  is  a  matter  of  education  and  many  of  these  old  foxhounds  can  be  taught 
a  good  deal  in  that  direction,  but  these  are  not  bloodhounds  any  more  than  a 
spaniel  is  a  setter  merely  because  the  setter  once  was  a  spaniel. 

In  appearance  the  bloodhound  is  a  strong,  thickset  hound  with  stout, 
rather  short  legs.  He  must  not  look  low  on  the  leg  at  all,  but  there  is  no 
excess  of  daylight  under  him.  He  had  better  be  a  little  low  than  be  leggy 
and  light  of  bone.  A  weedy  bloodhound  is  out  of  the  question,  speed  not 
being  wanted  in  this  dog,  for  he  must  be  followed  on  foot  when  tracking, 
held  on  a  lead  like  the  old  hound  that  was  called  the  limer. 

The  distinguishing  difference  in  this  breed  from  all  other  hounds  is  in 
the  depth  of  his  hanging  lips,  his  heavy  dewlap,  and  the  loose  skin  on  his 
skull,  which  rolls  in  heavy  wrinkles  when  the  head  is  lowered.  The  hanging 
lips  and  dewlap  pull  down  the  lower  eyelid  and  shows  the  haw  more  than  in 
any  other  breed.  By  reference  to  the  scale  of  points  in  the  standard  it  will 
be  seen  that  over  one-third  of  the  100  points  goes  for  head  properties.  The 
standard  of  the  Bloodhound  Club  is  as  follows :- 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head  and  wrinkle  (value  20)  is  the  peculiar  feature  of  this  breed,  and 
it  is  accordingly  estimated  at  a  very  high  rate.  In  the  male  it  is  large  in  all 


638  The  Dog  Book 

its  dimensions  but  width,  in  which  there  is  a  remarkable  deficiency.  The 
upper  surface  is  domed,  ending  in  a  blunt  point  at  the  occiput;  but  the  brain 
case  is  not  developed  to  the  same  extent  as  the  jaws,  which  are  very  long  and 
wide  at  the  nostrils,  hollow  and  very  lean  in  the  cheek  and  notably  under 
the  eyes.  The  muzzle  should  be  deep  and  square.  The  brows  are  moder- 
ately prominent,  and  the  general  expression  of  the  whole  head  is  very 
grand  and  majestic.  The  skin  covering  the  forehead  and  cheeks  is  wrink- 
led in  a  remarkable  manner,  unlike  any  other  dog.  These  points  are  not 
nearly  so  developed  in  the  bitch;  but  still  they  are  to  be  demanded  in  the 
same  proportionate  degree. 

Ears  and  Eyes  (value  10). — The  ears,  which  should  be  set  on  low,  are 
long  enough  to  overlap  one  another  considerably  when  drawn  together  in 
front  of  the  nose;  the  leather  should  be  very  thin,  pendulous,  and  should 
hang  very  forward  and  close  to  the  cheeks,  never  showing  the  slightest  ten- 
dency to  "prick";  they  should  be  covered  with  very  soft,  short,  silky  hair. 
The  eyes  are  generally  hazel,  rather  small,  and  deeply  sunk,  with  triangular- 
shaped  lids  showing  the  third  eyelid,  or  "haw,"  which  is  frequently,  but  not 
always,  of  a  deep  red  colour. 

Flews  (value  5)  are  remarkably  long  and  pendant,  sometimes  falling 
fully  two  inches  below  the  angle  of  the  mouth. 

Neck  (value  5)  is  long,  so  as  to  enable  this  hound  to  drop  his  nose  to  the 
ground  without  altering  his  pace.  In  the  front  of  the  throat  there  is  a 
considerable  dewlap. 

Chest  and  Shoulders  (value  10) . — The  chest  is  rather  wide  and  deep,  but 
in  all  cases  there  should  be  a  good  girth;  shoulders  sloping  and  muscular. 

Back  and  Back  Ribs  (value  10)  should  be  wide  and  deep,  the  size  of  the 
dog  necessitating  great  power  in  this  department.  The  hips  or  couples, 
should  be  especially  attended  to,  and  they  should  be  wide,  or  almost  ragged. 

Legs  and  Feet  (value  15). — The  legs  must  be  straight  and  muscular,  and 
the  ankles  full  size.  The  feet  should  be  round  and  catlike. 

Colour  and  coat  (value  10). — In  colour  the  bloodhound  is  either  black- 
and-tan  or  tan  only,  as  is  the  case  with  all  black-and-tan  breeds.  The 
black  should  extend  to  the  back  and  sides,  top  of  neck  and  top  of  head. 
It  is  seldom  a  pure  black,  but  more  or  less  mixed  with  the  tan,  which  should 
be  a  deep  rich  red.  There  should  be  little  or  no  white.  A  deep  tawny, 
or  lion  colour,  is  also  coveted,  but  seldom  found.  The  coat  should  be  short 
and  hard  on  the  body,  but  silky  on  the  ears  and  top  of  the  head. 


The  Bloodhound  639 

Stern  (value  5)  is  like  that  of  all  hounds,  carried  gaily  in  a  gentle  curve, 
but  should  not  be  raised  beyond  a  right  angle  with  the  back. 

Symmetry  (value  10)  of  the  bloodhound,  as  regarded  from  an  artistic 
point  of  view,  should  be  examined  carefully  and  valued  in  proportion  to  the 
degree  in  which  it  is  developed.  The  height  should  be  from  25  to  27  inches 
at  the  shoulder  for  dogs,  and  a  little  less  for  bitches.  The  weight  of  dogs 
should  be  about  90  pounds  and  upward,  bitches  somewhat  less. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Head,  including  wrinkle  ..     20  Back  and  Back  Ribs 10 

Ears  and  Eyes 10  Legs  and  Feet 15 

Flews    5  Colour  and  Coat 10 

Neck 5  Stern 5 

Shoulder  and  Chest 10  Symmetry IO 

Total  .  100 


CHAPTER  L 
THE  FOXHOUND 


T  what  period  the  foxhound  got  its  distinctive  title  in  England 
is  not  very  clear  for  as  late  as  1 735  there  is  no  such  word  in 
the  Sportsman's  Dictionary.  Under  the  words  "Fox  hunt- 
ing" all  that  refers  to  the  fox  and  his  capture  is  given  and 
here  it  is  stated  that  "the  fox  is  taken  with  hounds,  grey- 
hounds, terriers,  nets  and  gins."  Greyhounds  were  used  to  "course 
him  on  the  plain,"  and  the  two  other  methods  used  were  fox  hunting  above 
ground  and  hunting  the  fox  under  ground,  which  was  done  with  terriers. 
In  the  description  of  hunting  above  ground  the  dogs  are  simply  called  hounds 
and  the  custom  then  was  to  have  them  in  couples  and  not  to  put  the  entire 
pack  into  the  covert.  "At  first  only  cast  off  your  sure  finders  and  as  the 
drag  mends  so  add  more  as  you  dare  trust  them,  avoid  casting  off  too  many 
hounds  at  once,  because  woods  and  coverts  are  full  of  sundry  chases  and  so 
you  may  engage  them  in  too  many  at  one  time.  Let  such  as  you  cast  off 
at  first  be  old,  staunch  hounds  which  are  sure,  and  if  you  hear  such  a  hound 
call  on  merrily  you  may  cast  off  some  others  to  him,  and  when  they  run  it  on 
the  full  cry  cast  off  the  rest. "  So  also  in  hare  hunting  the  word  hounds  is 
only  employed  and  under  the  word  "harriers"  we  find  nothing  but  a 
hound,  "some  are  for  the  hare,  the  fox,  hart,  polecat,  weasel,  coney,  buck, 
badger,  otter,  etc.,  some  for  one,  some  for  another.  Nay,  amongst  the  va- 
rious sorts  of  these  dogs,  there  are  some  apt  to  hunt  two  different  beasts,  as 
the  fox  at  sometimes  and  at  other  times  the  hare,  but  such  as  stick  not  to 
one  sort  of  game,  hunt  not  with  that  success  and  good  disposition  as  the 
others  do." 

It  was  soon  after  this  book  was  published  that  the  celebrated  Mr. 
Meynell  established  the  Quorn  hunt  and  he  made  a  practice  of  entering  his 
hounds  at  the  hare  and  when  perfect  in  that  sport  put  them  to  fox  hunting. 
It  is  probable  that  some  who  kept  packs  of  hounds  had  individual  ideas  as  to 
using  the  entire  pack  in  the  covert  even  at  that  time,  but  it  could  hardly  have 

been  considered  the  best  practice  or  it  would  have  been  referred  to  in  the 

641 


642  The  Dog  Book 

dictionary  as  a  method  some  employed.  Beagles  are  referred  to  in  this 
dictionary  so  that  we  may  assume  that  the  word  hound  was  used  much  as  we 
use  setter,  and  that  they  had  no  distinctive  title  any  more  than  we  give  one  to 
a  setter  used  for  pinnated  grouse  shooting,  or  for  quail,  or  for  snipe.  All  are 
setters  and  at  the  time  we  refer  to  all  were  hounds. 

These  were  undoubtedly  slow  dogs  and  were  followed  in  a  leisurely 
manner,  but  with  the  advent  of  Mr.  Meynell  a  different  style  of  fox  hunting 
was  introduced.  Emulation  in  the  field  and  the  danger  of  over-riding  the 
hounds  led  him  to  breed  for  faster  dogs.  He  used  large  packs  of  hounds, 
sometimes  as  many  as  a  hundred  couples  at  a  time,  and  they  must  have  been 
under  excellent  command  for  even  he  followed  the  custom  of  drawing  the 
coverts  with  a  small  number  of  selected  hounds,  the  others  being  held  in 
check  by  the  whipper-in  until  cheered  to  the  cry  by  Jack  Raven  as  Colonel 
Gore  records  in  his  "Observations  on  Hunting." 

Breeding  to  type  had  been  in  progress  for  some  time  at  the  beginning  of 
the  nineteenth  century  and  packs  kept  entirely  for  fox  hunting  became  num- 
erous throughout  England,  particularly  in  the  districts  where  it  could  be  and 
still  is  followed  to  the  best  advantage.  Packs  became  famous  for  their  ap- 
pearance and  the  sport  they  afforded  and  few  of  us  but  have  at  least  heard 
of  the  influence  Squire  Osbaldeston  had  on  fox  hunting  and  sports  in  general, 
from  the  time  he  took  the  Quorn  hunt  in  1817.  He  bred  uncommonly  fast 
hounds  and  his  desire  was  to  get  away  fast  after  the  fox  and  spread-eagle  the 
field.  Very  large  sums  were  given  for  good  packs  when  they  were  placed  on 
the  market.  Lord  Suffield  gave  3,000  guineas  for  Mr.  Lambton's  entire 
kennel.  Individual  dogs  suitable  for  stud,  or  stallions  as  they  are  called  in 
the  case  of  hounds  or  beagles,  were  also  eagerly  sought  for  and  the  annual 
draft  was  sorted  so  as  to  preserve  uniformity  of  size,  speed  and,  in  many 
cases,  uniformity  of  markings  was  sought  for  as  far  as  possible. 

In  this  way  we  have  in  the  English  hound  that  character  and  confor- 
mation which  stamps  it  as  a  breed,  for  all  hunts  aim  to  secure  some  char- 
acteristics common  to  all.  Type  in  head,  perfection  in  legs  and  feet,  good 
shoulders  and  good  bodies  are  all  points  where  but  one  standard  governs. 
The  differences  between  the  packs  so  far  as  appearance  goes  is  very  little 
more  than  that  of  height,  some  masters  preferring  a  larger  dog,  others  a 
medium  one  and  some  being  better  suited  with  dogs  an  inch  or  so  smaller. 
It  is  thus  we  have  the  radical  difference  between  foxhounds  of  English  breed- 
ing and  what  go  by  the  name  of  American  foxhounds.  There  is  no  type 


The  Foxhound  643 

that  governs  in  this  country,  nor  can  there  be  so  long  as  the  hound  are  bred 
so  indiscriminately  as  is  the  case.  It  has  been  well  said  that  everything  is  an 
American  foxhound  that  is  not  good  enough  to  win  in  an  English  foxhound 
class.  At  a  recent  dog  show  in  the  Philadelphia  district  there  was  quite  a 
collection  of  "American  foxhounds"  half  of  which  had  been  bred  from  an 
English  dog  from  what  were  said  to  be  American  bitches,  and  others  were 
bred  the  reverse  way  and  all  were  called  by  that  elastic  title,  "American 
foxhounds. " 

What  little  breeding  to  type  there  is  in  foxhounds  bred  in  this  country  is 
confined  to  a  very  few  hunting  clubs,  clubs  which  hunt  the  hounds  in  Eng- 
lish fashion  as  a  pack,  and  follow  them  on  horseback.  But  the  leaven  of  this 
is  so  small  as  not  to  affect  the  foxhound  as  a  whole  and  it  is  purely  individual 
fancy,  some  packs  being  black  and  tan  and  others  white  with  black  and  tan 
markings.  There  is  a  National  Foxhunters  Association  which  is  almost  a 
purely  Kentucky  organization,  nine  out  of  the  twelve  officers  named  in  the 
1904  stud  book  being  residents  of  that  state,  one  in  Pennsylvania,  one  in 
Alabama  and  one  in  Tennessee .  It  has  a  code  of  running  rules  and  has  a 
standard  for  American  foxhounds. 

The  object  of  this  club  and  others  like  it,  such  as  the  Brunswick  Fur 
Club  of  Maine,  is  to  decide  individual  merit  in  hunting,  trailing,  speed,  en- 
durance, giving  tongue  and  for  judgment  and  intelligence.  There  is  no 
effort  made,  such  as  is  followed  in  England  or  in  a  few  instances  in  America, 
to  secure  uniformity  by  breeding  and  selection.  If  a  dog  is  much  faster  than 
the  others  it  is  to  his  advantage,  whereas  in  packs  a  hound  must  keep  with 
the  pack,  neither  racing  in  advance  nor  failing  to  keep  up  with  the  others. 
So  also  in  appearance,  what  the  American  hound  looks  like  matters  not  so 
that  he  works,  and  the  result  is  as  motley  a  lot  of  dogs  as  one  can  imagine  at 
such  gatherings.  There  is  no  such  thing  as  type,  or  sorriness,  bur  fortun- 
ately there  are  not  many  which  resemble  too  much  the  ideal  hounds  drawn 
for  the  second  volume  of  the  foxhound  stud  book.  These  are  most  remark- 
able dogs  mainly  on  account  of  their  lack  of  resemblance  to  what  a  foxhound 
should  look  like.  They  have  good  feet  and  that,  singular  to  say,  is  where  a 
great  many  of  these  dogs  fail.  We  have  seen  some  in  the  show  ring  with 
duck-feet,  and  one  of  the  best  known  show  dogs  of  recent  times  is  the  worst- 
footed  sporting  dog  we  think  we  have  ever  seen  as  a  prize  winner. 

It  would  please  us  very  much  indeed  to  say  a  good  word  for  the  fox- 
hunting dog  of  this  country  outside  of  his  hunting  ability  and  within  the 


644  The  Dog  Book 

scope  of  this  book,  which  treats  of  dogs  as  breeds,  (established  breeds  as  the 
Kennel  Club  has  it),  but  what  we  have  here  is  not  an  established  breed,  show- 
ing the  uniformity  of  shape,  type  and  character  requisite  to  distinguish  a 
breed  from  plain,  ordinary  dogs.  We  felt  that  we  could  say  nothing  else  and 
invited  Colonel  Roger  Williams  of  Lexington,  Ky.,  to  contribute  what  might 
be  considered  the  presentation  of  the  other  side,  but  the  offer  has  not  been 
accepted.  If  people  do  not  breed  for  type  they  cannot  blame  any  person 
stating  that  type  is  lacking.  The  standard  adopted  by  this  Kentucky  club 
is  quite  good  enough  in  itself,  though  far  from  perfect,  to  develop  a  breed  dis- 
tinct in  type,  but  having  a  standard  and  ignoring  it  altogether  is  not  the  way 
to  get  the  desired  uniformity.  They  might  even  do  as  the  Boston-terrier 
men  have  done,  breed  a  type  entirely  different  from  the  standard  and  make 
the  dogs  show  uniformity  of  type  foreign  to  what  is  supposed  to  be  the  cor- 
rect thing.  The  same  is  seen  in  the  English  Newfoundland,  the  standard 
being  entirely  ignored,  yet  we  have  uniformity  in  the  dogs  shown  and  the 
type  of  dog  shown  is  the  standard  which  governs.  In  the  present  case  we 
have  a  standard  but  no  uniformity  in  type  hence  we  have  no  breed  of  es- 
tablished character.  What  is  supposed  to  be  aimed  at  is  shown  in  the  des- 
cription and  points  adopted  by  the  National  club  as  follows: 

DESCRIPTIVE    PARTICULARS 

The  American  hound  should  be  smaller  and  lighter  in  muscle  and  bone 
than  the  English  foxhound.  Dogs  should  not  be  under  21  nor  over  24  inches 
nor  weigh  more  than  60  pounds.  Bitches  should  not  be  under  20  nor  over 
23  inches,  nor  weigh  more  than  53  pounds. 

Head  (value  15)  should  be  of  medium  size  with  muzzle  in  harmonious 
proportions.  The  skull  should  be  rounded  crosswise  with  slight  peak — line 
of  profile  nearly  straight — with  sufficient  stop  to  give  symmetry  to  head. 
Ears  medium,  not  long,  thin,  soft  in  coat,  low  set  and  closely  pendant.  Eyes 
soft,  medium  size  and  varying  shades  of  brown.  Nostrils  slightly  expanded. 
The  head  as  a  whole  should  denote  hound  "character." 

Neck  (value  5)  must  be  clean  and  of  good  length,  slightly  arched,  strong 
where  it  springs  from  the  shoulder  and  gradually  tapering  to  the  head  with- 
out trace  of  throatiness. 

Shoulders  (value  10)  should  be  of  sufficient  length  to  give  leverage  and 
power — well  sloped,  muscular,  but  clean  run  and  not  too  broad. 


The  Foxhound  645 

Chest  and  Back  Ribs  (value  10).  The  chest  should  be  deep  for  lung 
space,  narrower  in  proportion  to  depth  than  the  English  hound — 28  inches  in 
a  24-inch  hound  being  good.  Well-sprung  ribs — back  ribs  should  extend 
well  back — a  3-inch  flank  allowing  springiness. 

Back  and  Loin  (value  10)  should  be  broad,  short  and  strong,  slightly 
arched. 

Hindquarters  and  Lower  Thighs  (value  10)  must  be  well  muscled  and 
very  strong. 

Stifles  should  be  low  set,  not  much  bent  nor  yet  too  straight — a  happy 
medium. 

Elbows  (value  5)  should  be  set  straight,  neither  in  nor  out. 

Legs  and  Feet  (value  20)  are  of  great  importance.  Legs  should  be 
straight  and  placed  squarely  under  shoulder,  having  plenty  of  bone  without 
clumsiness;  strong  pasterns  well  stood  upon.  Feet  round,  cat-like,  not  too 
large,  toes  well  knuckled,  close  and  compact,  strong  nails,  pad  thick,  tough 
and  indurated  by  use. 

Colour  and  Coat  (value  5). — Black-white-and-tan  are  preferable,  though 
the  solids  and  various  pies  are  permissible;  coat  should  be  rough  and  coarse 
without  being  wiry  or  shaggy. 

Symmetry  (value  5). — The  form  of  the  hound  should  be  harmonious 
throughout.  He  should  show  his  blood  quality  and  hound  character  in  every 
respect  and  movement.  If  he  scores  high  in  other  properties,  symmetry  is 
bound  to  follow. 

Stern  (value  5)  must  be  strong  in  bone  at  the  root,  of  medium  length 
carried  like  a  sabre  on  line  with  spine,  and  must  have  good  brush — a  docked 
stern  should  not  disqualify  but  simply  handicap  according  to  extent  of  dock- 
ing. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Head 15  Elbows   5 

Neck 5  Legs  and  Feet 20 

Shoulders 10  Colour  and  Coat 5 

Chest  and  Back  Ribs 10  Stern 5 

Hindquarters    and  Lower  Back  and  Loin 10 

Thighs 10  Symmetry 5 


Total 


100 


AMERICAN   FOXHOUND    BITCH 


ENGLISH    FOXHOUND   DOG 


TYPICAL   HEADS 


wr 
M    3  tfi 


CH.  NEMESIS 


SARAH 


CH.  NEMESIS  WINNING  FIVE  COUPLES 

MIDDLESEX    HUNT    HOUNDS 


HARRIER 
From  Daniel's  "Rural  Sports,"  1802 


CHARITY 

A  prize  harrier,  the  property  of  Capt.  N.  Barton,  of  Hasketon, 
Woodbridge.     After  a  painting  by  E.  Corbet 


HARRIERS  OF  HIS  MAJESTY  GEO.   III. 
From  a  painting  by  B.  Marsh  j^J 


Photograph  by  Schreiber  &>  Sons,  Philadelphia 
THE  PENNBROOK  HUNT 

The  similarity  benveen  foxhounds  and  harriers  is  well  shown  in  this  photograph.  The  dog  to  the  right  in  the  foreground 
and  the  one  to  the  left  of  the  three  front  dogs,  showing  a  side  view,  are  foxhounds.  All  others  distinguishable  are  harrier: 
and  the  one  to  the  extreme  left  was  the  best  in  the  pack  which  was  imported  by  Mr.  Mitchell  Harrison,  of  Philadelphia 


CHAPTER  LI 
THE  HARRIER 

HE  hunting  hound  of  England,  as  distinguished  from  the 
coursing  hound  and  the  led  bloodhound,  went  by  the  gen- 
eral name  of  harrier  until  special  pains  were  taken  to  de- 
velop hounds  solely  for  fox  hunting,  to  which  were  given  the 
name  of  foxhounds.  What  was  left  for  hunting  with 
hounds  was  the  hare,  and  harriers  then  became  solely  hare  hunters,  the 
sport  which  at  one  time  held  precedence,  now  taking  rank  below  that  of  fox- 
hunting. The  name  harrier  has  no  connection  with  the  word  hare,  but  owes 
its  origin  to  the  use  of  the  hounds  in  harrying  or  driving  the  game. 

We  have  no  harriers  in  this  country,  but  a  few  have  been  kept  in  Canada, 
near  Newmarket  mainly.  In  England  they  at  one  time  were  the  medium 
hound  between  the  foxhound  and  beagle,  but  of  late  years  beagles  have  been 
bred  larger  and  have  been  crossed  with  harriers,  and  the  same  desire  for  size 
has  caused  the  harrier  to  be  crossed  with  the  foxhound  till  it  is  difficult  to- 
get  the  pure  harrier.  There  are  a  few  packs  which  have  not  resorted  to- 
foreign  blood,  among  them  being  the  Penistone  hunt  in  Yorkshire,  where  a 
pack  of  black  and  tan  harriers  has  been  kept  for  a  number  of  years,  back,  it 
is  said,  to  nearly  the  seventeenth  century.  These  are  large  hounds  and  are 
called  harriers  by  reason  of  their  not  being  used  for  foxhunting.  If  they  had 
been  they  would  have  had  their  name  changed  and  yet  be  the  same  hounds. 
According  to  the  run  of  hare  hunting  packs  the  English  harriers  vary  from 

1 8  inches  to  as  high  as  24  inches,  but  we  agree  with  Mr.  Lee  that  from  16  to 

19  inches  is  the  proper  harrier  limits  of  height.     They  run  lighter  in  shape 
than  the  foxhound,  more  on  what  the  American  foxhound  lines  are  supposed 
to  be,  that  is,  less    substance    and    bone.      Cooper's    head  of  the  harrier 
which  will  be  found  in  the  introductory  chapter  to  the  hounds  is  a  superb 
illustration  of  a  quality  head. 

No  standard  for  the  harrier  has  ever  been  published,  reference  being 
generally  made  to  what  is  wanted  in  the  foxhound,  but  a  lighter  dog,  so  here, 
where  we  have  a  standard  for  just  such  a  foxhound,  we  can  say  that  the 

American  foxhound  standard  is  well  adapted  to  this  breed. 

647 


CHAPTER  LII 

THE  BEAGLE 

HAT  the  terrier  is  to  the  Englishman  the  beagle  may  almost 
be  said  to  be  to  the  American,  as  nearly  as  we  have  a  useful 
all-rounder  in  this  country.  There  is  too  much  genuine 
good  about  the  beagle  to  make  him  a  whim  of  fancy  and  as 
a  show  dog  he  has  for  long  maintained  a  steady  rating  as  one 
of  the  reliable  breeds  for  an  average  good  entry.  Certainly  he  is  far  more 
popular  here  than  in  England  and  is  kept  within  the  limits  of  size  of  what  a 
beagle  should  be,  In  England  the  word  beagle  has  become  a  very  elastic 
term  and  good-sized  harriers  are  rated  as  beagles  with  some  of  the  hare 
hunting  packs.  With  us  a  proper  limit  of  size  has  long  been  recognised  both 
at  shows  and  field  trials,  so  that  we  have  preserved  at  least  that  attribute  of 
the  beagle  better  than  the  English  have. 

The  origin  of  the  word  beagle  is  said  to  be  obscure,  the  standard  work 
on  old  English  words,  Murray's  Dictionary,  being  copied  in  that  remark  by 
all  its  successors.  The  earliest  use  of  the  word  is  quoted  as  being  in  "The 
Squire  of  Lowe  Degre,"  1475,  "With  theyr  beagles  in  that  place  and  seven 
score  raches  in  his  rechase."  The  word  is  later  met  with  as  begeles  and  in 
the  seventeenth  century  it  became  beagle.  This  variation  of  spelling  means 
little,  for  these  old  writers  varied  spelling  two  or  three  times  on  a  page,  and 
sought  for  nothing  but  the  sound  of  the  word,  or  what  would  represent  that. 
The  majority  of  opinions  hitherto  expressed  is  that  beagle  came  from  the 
French  word  begle,  but  the  boot  is  on  the  other  leg  and  the  best  authorities 
hold  that  the  French  borrowed  their  word  from  the  English.  Murray  sug- 
gests that  it  may  have  come  from  the  French  begeule,  which  meant  a  noisy, 
shouting  person,  from  "beer, ' '  to  gape  or  open  wide,  and  "quelle,"  throat — 
the  old  French  word  was  beeguelle.  Murray  then  suggests  that  "open 
throat  in  this  sense  might  be  applied  to  a  dog,"  but  admits  that  it  was  not 
so  applied  in  France.  That  is  a  very  far-fetched  suggestion,  for  of  all  the 
hounds  the  beagle  has  the  least  voice  or  suggestion  of  the  open  throat. 

Murray  is  of  the  opinion  that  it  cannot  be  Old  English  because  of  the 

649 


650  The  Dog  Book 

hard  "g,"  which  would  have  become  palatalised,  such  as  in  the  case  of 
beadle  in  English  and  beagle  in  Scotland  for  somewhat  similar  officials. 
That  is  worth  keeping  in  mind,  but  in  addition  there  was  an  old  West  of 
England  word  beagle,  which  meant  a  loutish  fellow,  a  ne'er-do-well,  and  in 
Jamieson's  Scotch  dictionary  beagle  is  given  as  a  Teviotdale  expression  for 
a  man  of  odd  appearance,  such  as  in  the  case  of  one  falling  in  the  mire  who 
would  be  said  to  be  "a  pretty  beagle." 

Neither  of  these  renderings  could  have  been  the  one  meant  by  James 
I.  when  he  wrote  an  endearing  letter  to  his  wife  and  called  her  his  "little 
beagle"  and  his  "pretty  beagle."  At  the  same  time  we  must  not  overlook 
the  possibilities  of  a  meaning  which  might  be  applied  to  the  word  in  the  West 
of  England  sense  of  useless.  The  small  hound  was  certainly  of  little  use 
for  the  game  the  mighty  hunters  affected,  and  to  them  the  play  dog  of  the 
children  or  pet  of  the  ladies  of  the  household  might  aptly  be  called  a  beagle 
in  that  sense.  Still  another  possibility  is  the  Gaelic  word  "beag."  This 
is  a  diminutive  and  in  "  beag-luach  "  we  have  a  compound  word  meaning  "of 
little  value."  Practically  the  same  meaning  as  the  West  of  England  appli- 
cation of  the  word  beagle.  "  Beag"  by  itself  meant  a  little,  a  small  number, 
a  small  quantity. 

Only  one  authority  mentions  "beag"  but  he  discards  it  as  improbable. 
The  objection  to  Gaelic  origin  is  the  lack  of  connection  between  where  that 
was  spoken  and  where  beagle  became  definitely  connected  with  the  dog. 
But  how  about  pony,  for  a  small  horse  ?  That  is  Gaelic  and  became  in 
some  way  substituted  for  hobby,  a  small  horse,  a  word  still  retained  in 
the  words  hobby  horse,  hobby  hawk  and  hobby  itself.  Who  first  intro- 
duced "toy"  to  cover  the  group  of  pets,  little  dogs,  and  how  long  was  it  at- 
taining its  present  acceptance  as  defining  a  group  of  many  breeds  ?  If  we 
take  into  consideration  what  the  dogs  were  that  got  the  name  of  beagles 
and  really  established  the  name  as  confined  to  the  particular  variety  of 
hounds  we  will  more  readily  arrive  at  where  the  name  came  from. 

The  dog  was  first  described  as  of  most  diminutive  size,  so  small  that  it 
was  called  a  glove  beagle — gauntletted  gloves,  of  course — its  voice  was  so 
small  compared  with  that  of  hounds  that  another  name  for  them  was  "sing- 
ing beagles,"  a  pack  getting  the  name  of  "a  cry,"  and  effb its  were  made  to 
get  voices  of  different  tones  to  chime  melodiously.  Good  Queen  Bess,  who 
upheld  bear  baiting  and  took  part  in  coursing  deer,  could  hardly  have 
treated  her  beagles  seriously  and  we  can  well  believe  that  these  diminutive 


WINDHOLME'S   FATE  WINDHOLME'S  ROBING   II. 

CH.   BANGLE  NEKAYAH 

A  former  winning  four  of  the  Windholme  Kennels 


"LAP  BEAGLES" 
Reinagle's  painting  of  Colonel  Thornton's  beagles,  about  1800 


THE    BEAGLE 
From  Daniel's  "Rural  Sports,"  1802.     From  a  painting  by  Gilpin 


The  Beagle  651 

playthings  were  the  result  of  many  years  of  breeding  during  which  little 
account  was  taken  of  them  and  no  mention  made  of  them.  Finally  the 
queen  took  a  fancy  to  them  as  an  amusement  and  the  name  came  into  fre- 
quent usage.  We  believe  that  both  the  dogs  and  the  name  given  to  them, 
were  very  well  known  throughout  England,  and  being  little  more  than  pets 
they  got  a  name  that  suited  such  a  dog,  either  on  account  of  its  insignificance 
in  the  matter  of  animals  it  was  fit  to  chase,  or  on  account  of  its  size,  or  both, 
for  "beagle"  covered  both  ideas. 

The  old  name  for  a  small  hound  was  kennet  and  that  name  appears  in 
very  old  English  records  of  dogs  pertaining  to  the  royal  kennels.  The 
beagles,  if  they  then  existed,  were  either  considered  to  be  kennets  or  were  not 
held  to  be  dogs  of  the  chase.  The  early  name  of  the  word  in  the  "Squire  of 
Lowe  Degre"  shows  only  the  fact  of  the  word  being  in  existence  and  not  its 
general  usage  in  the  strict  sporting  parlance  of  that  time.  The  oft-quoted 
translation  from  Oppian  regarding  the  agasses,  has  no  connection  with  the 
beagle,  for  he  was  describing  the  rough  Scottish  terrier.  This  rendition  of 
the  Gaelic  word  has  also  been  confused  with  the  agasseus,  the  gazehound, 
which  we  hold  was  the  coursing  greyhound.  The  beagle  is  a  good  enough 
little  dog  without  introducing  into  the  history  of  the  breed  a  lot  of  far-fetched 
nonsense  based  on  the  confusing  of  two  somewhat  similar  names,  one  mean- 
ing merely  "dog"  and  the  other  referring  to  vision. 

Outside  of  England  this  little  hunting  dog  had  attained  reputation 
enough  to  attract  the  attention  of  the  artist  Strada,  and  one  of  his  many  illus- 
trations of  sporting  is  unique  in  representing  what  he  styled  in  the  Latin  title 
to  the  engraving  "the  swift  little  dogs  of  the  English,  which  leaped  upon  the 
horses."  Here  we  have  one  of  these  little  dogs  being  carried  on  the  broad 
buttocks  of  the  palfrey  ridden  by  a  lady,  and  another  is  being  assisted  to  a 
similar  position  by  her  companion.  The  dog  has  reached  up  to  his  stirrup 
and  he  is  stooping  to  take  hold  of  it.  This  is  very  good  evidence  of  the 
knowledge  of  them  being  spread  beyond  the  limits  of  England  before  the 
time  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  for  Strada  we  place  at  about  1560,  and  Elizabeth 
did  not  begin  her  reign  until  1558.  One  hundred  years  later  we  have  in  a 
painting  by  the  Italian  artist  Castiglione,  a  little  dog  which  cannot  be  any- 
thing but  one  of  these  diminutive  beagles  for  we  have  seen  no  Italian  dog  of 
that  character.  If  Castiglione  visited  England  as  some  think  in  Charles  II. 
reign  and  if  this  painting  of  Orpheus  was  not  done  till  that  time  it  is  within 
the  limits  of  conjecture  that  he  represented  a  dog  he  had  seen  there. 


652  The  Dog  Book 

A  little  more  than  a  hundred  years  later  we  find  the  beagle  still  under 
royal  patronage  and  being  hunted  by  George  III.  The  Prince  of  Wales 
also  kept  beagles  at  Brighton.  It  is  said  that  the  prince  was  painted  on 
horseback  with  his  beagles,  but  it  is  possible  this  may  be  a  mistake  owing  to 
the  fact  of  his  being  better  known  as  hunting  beagles  than  was  his  father. 
We  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  illustration  we  give  is  the  one  referred  to  as  of 
George  IV,  from  references  to  the  height  of  the  hounds  made  in  comments 
on  the  picture.  This,  however,  is  his  father,  as  it  appears  in  the  volume  of 
"Sporting  Anecdotes,"  second  edition,  1807,  which  leads  off  with  a  sketch 
entitled  "His  majesty,  as  a  sportsman,"  and  George  III.  was  then  "his  maj- 
esty." Below  this  illustration  and  connected  with  it  the  page  is  filled  out 
with  a  view  of  Windsor  Park,  with  the  castle  in  the  distance,  evidently  added 
to  show  that  it  was  at  Windsor  that  the  hunting  was  done. 

Of  the  Prince  of  Wales's  beagles  we  have  a  brief  description  in  Colonel 
Thornton's  Sporting  Tour  through  France,  as  he  took  passage  from  Brigh- 
ton and  while  there  visited  the  kennels  and  described  what  he  saw  as  follows: 

A 

"You  are  perfectly  aware  of  my  partiality  for  everything  referring  to  the 
chase,  and  that  predeliction  naturally  led  me  to  inspect  the  Prince  of  Wales's 
dog  kennels,  but  more  particularly  his  dwarf  beagles,  which  were  originally 
of  the  same  breed  as  my  own. 

"  Here  I  must  observe  that  the  beagle,  in  point  of  height,  should  be  reg- 
ulated by  the  country  he  is  to  hunt  in,  but  he  ought,  at  any  rate,  to  be  very 
low.  In  a  dry  country,  free  from  walls,  the  beagle  cannot  be  too  low,  but 
where  there  are  such  impediments  he  should  be  larger,  to  prevent  being 
stopped  by  fences,  as  also  when  the  waters  are  out  he  is  better  calculated  for 
swimming.  In  the  country  where  my  pack  hunts,  the  turf  is  like  velvet,  a 
circumstance  much  in  their  favour.  The  prince's  beagles  are  of  a  much 
larger  growth  than  mine,  and  mixed,  but  it  is  a  rule  with  me  in  the  breed  of 
all  animals  to  get  the  most  stuff  in  the  least  room,  in  consequence  of  which 
I  naturally  give  the  preference  to  my  own  pack." 

That  unfortunately  is  all  he  says  about  the  prince's  beagles,  and  he  then 
goes  on  to  say  more  about  speed  in  beagles.  He  held  that  the  lower  dog 
necessarily  got  the  better  scent,  but  in  point  of  speed  "they  all  go  too  fast." 
When  they  sheeted  well  and  carried  a  good  head  in  a  hilly,  open  country, 
there  was  no  chance  for  the  horses  to  get  eased  and  they  became  speedily 
distressed,  more  so  than  in  foxhunting,  where  the  manoeuvres  of  the  fox  and 
the  necessity  for  frequent  casts  enabled  the  horses  to  get  occasional  rests. 


CHAMPION  WAVELAND   JEWEL 
A  i2-inch  show  champion  and  field  trials  winner.     Property  of  Mr.  Lester  C.  Jones,  Culpepper,  Va. 


BLUE  BELL 

Admitted  to  be  one  of  the  most  tvpical  beagles  shown  in  England  or  America.     Late  the  property  of 
Mrs.  R.  F.  Mayhew    Stapleton,  Staten  Island 


The  Beagle  653 

Of  course  the  horses  used  in  his  days  were  much  slower  than  modern  hunters 
which  are  nearly  thoroughbreds. 

Colonel  Thornton's  own  beagles  were  famous  and  in  the  sketch  of  his 
life,  included  in  the  same  volume  of  "Sporting  Anecdotes"  there  is  a  list  of 
his  best  known  horses  and  dogs,  including  under  the  head  of  beagles  this 
mention:  "Merryman — This  celebrated  dog  is  sire  of  a  pack,  which  ex- 
ceeds all  others  for  symmetry,  bottom,  and  pace.  The  beagles  of  Colonel 
Thornton  will  tire  the  strongest  hunters  and  return  to  the  kennel  compara- 
tively fresh."  What  the  Colonel's  beagles  look  like  is  admirably  shown  in 
the  painting  by  Reinagle.  The  title  to  this  engraving  is  "  Lap  dog  beagles  " 
but  the  tell-tale  "T"  denotes  who  they  belonged  to.  Chalon  also  painted  a 
group  with  the  "T,"  but  they  look  like  little  pigs.  Stubs  also  painted 
beagles,  said  to  be  Thornton's,  but  they  are  not  hounds  like  Reinagle's  lot. 

Sufficient  has  been  said  about  the  beagle  when  he  was  in  the  height  of 
popularity  in  England,  for  after  Colonel  Thornton's  day  foxhunting  became 
the  supreme  hound-sport  and  beagles  were  neglected  as  time  went  on. 
What  further  need  be  said  in  connection  with  English  dogs  will  appear  in 
speaking  of  importations  to  this  country. 

Little  is  known  of  the  beagle  in  America  before  1876,  which  was  about 
the  time  General  Rowett  of  Illinois  got  some  from  England.  This  gentle- 
man had  on  his  Carlinsville  farm  a  collection  of  the  highest  bred  horses  and 
cattle  in  the  United  States  and  he  took  the  same  course  in  getting  his  dogs  of 
the  best  stamp  obtainable,  so  that  Rowett  beagle  meant  a  dog  of  the  very  best 
type,  and  they  were  eagerly  sought  for  by  all  beagle  breeders.  Southern 
Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  with  Maryland  were  the  beagle  countries  best 
known  at  that  time,  and  throughout  that  section  there  was  a  variety  which 
went  by  the  name  of  "  bench-legged  beagle  "  from  its  crooked  forelegs.  In 
some  of  these  dogs  there  was  a  cross  of  the  dachshund,  quite  a  number  of  that 
breed  having  been  imported  by  Dr.  Twaddell  and  a  few  other  sportsmen  of 
Philadelphia  for  rabbit  hunting.  Whether  all  of  these  beagles  got  their 
crooked  forelegs  from  this  cross  we  cannot  say,  but  there  were  plenty  that 
did  and  some  were  said  to  trace  to  dogs  from  Prince  Albert's  dogs  at  Wind- 
sor. If  these  imported  dogs  were  not  English  beagles  then  they  were  likely 
dachshunds.  Classes  for  these  dogs  were  given  at  early  Philadelphia  and 
Baltimore  shows,  but  with  the  establishment  of  the  first  beagle  club  by  the 
Philadelphia  breeders  attention  was  directed  in  the  proper  direction  and  we 
began  breeding  the  right  sort  exclusively. 


654  The  Dog  Book 

In  addition  to  the  Rowett  beagles  in  Illinois  there  was  a  strain  kept  by 
Captain  Assheton  in  Virginia,  imported  from  the  kennels  of  Sir  William 
Ashburnham.  These  were  a  rangier  type  than  the  Rowetts  and  quite  a 
number  of  them  were  pied  and  mottled.  One  well  known  beagle  of  this 
strain  was  Blue  Cap  and  the  name  of  "bluecaps"  was  not  infrequently 
given  to  dogs  tracing  to  the  Assheton  dogs.  These  kennels  had  little  to  do 
with  the  breeding  of  the  large  number  of  dogs  called  beagles,  for  these  varied 
greatly  in  size,  some  being  little  toys  while  others  ran  to  the  height  of  16 
inches.  Mrs.  White  of  Cleveland  showed  the  toy  kind  very  successfully 
while  Dan  O'Shea  was  always  to  be  depended  upon  to  bring  some  good  ones 
of  the  hound  type  from  London,  Ont. 

About  the  first  dog  to  make  his  mark  outside  of  O'Shea's  Rattler  was 
imported  Bannerman;  which  came  from  the  pack  of  small  beagles  bred  by 
Mr.  J.  Crane  who  hunted  foot  beagles  as  near  to  nine  inches  as  he  could 
breed  them.  Bannerman  was,  however,  a  good  sized  dog  and  his  success  on 
the  bench  made  him  very  popular  as  a  sire,  so  that  he  had  much  influence  on 
the  breed  in  the  way  of  shorter  backs,  but  he  also  did  away  in  a  great  meas- 
ure with  markings,  many  of  his  get  being  nearly  all  white.  Another  prom- 
inent dog  which  followed  him  was  Frank  Forrest,  bred  by  Mr.  George  F. 
Reed,  of  Barton,  Vt.,  but  brought  out  by  Mr.  Arthur  Parry,  of  Linden,  Mass. 
The  great  success  of  this  dog  had  more  to  do  than  anything  we  know  of  in 
making  Massachusetts  a  beagle  state  and  improving  the  breed  throughout 
New  England. 

In  the  early  nineties  beagles  were  bred  in  great  numbers,  but  they  were 
not  of  the  kind  we  are  now  accustomed  to  see;  lacking  the  miniature  hound 
type  of  head  and  body,  with  the  good  legs  and  feet  we  associate  with  the 
hound.  To  no  one  more  than  the  late  Mr.  James  L.  Kernochan  is  due  the 
change  which  set  in  about  ten  years  ago.  Mr.  Kernochan  rode  with  the 
hounds  and  wanted  beagles  that  looked  like  hounds.  To  get  what  he  wanted 
he  imported  several  very  good  dogs  and  their  success  set  the  fashion  in  his 
direction.  His  Hempstead  beagles  on  more  than  one  occasion  proved  al- 
most invincible  at  New  York  and  from  that  time  we  have  seen  no  change  and 
only  improvement  in  the  type  of  American  beagle. 

Not  only  are  beagles  of  this  stamp  good  to  look  at,  but  they  are  success- 
ful in  the  field  at  the  many  field  trials  held  annually  throughout  the  country, 
a  state  of  affairs  we  do  not  find  in  the  field  trials  for  setters  and  pointers,  the 
winners  at  these  being  in  very  few  instances  capable  of  taking  honours  at 


IMPORTED   LEADER   III. 

Prominent  from  1896  to  1900 


^BE.NEJMOT  t>F   RADNAGE 
.by.  M>-s.  (:h?.s,.Chauman,  of  Worthing,  Eng 


FORWARD 
Bred  and  owned  by  G.  A.  Johnson,  So.  Manchester,  Conn. 


YANKEE  BEN 


WINDHOLME'S  DALESMAN 


CH.  CORBETT'S  EVANGELINE 


CH.  ROYAL  KREUGER 

This    dog   antedated   any    prominence    attained  by  the 
Boer  president 


The  Beagle  655 

shows.  The  breed  is  noticeable  in  another  respect  and  that  is  the  number 
of  individual  fanciers  who  breed  good  dogs,  so  that  we  have  advanced  to  the 
position  where  importations  have  become  very  scarce.  The  result  is  better 
values  for  home-bred  dogs,  as  will  always  be  the  case  when  an  end  is  put  to 
the  sending  of  money  to  England  for  dogs  to  beat  the  American-breds. 

When  Mr.  Kernochan  gave  up  his  beagles  some  of  the  best  of  them  were 
secured  by  Mr.  Higginson  of  the  Middlesex  Hunt,  near  Boston  and  Mr.  Cas- 
well  of  the  Round  Plains  hunt,  also  a  Boston  institution,  but  it  cannot  be  said 
that  they  had  much  influence  in  the  improvement  of  the  breed  and  dogs  now 
winning  have  little  of  their  blood. 

The  most  successful  dogs  now  being  shown  are  bred  from  later  impor- 
tations, mainly  from  those  of  Mr.  H.  T.  Peters  and  Mr.  Rockefeller.  The 
former  with  his  Windholmes  and  the  latter  with  his  Rock  Ridges  have  raised 
the  standard  very  much  over  even  what  was  accomplished  by  Mr.  Kernochan, 
and  these  gentlemen  are  now  showing  dogs  of  their  own  breeding  which 
equal  anything  they  have  imported.  In  addition  we  have  many  who  breed 
on  a  much  less  extensive  scale  and  yet  manage  to  get  a  share  of  the  prizes  at 
even  our  best  shows.  Mr.  Ernest  Lester  Jones,  of  Madison,  N.  J.,  Mr. 
Saxby,  Mr.  Shallcross  and  many  others  that  might  be  named  are  always  to  be 
reckoned  with  as  formidable  opponents  in  the  show  ring  as  well  as  at  the 
beagle  trials  where  they  compete.  Mr.  Barnard  of  Bryn  Mawr  is  another 
whose  entries  are  frequent  and  whose  success  must  be  gratifying  when  the 
severity  of  the  competition  is  considered.  Upon  his  shoulders  now  depends 
the  upholding  of  interest  in  the  beagle  in  the  Philadelphia  district,  which  was 
at  one  time  the  centre  of  the  fancy. 

Perhaps  it  would  be  better  if  the  Windholme  and  Rock  Ridge  kennels 
were  not  so  strong  and  so  divide  up  the  winning  a  little  more  than  has  been 
the  case  of  late  years,  but  so  long  as  all  rely  upon  American-bred  dogs 
there  is  an  element  of  equality  which  does  not  exist  in  breeds  where 
the  winners  are  purchased  abroad  at  prices  beyond  the  means  of  all  but 
the  wealthiest  fanciers.  No  true  fancier  objects  to  being  beaten  by  a 
fellow  breeder,  for  that  is  very  different  from  having  one's  efforts  discounted 
by  the  expenditure  of  several  thousands  of  dollars  in  the  purchase  of  a 
foreign-bred  dog. 

The  National  Beagle  Club  of  America,  which  took  the  place  of  the  or- 
iginal American  English-beagle  Club  is  the  one  which  takes  care  of  the  show 
section  of  the  fancy  as  well  as  the  holding  of  the  most  important  of  the  many 


656  The  Dog  Book 

field  trial  meetings,  and  the  standard  which  the  old  club  drew  up  has  been 
slightly  altered  by  the  present  club  to  read  as  follows; 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — The  skull  should  be  fairly  long,  slightly  domed  at  occiput,  with 
cranium  broad  and  full. 

Ears. — Ears  set  on  moderately  low,  long,  reaching  when  drawn  out 
if  nearly,  not  quite,  to  the  end  of  the  nose;  fine  texture,  fairly  broad — with 
almost  entire  absence  of  erectile  power — setting  close  to  the  head  with  the 
forward  edge  slightly  inturning  to  the  cheek — rounded  at  tip. 

Eyes. — Eyes  large,  set  well  apart — soft  and  houndlike — expression  gen- 
tle and  pleading;  of  a  brown  or  hazel  colour. 

Muzzle. — Muzzle  of  medium  length — straight  and  square  cut — the  top 
moderately  defined. 

Jaws. — Level.     Lips  free  from  flews;  nostrils  large  and  open. 

Defects. — A  very  flat  skull,  narrow  across  the  top;  excess  of  dome; 
eyes  small,  sharp  and  terrier-like,  or  prominent  and  protruding;  muzzle  long, 
snipey  or  cut  away  decidedly  below  the  eyes,  or  very  short.  Roman-nosed, 
or  upturned,  giving  a  dishface  expression.  Ears  short,  set  on  high  or  with  a 
tendency  to  rise  above  the  point  of  origin. 

Body,  Neck  and  Throat. — Neck  rising  free  and  light  from  the  shoulders, 
strong  in  substance  yet  not  loaded,  of  medium  length.  The  throat  clean  and 
free  from  folds  of  skin,  a  slight  wrinkle  below  the  angle  of  the  jaw,  however, 
may  be  allowable. 

Dejects. — A  thick,  short,  cloddy  neck  carried  on  a  line  with  the  top  of 
the  shoulders.  Throat  showing  dewlap  and  folds  of  skin  to  a  degree  termed 
"throatiness." 

Shoulders  and  Chest. — Shoulders  sloping — clean,  muscular,  not  heavy 
or  loaded — conveying  the  idea  of  freedom  of  action  with  activity  and  strength 
Chest  deep  and  broad,  but  not  broad  enough  to  interfere  with  the  free  play 
of  the  shoulders. 

Defects. — Straight,  upright  shoulders.  Chest  disproportionately  wide 
or  with  lack  of  depth. 

Back,  Loin  and  Ribs. — Back  short,  muscular  and  strong.  Loin  broad 
and  slightly  arched,  and  the  ribs  well  sprung,  giving  abundance  of  lung 
room. 


The  Beagle  657 

Dejects. — Very  long  or  swayed  or  reached  back.  Flat  narrow  loin. 
Flat  ribs. 

Forelegs. — Straight,  with  plenty  of  bone  in  proportion  to  size  of  the  dog. 
Pasterns  short  and  straight. 

Feet. — Close,  round  and  firm.     Pad  full  and  hard. 

Defects. — Out  at  elbows.  Knees  knuckled  over  forward  or  bent  back- 
ward. Forelegs  crooked  or  dachshund-like.  Feet  long,  open  or  spreading. 

Hips  and  Thighs. — Strong  and  well  muscled,  giving  abundance  of 
propelling  power.  Stifles  strong  and  well  let  down.  Hocks  firm,  symmet- 
rical and  moderately  bent.  Feet  close  and  firm. 

Defects. — Cow  hocks,  or  straight  hocks.  Lack  of  muscle  and  propel- 
ling power.  Open  feet. 

Tail. — Set  moderately  high;  carried  gaily,  but  not  turned  forward  over 
the  back;  with  slight  curve;  short  as  compared  with  size  of  the  dog;  with 
brush. 

Defects. — A  long  tail.  Tea  pot  curve  or  inclined  forward  from  the  root. 
Rat  tail  with  absence  of  brush. 

Coat. — A  close,  hard,  hound  coat  of  medium  length. 

Defect. — A  short  thin  coat,  or  of  a  soft  quality. 

Height. — Height  not  to  exceed  15  inches;  measured  across  the  back  at 
the  point  of  the  withers,  the  dog  standing  in  a  natural  position  with  his  feet 
well  under  him. 

Color. — Any  true  hound  colour. 

General  Appearance. — A  miniature  fox-hound,  solid  and  big  for  his  in- 
ches, with  the  wear-and-tear  look  of  the  dog  that  can  last  in  the  chase  and 
follow  his  quarry  to  the  death. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Skull  5  Back,  Loins  and  Ribs  ...  15 

Ears    10  Forelegs 10 

Eyes    5  Hips,  Thighs  and  Hindlegs  10 

Muzzle    5  Feet 10 

Neck    5  Coat 5 

Chest  and  Shoulders 15  Stern 5 

Total .  100 


. 


SCENES   AT  THE   WINDHOLME    KENNELS,    ISLIP,  LONG   ISLAND 


CHAPTER  LIII 


THE  BASSET 

HE  French  short-legged  hound  which  in  England  has  the 
compound  name  basset-hound  has  never  been  popular  in 
America.    Why  there  should  be  the  addition  of  "  hound  "  to 
the  name  is  not  easy  to  understand  for  in  its  native  country 
it  has  always  been  simply  the  basset.     The  late   Everett 
Millais  was  the  first  to  introduce  the  dog  in  England  and  wrote  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  breed  for  Shaw's  "  Book  of  the  Dog. "     So  far  as  it  went  his  de- 
scription was  good  enough,  but  he  made  no  attempt  to  go  into  old  history. 
Buffbn  describes  it  and  names  two  varieties,  which  were  the  crooked  and  the 
straight-legged  types.     But  Millais  makes  the  mistake  of  saying  that  the 
latter  were  the  petit  cbiens  courant,  or  small  running  hound.     The  proba- 
bility is  that  these  dogs  were  descendants  from  the  old  breed  of  greffiers,  the 
dogs  bred  from  the  white  St.  Hubert  hounds  and  the  hound  from  Italy,  or 
else  from  the  St.  Hubert  hounds  direct.      These  were  dogs  used  on  the  Ham 
and  it  is  easy  to  understand  that  a  dog  which  held  its  nose  low  to  the  ground 
by  reason  of  its  short  legs  would  be  preferred  to  one  which  had  to  make  an 
effort  to  get  his  nose  as  low.    We  are  very  much  of  the  opinion  that  the  basset 
is  the  dog  most  entitled  to  be  considered  a  direct  descendant  of  the  dogs  which 
the  Abbots  of  St.  Hubert  had  to  contribute  annually  to  the  king's  kennels 
and  which  were  used  mainly  for  tracking  on  the  Ham.     Buffon  and  other  old 
French  authorities  held  that  the  crooked  legs  were  the  result  of  rickets.     In 
the  "Dictionairre  d'Historie  Naturelle"  it  was  stated  that  the  crooked-legged 
variety  were  esteemed  the  best  and  that  this  originated  in  a  malady  similar  to 
"rachitis"  which  was  transmitted  as  a  deformity  to  their  descendants.     It 
was  finally  held  to  be  indicative  of  purity  as  we  find  in  "La  Chasse  au  Tir," 
Paris,  1827: — 

"  Deux  Bassets  bien  dresses,  Medor  avec  Brissant 

• Leur  baroque  structure 

Vous  announce  dejk  qu'ils  sont  de  race  pure." 

659 


660  The  Dog  Book 

As  all  abnormally  long-bodied  and  short-legged  dogs  have  a  tendency 
to  crooked  forelegs  in  order  to  get  balance,  there  is  no  reason  to  believe  that 
the  basset  got  his  crooked  legs  from  rickets  any  more  than  neglected  short- 
legged  dogs,  where  selection  of  straight  legs  is  made  essential,  become  bad 
fronted  when  selection  is  not  attended  to. 

Colonel  Thornton  on  his  visit  to  France  at  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
century  saw  these  bassets  and  called  them  bloodhounds,  described  how  they 
were  led  in  tracking  game  to  their  resting  places,  and  the  one  illustrated  in 
his  book  he  bought  at  the  St.  Germains  kennels  and  took  to  England 
with  him. 

Mr.  Millais  introduced  the  basset  to  English  dog  shows  in  1875,  but  it 
was  not  until  Wolverhampton  show  of  1880  that  they  got  their  real  start 
there.  At  that  show  Mr.  Millais  made  a  large  entry  and  they  attracted 
great  attention.  The  late  George  R.  Krehl  then  took  up  the  breed  and  it 
became  slightly  popular,  on  account  of  its  quaintness,  and  "There  is  such  a 
lot  to  breed  for,"  Mr.  Krehl  explained.  This  difficulty  in  breeding  good 
dogs  caused  many  to  give  them  up  in  England,  and  except  at  the  large 
shows  the  basset  is  relegated  to  the  variety  classes. 

In  America  very  few  have  been  shown.  Occasionally  a  new  hand  gets 
a  brace  or  two  and  secures  classes  at  New  York  show  and  then  drops  out 
after  a  brief  trial.  Mr.  Higginson  was  the  last  to  try  them  and  got  two 
couples  of  the  rough  variety  to  see  whether  they  would  not  do  as  well  as 
the  beagles  used  by  the  Middlesex  Hunt  of  Massachusetts,  but  they  did  not 
give  satisfaction  and  the  hunt  graduated  to  English  foxhounds. 

The  simplest  way  to  describe  the  basset  is  to  say  he  is  a  large  dachshund 
with  a  head  much  like  a  bloodhound.  The  illustrations  we  give  are  suffi- 
cient to  show  what  the  dog  was  and  now  is  without  any  descriptive  particulars. 


CH.  QUEEN   OF   THE  GEISHA 
Owned  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Proctor,    England 


iv 

\  \i  \v  4  H 


BASSETS 
From  a  French  publication  of  about  1840 


Photograph  by  Baker,  Birmingham 

LOCKLY 
Property  of  H.  M.  King  Edward  VII. 


ROUGH    BASSETS 

Property  of  Mr.  A.  H.  Higginson, 

So.  Lincoln,  Mass. 


FRENCH    HOUND 

Purchased  by  Colonel  Thornton  during  his  tour  in 
France  in  1802  and  called  by  him  a  "  limier  or  blood- 
hound," but  in  French  a  briquet.  See  page  597 


CHAPTER  LIV 
THE  DACHSHUND 

HE  dachshund  is  the  only  dog  classified  as  a  sporting  dog  by 
the  American  Kennel  Club  which  is  neither  a  hound  nor  a 
dog  exclusively  used  with  the  gun.  That  it  is  used  occasion- 
ally as  a  hound  in  the  sense  that  it  follows  rabbits  and 
hares  by  scent  as  does  a  beagle,  does  not  alter  the  fact 
that  it  is  essentially  a  dog  that  goes  to  earth  and  is  therefore  a  terrier.  Its 
name  of  badger  dog  is  all  the  evidence  needed  on  that  point,  and  that  it  can 
be  made  use  of  as  a  beagle  does  not  alter  the  fact  that  it  is  properly  an 
earth  dog,  any  more  than  the  occasional  use  of  fox  terriers  for  rabbit  cours- 
ing makes  them  whippets.  They  are  now  recognized  as  essentially  a  dog  of 
Germany,  although  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  they  were  found  throughout 
Western  Europe  at  an  early  date.  The  description  of  the  French  dogs,  given 
in  the  old  French  sporting  books  copied  by  early  English  writers  as  apply- 
ing to  English  terriers,  leaves  no  doubt  as  to  the  dachshund  being  then  a  dog 
known  and  used  in  France.  It  is  very  true  that  they  were  called  bassets,  but 
what  we  know  as  bassets  could  not  have  gone  to  earth,  and  the  name  was  at 
that  time  merely  indicative  of  their  being  low  dogs,, though  it  must  be  ad- 
mitted that  the  name  was  also  applied  to  the  taller,  rough  dog.  Appar- 
ently the  French  gave  up  the  small,  smooth,  crooked-legged  dog,  and  it 
remained  for  the  Germans  to  continue  his  use  and  develop  him  into  the 
teckel,  or  dachshund,  whose  peculiar  formation  has  turned  many  a  penny 
for  the  comic  newspaper  illustrator.  f- 

Notwithstanding  the  distinctly  German  origin  of  the  modern  dachshund, 
it  is  due  to  the  English  fanciers  to  state  that  they  were  the  pioneers  in  giving 
the  dog  the  distinction  of  a  specialty  club,  for  as  early  as  1881  there  was  a 
dachshund  club  in  England,  and  that  was  not  established  until  the  breed 
had  been  recognised  for  eight  years  as  entitled  to  individual  classification. 
The  Crystal  Palace  show  of  1873,  not  Birmingham  in  1872,  as  given  by  Mr. 
Marples  in  "Show  dogs,"  was  the  first  to  give  a  class  for  the  breed  which, 
from  1866  up  to  that  time,  had  been  included  in  the  class  for  foreign  sporting 

66 1 


662  The  Dog  Book 

dogs.  Later,  in  1873,  Birmingham  followed  the  Kennel  Club  lead  and  gave 
its  first  class  for  dachshunds.  The  meaning  of  the  German  word  "hund" 
not  being  so  well  known  as  it  should  have  been  in  England,  led  to  the  breed 
being  given  a  class  in  the  stud  book  of  1874,  under  the  title  of  "Dachshunds 
(or  German  Badger  Hounds),"  in  place  of  badger  dogs,  and  this  led  to  their 
being  considered  hounds  and  bred  for  hound  heads  in  place  of  the  correct 
terrier  type.  Indeed,  it  was  not  until  the  winter  of  1883-84  that  Mr.  George 
Krehl,  returning  from  a  visit  to  Germany,  took  up  the  question  of  type  and 
led  the  change  to  that  of  the  German  dog.  We  were  in  England  in  Decem- 
ber and  well  recollect  his  talk  on  the  subject  and  his  saying  that  they  had 
been  all  wrong  in  England,  but  he  doubted  whether  it  would  be  possible 
to  affect  the  change  which  he  intended  advocating  in  The  Stockkeepery 
which  he  then  edited. 

Doubtless  the  dachshund  had  been  brought  to  America  in  the  early 
'70*5,  but  we  think  the  first  systematic  importation  of  the  dog  for  use  in  the 
field  was  made  by  Dr.  Twadell,  of  Philadelphia,  who  got  them  for  rabbiting, 
and  there  was  a  good  deal  of  discussion  as  to  their  merits  as  compared 
with  the  longer  legged  beagles.  Dr.  Downey,  of  Newmarket,  Md.,  and  Mr. 
Seitner,  of  Dayton,  O.,  then  took  them  up,  and  we  have  always  been  of  the 
opinion  that  the  "bench-legged  beagles"  of  Delaware  and  Maryland  had 
their  origin  in  crosses  with  these  early  importations  of  beagles.  There  use 
as  field  dogs  soon  died  out  in  favour  of  the  beagle,  and  after  that  they  must  be 
regarded  as  show  dogs,  even  admitting  that  they  are  favourite  dogs  with 
many  Germans  who  go  afield  after  rabbits  with  their  Waldmans  and 
Gretchens. 

Whether  it  is  that  Dr.  Motschenbacker,  of  New  York,  has  such  a  very 
strong  kennel  that  he  has  but  one  opponent  of  any  consequence,  we  cannot 
say,  but  on  his  shoulders,  and  those  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kellar.  has  fallen  the 
duty  of  upholding  the  breed,  so  far  as  the  Eastern  shows  are  concerned,  and 
it  is  seldom  that  any  other  exhibitor  gets  in  ahead  of  these  exhibitors, 
who  have  done  wonders  in  breeding  and  showing  winners  from  their  own 
kennels. 

The  one  exception  in  the  East  is  Mr.  R.  Murray  Bohlen,  who  has  kept 
dachshunds  for  a  good  many  years  and  the  puppies  he  recently  showed 
at  the  Atlantic  City  exhibition  proved  that  he  had  some  good  breeding 
material. 

The  dachshund  is  such  an  exaggeration  that  it  is  much  easier  to  show 


CHAMPION   HOLLYBERRY  ,J 

Property  of  Mr.  Arthur  Bradbury,  New  Brighton,  Cheshire,  England    " 


DELVES  LADY 

Winner  of  thirty-three  firsts  and  specials  and  two  firsts  in  championship  cla 
Bred  and  owned  by  Mrs.  Gerald  Spencer,  Lewes,  England 


• 


CHAMPION  WIRRAL   HOLLYBRANCH 
Property  of  Mr.  Arthur  Bradbury,  New  Brighton,  Cheshire,  Eng'and 


The    Dachshund  663 

by  reproductions  of  photographs  what  the  best  dogs  look  like,  than  to  convey 
a  clear  impression  to  any  person  who  has  never  seen  one.  His  one  distinct 
peculiarity  is  also  that  of  the  basset,  the  crooked  forelegs,  which  is  nothing 
but  a  deformity  now  scientifically  bred.  That  this  deformed  foreleg  is  of 
any  practical  use  in  digging  underground,  we  cannot  believe.  Perhaps  we 
should  say  that  its  being  better  than  the  short,  straight  leg  of  the  terriers 
which  go  to  ground  is  not  our  opinion,  and  we  put  that  idea  away  with  the 
old-time  belief  that  the  loose  dewclaw  of  the  St.  Bernard  helped  the  dog  to 
walk  in,  or  on,  the  snow.  At  the  present  day,  it  appears  from  some  recent 
remarks  of  Mr.  Marples,  that  there  is  an  attempt  at  doing  away,  in  a  great 
measure,  with  the  dachshund  front  by  English  breeders.  He  writes  as 
follows :  "  In  these  later  days,  there  has  been  a  tendency  in  England  to 
moderate  the  crook  of  the  dachshund  ...  I  cannot,  however,  go  so  far  in 
the  craze  for  sound  fronts  as  to  accept  a  straight-legged  dachshund,  as 
some  judges  do."  In  this,  Mr.  Marples  is  quite  correct,  for  it  is  purely  a 
fancy  breed,  and  whether  these  fronts  are  deformities,  or  not,  does  not  matter, 
usage  and  standards  have  made  them  properties  of  the  dachshund,  and  it  is 
just  as  easy  to  breed  sound  fronts  as  straight  fronts;  that  is,  legs  that  are 
properly  crooked,  so  that  the  dog  stands  true  on  his  feet  and  does  not  "run 
over,"  as  a  man  does  who  fails  to  put  his  foot  down  squarely  as  he  walks. 
We  recognise  it  as  a  part  of  the  breed,  while  we  dissent  from  the  claim  that 
it  is  essentially  useful  in  digging  underground. 

The  German  standard  goes  to  great  length  in  describing  the  dachs- 
hund, indulging  in  technicalities  and  minuteness  of  detail  such  as  we  find  in 
no  English  standard.  There  seems  also  to  be  considerable  difficulty  in 
getting  a  good  translation  into  language  common  to  dog  standards.  The 
combination  of  a  dog  man  who  thoroughly  understands  German  and  has  an 
equally  good  English  education,  does  not  seem  to  have  been  secured  for  the 
translation  of  this  standard.  The  English  long  have  had  a  short,  clearly 
written  standard,  but  it  differs  in  several  points  from  the  German  code, 
and,  as  the  latter  is  the  one  in  use  here,  that  alone  will  be  of  service.  We 
have  seen  three  translations,  and  the  one  which  seems  clearest  to  the 
English  reader  is  the  one  we  give.  It  is  better  in  its  divisions  into 
paragraphs,  and  clearer  in  its  phraseology.  The  best  part  of  the  German 
standard  is  the  illustrations,  which  show  the  ideal,  and  the  faulty,  con- 
formation. 


664  The  Dog  Book 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

General  Appearance. — Dwarfed,  short-legged,  elongated,  but  stiff 
figure,  muscular.  Notwithstanding  the  short  limbs  and  long  body,  neither 
appearing  stunted,  awkward,  incapable  of  movement,  nor  yet  lean  and 
weasel-like;  with  pert,  saucy  pose  of  the  head  and  intelligent  expression. 

Head. — Elongated,  and,  as  seen  from  above  and  from  the  side,  tapering 
toward  the  point  of  the  nose,  sharply  outlined  and  finely  modelled,  particu- 
larly in  profile. 

Skull. — Neither  too  wide  nor  too  narrow,  only  slightly  arched,  and  run- 
ning gradually  without  break  (stop)  (the  less  the  break  (stop)  the  better  the 
type),  into  a  well-defined  and  slightly  arched  nasal  bone. 

Eyes. — Medium  sized,  oval,  set  obliquely,  clear  and  energetical  ex- 
pression. Except  the  silver  colour  of  the  grey  and  spotted  dogs  and  the 
yellow  eyes  of  the  brown  dogs,  the  colour  is  a  transparent  brown. 

Nose. — Point  and  root  long  and  slender,  very  finely  formed. 

Lips. — Tightly  stretched,  well  covering  the  lower  jaw,  neither  deep 
nor  snipy,  with  corner  of  mouth  slightly  marked. 

Jaws. — Capable  of  opening  wide,  extending  to  behind  the  eyes. 

Teeth. — Well-developed,  particularly  the  corner  teeth;  these  latter  fit- 
ting exactly.  Incisors  fitting  each  other,  or  the  inner  side  of  the  upper 
incisors  touching  the  outer  side  of  the  lower. 

Ears. — Relatively  well  back,  high,  and  well  set  on,  with  forward  edge 
lying  close  to  the  cheeks;  very  broad  and  long,  beautifully  rounded  (not 
narrow,  pointed,  or  folded),  very  mobile,  as  in  all  intelligent  dogs;  when 
at  attention,  the  back  of  the  ear  directed  forward  and  upward. 

Neck. — Sufficiently  long,  muscular,  lean,  no  dewlap,  slightly  arched  in 
the  nape,  running  in  graceful  lines  between  the  shoulders,  usually  carried 
high  and  forward. 

Shoulders. — Long,  broad,  and  set  sloping,  lying  firmly  on  fully  de- 
veloped thorax;  muscles  hard  and  plastic. 

Chest. — Corresponding  with  his  work  underground,  muscular,  compact; 
the  region  of  chest  and  shoulders  deep,  long,  and  wide;  breast  bone,  strong 
and  so  prominent  as  to  show  a  hollow  on  each  side. 

.     Back. — In  the  case  of  sloping  shoulders  and  hind  quarters,  short  and 
firm;  if  steep  (straight)  shoulders  and  hind  quarters,  long  and  weak;  line  of 


fc  -o 
O  5 

S-l 
a-S 

<  w 


The    Dachshund  665 

back  behind  shoulders  only  slightly  sunk  and  only  slightly  arched  near  the 
loins. 

Trunk. — Ribs  full,  oval,  with  ample  width  for  heart  and  lungs,  deep 
and  hanging  low  between  forelegs,  well  sprung  out  toward  loins,  loins  short 
and  tight  and  broad,  line  of  belly  moderately  drawn  up,  and  joined  to 
hind  quarters  with  loosely  stretched  skin. 

Hind  Quarters. — Rump  round,  full,  broad,  muscles  hard  and  plastic; 
pelvis  bone  not  too  short,  broad  and  strongly  developed,  set  moderately 
sloping. 

Fore  Legs. — Upper  arm  of  equal  length  with,  and  at  right  angles  to, 
shoulders,  strong-boned  and  well  muscled,  lying  close  to  ribs,  but  moving 
freely  up  to  shoulder  blade.  Lower  arm  short,  as  compared  with  other 
animals,  slightly  inclined  inward;  strongly  muscled  and  plastic  toward  front 
and  outside,  inside  and  back  parts  stretched  by  hard  tendons. 

Hind  Legs. — Thigh  bone  strong,  of  good  length,  and  joined  to  pelvis  at 
right  angles;  thighs  strong  and  with  hard  muscles;  buttocks  well  rounded 
out;  knee  joint  developed  in  length;  lower  leg  short  in  comparison 
with  other  animals,  at  right  angles  to  thigh  bone,  and  firmly  muscled; 
ankle  bones  well  apart,  with  strong,  well-sprung  heel  and  broad  Achilles 
tendons. 

Feet. — Fore  feet  broad  and  sloping  outward;  hind  feet  smaller  and  nar- 
rower; toes  always  close  together,  with  distinct  bend  in  each  toe;  nails 
strong  and  regularly  pointed  outward;  thick  soles. 

Tail. — Set  on  at  medium  height  and  firmly;  not  too  long,  tapering  with- 
out too  great  curvature,  not  carried  too  high,  well  (but  not  too  much)  haired. 
(A  brush  tail  is,  however,  better  than  one  without,  or  with  too  little,  hair;  for 
to  breed  a  weather-proof  coat  must  always  be  the  aim.) 

Coat. — Short,  thick  as  possible,  glossy,  greasy  (not  harsh  and  dry), 
equall  ycovering  entire  body  (never  showing  bare  spots). 

Colour. — (a)  Single-coloured :  Red,  yellowish-red,  yellow  or  red  or  yellow 
with  black  points;  but  one  colour  only  is  preferable,  and  red  is  better  than 
yellowish  red,  and  yellow.  White  is  also  allowed.  Nose  and  nails  black, 
red  also  permitted,  but  not  desirable. 

(b)  Two-coloured :  Deep  black,  or  brown,  or  grey,  each  with  yellow  or 
reddish  brown  spots  over  the  eyes,  on  the  sides  of  the  jaws  and  lower  lips, 
on  the  inner  rim  of  ear,  on  the  breast,  on  the  inside  and  back  of  legs,  under  the 
tail,  and  from  there  down  one  third  to  one  half  of  the  under  side  of  the  tail. 


666  The   Dog   Book 

Nose  and  nails  black  in  black  dogs,  brown  in  brown  dogs,  grey  in  grey  dogs, 
and  also  flesh  colour. 

In  one  and  two-coloured  dogs,  white  is  permissible,  but  only  to  the 
smallest  possible  extent,  as  spot  or  small  streaks  on  breast. 

(c)  Spotted:  Ground  is  a  shining  silver  grey,  or  even  white  with  dark, 
irregular  spots  (large  spots  are  undesirable),  of  dark  grey,  brown,  yellowish 
red,  or  black. 

Neither  the  light  nor  the  dark  colours  should  predominate.  The  main 
factor  is  such  a  general  appearance  that,  at  some  distance,  the  dog  shall  show 
an  indefinite  and  varied  colour  which  renders  him  particularly  useful  as  a 
hunting  dog.  The  russet-brown  marks  are  darker  in  darker-spotted  dogs, 
and  yellower  in  the  lighter  ones,  and  there  may  be  an  indication  of  these  in 
the  case  of  a  white  foundation.  Light  eyes  are  permitted;  when  the  ground 
colour  is  white,  a  flesh-coloured  or  spotted  nose  is  not  a  fault.  White  marks 
are  not  desirable  in  dark  dogs,  but  are  not  to  be  regarded  as  faults  which 
disqualify. 

Height  at  Shoulder. — 7^  to  8f  inches. 

Weight. — Divided  into  three  classes:  Light-weight:  Dog  under  i6£  Ibs.; 
bitches  under  15^  Ibs.  Medium-weight:  Dogs  from  i6£  to  22  Ibs.;  bitches, 
15^  to  22  Ibs.  Heavy-weight:  Dogs  and  bitches  over  22  Ibs. 

Defects. — Too  weak  or  crippled,  too  high  or  too  low  on  legs;  skull  too 
wide,  too  narrow,  or  too  much  arched;  ears  set  on  too  high,  too  heavy,  or  too 
short;  also  set  on  too  low  and  narrow,  or  long  or  slack;  stop  too  pro- 
nounced and  goggle-eyes;  nasal  bone  too  short  or  pressed  in;  lips  too 
pointed  or  too  deep;  over-shot;  short,  developed  neck;  fore  legs  badly  de- 
veloped, twisted,  or  poorly  muscled,  hare-footed  or  flat-spread  toes;  too 
deeply  sunk  behind  shoulders,  i.e.,  hollow-backed;  loins  too  much  arched 
and  weak;  ribs  too  flat  or  too  short;  rump  higher  than  shoulders;  chest  too 
short  or  too  flat;  loins  arched  like  a  greyhound;  hind  quarters  too  narrow 
and  poor  in  muscle;  cow-hocked;  tail  set  on  high,  and  carried  too  high  or 
too  much  curled;  too  thin,  long,  or  hairless  (rat-tailed);  coat  too  thick,  too 
coarse,  too  fine,  or  too  thin;  colour  dead,  dull,  or  too  much  mixed.  In 
black  dogs  with  russet-brown  marks  (tan),  these  latter  should  not  extend  too 
far,  particularly  on  the  ears. 


CHAMPION  PARSIFAL 

Property  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Karl  A.  Keller,  Wellesley,  Mass. 


CH.  YOUNG  PHCENqMXN,,.  Ji 
Property  of  Dr/C,^ttSj:ljenb^c"rt2r,'JSr6w 


CH.  SMARTY  WALDINE 
Property  of  Mr.  S.  K.  Gibson,  Lowell,  Mass. 


HANNAH  M. 
Property  of  Dr.  C.  Motschenbacher,  New  York 


HANSEL  VON    LICHTENSTEIN 


German  Champion— bred  and  owned  by  F.  M.  Widmann,  Nuremberg.  Mr.  Muss  Arnolt,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for 
he  loan  of  these  photographs,  thus  describes  Hansel  :  ''  He  is  the  soundest,  lowest  and  longest  dog  I  know  of.  He  has 
lone,  true  shoulders,  perfect  feet  and  a  non-faddist  head.  Money  has  never  been  able  to  buy  him. 


DIABUTSU    AND   DIMBOOLA 
Property  of  Mrs.  Amy  C.  Gillig 


THE  DOG  BOOK 

A  Popular  History  of  the  Dog,  with  Practical 
Information  as  to  Care  and  Management  of 
House,  Kennel  and  Exhibition  Dogs ;  and 
Descriptions  of  All  the  Important  Breeds.  In 
Ten  Parts 


PART  x 

Illustrated  from  Photographs 


NEW  YORK 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  COMPANY 
1906 


Copyright,  1906,  by 

Doubleday,  Page  &  Company 

Published  July,  1906. 


All  rights  reserved,  including 
that  of  translation  into  foreign  lan- 
guages, including  the  Scandinavian. 


CONTENTS 
PART  X 

CHAPTER  LV— PAGE  667 

THE  POODLE:  A  branch  of  the  spaniel  family — Trimming  of  all  poodles 
an  early  custom — The  Russian  Corded  and  the  Caniche — Mr. 
Hunnewell's  and  Mr.  Trevor's  connection  with  the  breed — The 
Red  Brook  Kennels  era — Standard  and  scale  of  points. 

CHAPTER  LVI— PAGE  671 

THE  CHOW:  Described  in  Rural  Sports  in  1801 — Long  known  but  only 
lately  accorded  separate  dog  show  classification — Mrs.  Jarrett 
introduces  it  to  the  Atlantic  Coast  shows — The  smooth  not  fully 
recognised  as  a  distinct  variety — Straightness  of  hind  legs  a  breed 
peculiarity. 

CHAPTER  LVII— PAGE  675 

THE  ITALIAN  GREYHOUND:  Early  illustrations  show  its  popularity  in 
the  sixteenth  century — Essential  individual  points  of  the  breed — 
Taint  of  the  terrier  cross. 

CHAPTER  LVIII— PAGE  679 

THE  POMERANIAN:  The  large  dog  first  given  the  name — A  pure  white 
colour  then  most  valued — The  modern  toy  Pomeranian  or  Spitz— 
A  fancy  of  Queen  Victoria — Rapid  growth  of  popularity  in  Eng- 
land— The  breed  in  America. 

CHAPTER  LIX— PAGE  685 

THE  SCHIPPERKE:  A  common  Belgium  Spitz  renamed  for  foreign  ex- 
ploitation— The  question  of  the  tail — Three  Belgian  varieties, 
but  the  Antwerp  type  prevails — Fairly  popular  in  England  but  not 
in  this  country 


CONTENTS— Continued 
CHAPTER  LX— PAGE  691 

THE  MALTESE  DOG:  No  affinity  with  the  terrier  family — The  shock-dog 
of  a  century  ago,  also  called  Bichon,  Bouffe  and  Maltese — Caius 
named  it  the  Comforter  in  error — Lady  Gifford's  famous  show  dogs. 

CHAPTER  LXI— PAGE  695 

THE  PUG:  An  introduction  from  China  into  Europe — Mr.  Mayhew's 
early  recollections  of  English  pugs  and  Lamb  and  Moss  from 
Pekin — Lord  Willoughby  bred  from  pugs  from  Russia — The 
Morrison  strain — The  pug's  great  popularity  in  America— 
Dr.  Cryer's  prominence  as  a  breeder  and  exhibitor — Fashion 
leaves  the  pug  for  more  modern  toys — The  black  pug  the  popu- 
lar variety  in  England — Standard  and  points. 

CHAPTER  LXII— PAGE  707 

THE  FRENCH  BULLDOG:  Properly  the  Boule-dogue  Francais  and  not 
a  bulldog — Unwarranted  changes  in  the  French  text  of  the  stand- 
ard— Its  great  popularity  in  America — The  French  standard. 

CHAPTER  LXIII— PAGE  711 

THE  YORKSHIRE  TERRIER:  A  development  of  the  Yorkshire  mill  hands 
from  the  common  rough  haired  terrier — Huddersfield  Ben  the 
maker  of  the  breed — Visiting  a  Yorkshire  breeder — How  the 
dogs  are  kept — Length  of  coat  versus  colour — Description  and 
scale  of  points. 

CHAPTER  LXIV— PAGE  717 

THE  GRIFFONS  BRUXELLOIS:  A  mixed  breed  evidently  closely  related 
to  the  Smoushond  of  Holland,  a  dog  resembling  the  old  Scotch 
terrier — Introduced  to  England  in  1895  and  to  America  a  few 
years  ago — Descriptive  particulars. 

CHAPTER  LXV— PAGE  719 

THE  KING  CHARLES  SPANIEL:  The  black  and  tan  dog  not  traced  to  King 
Charles — The  Duke  of  Norfolk  a  breeder  of  small  black  and  tans — 
Buffbn's  description  of  English  toys  or  gredins,  the  pyrame  being 
the  "fire  marked"  or  black  and  tan  variety — The  short  faced  dog 
a  production  of  the  London  "fancy" — "King  Charles"  a  general 
name  for  all  but  the  Blenheims — Tricolour  or  Prince  Charles, 
and  ruby  varieties. 


CONTENTS— Continue 
CHAPTER  LXVI— PAGE  729 

THE  BLENHEIM  SPANIEL:  Originally  known  as  the  Marlborough  and 
used  as  a  covert  shooting  spaniel — Idstone's  description  of  the 
Blenheims  bred  on  the  Duke's  estate  about  1840 — The  effect  of 
the  London  fancy  for  short  faces  in  spaniels  alters  the  Blenheim 
as  it  did  the  King  Charles — The  popular  variety  of  the  English 
spaniels  in  America. 

CHAPTER  LXVII— PAGE  733 

THE  JAPANESE  SPANIEL:  Commodore  Perry's  description  of  the  toy 
spaniels  of  Japan — Presents  to  President  Buchanan — Mr.  Speiden's 
recollections  of  dogs  presented  to  members  of  Commodore  Perry's 
expedition — Mr.  Belmont's  description  of  the  pair  sent  by  the 
Commodore  to  his  daughter,  Mrs.  August  Belmont — The  breed 
a  favourite  in  America — Description  and  scale  of  points. 

CHAPTER  LXVIII— PAGE  739 

THE  PEKINESE  DOG:  Ancient  carvings  of  dogs  and  decorated  plates 
in  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Fine  Arts — Sleeve  dogs  and 
smooth  "pugs"  taken  to  England  from  the  Pekin  loot  of  1860 — 
The  Goodwood  strain — Mrs.  Guyer's  importations  and  the  breed 
in  America — A  quaint  dog  of  distinct  appearance  and  type. 

CHAPTER  LXIX— PAGE  74S 

LHASSA  TERRIER  AND  TIBET  SPANIEL:  The  two  latest  claimants  for 
recognition  as  toys  described  by  the  Hon.  Mrs.  McLaren  Morrison. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

Diabutsu  and  Dimboola  (French  Bulldogs) Frontispiece 

POODLES  FACING   PAGE 

Ch.  Orchard  Minstrel,  clipped  to  fashion  in  1817 668 

Beppo  of  Thrandeston,  Sowdon  Ruby,  Jack  Frost,  Ch.  Sinbad  the 

Sailor,  A  ten  weeks'  old  trio,  Ch.  Milo   670 

The  Dancing  Dog,  "  Le  chien  lion  " 693 

CHOWS 

Four  of  a  Kind,  Ch.  Shylock,  Whole-coloured   Chow,  Ch.  Kioli,  A 

Group  of  Mrs.  Moore's  Chows,  Ch.  Chinese  Chum 672 

ITALIAN    GREYHOUND 

Italian  Greyhound  Tee-Dee 677 

SCHIPPERKE 

Togo  R 677 

POMERANIANS 

Blue  Bertie  and  Blue  Jacket,  Ch.  Boy  Blue,  Brown  Fly,  The  Sable 

Mite 680 

Groups  of  Pomeranians  at  Miss  Ives'  kennels 685 

Group  at  Swiss  Mountain  Kennels,  Lakewood  Prim,  Lakewood  Ladas, 

Lakewood  Feather,  Redcroft  Darkie 687 

Mrs.  Robinson  and  Pomeranian,  by  Gainsborough 691 

MALTESE  AND  TOY  POODLES 

Baby  B.,  Queen,  Group  of  Toy  Poodles 677 

Mrs.  Fitzherbert  and  her  Toy  Poodle 691 

Le  Bichon,  Ch.  Prince  Lilywhite  II.,  Ch.  Maj.  Gen.  Baden-Powell, 

Thackeray's  Rob  Roy 693 

PUGS 

Mrs.  Mayhew's  Click,  Morrison's  Punch  and  Tetty,  La  Doguin,  Rei- 

nagle's  Pug,  Royal  Duke,  Ch.  Little  Countess 696 

Ch.  George,  Ch.  Joe,  Ch.  Bessie,  Ch.  Bob  Ivy,  Ding  Dong,  Othello  ...     698 
Ch.  Pouf  Pouf,  Law's  Delita,  Bon  Bon,  Pekinese  Pug  Kreuger,  Pair 

of  Miss  Deady  Keane's  (Shanghai)  Pekinese  Pugs 704 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS— Continued 

FRENCH  BULLDOGS  FACING  PAGE 

Ch.  Sarah,  Ch.  Richelieu,  Gamin,  Little  Miss  Muffitt,  a  miniature 

English  Bulldog,  M.  Babot  and  Ninette,  Moka 709 

Ch.  Maurice,  Eugenie,  Ch.  Rico,  Paulus  II.,  Ange  Pitou,  Grisette, 

Ch.  Dick  de  la  Mere  II.,  Petit  Fee 712 

YORKSHIRE    TERRIERS 

Ch.  Queen  of  the  Fairies,  Ch.  Ashton  Premier 717 

Huddersfield  Ben  and  Lady  Giffard's  Katie 717 

GRIFFONS    BRUXELLOIS 

Group  of  Griffons  owned  by  Mrs  Whaley 717 

TOY   SPANIELS 

Children  of  Charles  I.,  by  Van  Dyck 719 

Children  of  George  III,  by  Copley 719 

Teasing  the  Pet,  by  T.  Mieris 719 

The  Cavalier's  Pets 719 

King  Charles  Spaniel  and  Pyrame  of  1880 720 

The  Pet  of  the  Duchess 720 

Miss  Fan  and  pups 720 

Ch.  Madame  Patti  (Ruby),  Ch.  Senn-Senn  Marcus,  Royal  Queen 720 

Ch.  Square  Face,  Ch.  Romeo,  Rococo,  Perseverance 724 

Rose  Willow 729 

BLENHEIM    SPANIELS 

Ch.  Rollo,  Toby  Beck,  King  Victor,  Unique  Teddy,  Windfall,  Duke 

of  Marlborough 729 

JAPANESE    SPANIELS 

Ch.  Senn-Sation,  Ch.  O'Kassan,  Ch.  Senn-Senn,  Ch.  Koma,  Yukie  Senn     733 

PEKINESE    DOGS 

Group  of  Mrs.  Guyer's  rough  and  smooth  dogs,  Chaon  Ching  We,  Li 

Hung  Chang,  Miss  Keane's  Pekinese,  Ting  Hou,  Chang  Hi  Mow. .  734 

Ong  Mott  of  Radnage,  Ong-li  of  Radnage,  Ch.  Goodwood  Chun,  Ch. 

Goodwood  Lo 74° 

LHASSA   AND   TIBET   DOGS 

Lhassa  Terriers,  lerru  and  Taschi,  India  Tibet  Spaniel  Karpo 745 


THE    DOG   BOOK 


CHAPTER   LV 
THE  POODLE 

HE  POODLE  undoubtedly  originated  from  the  spaniel  and 
has  quite  a  presentable  number  of  varieties  in  its  own  family. 
The  closeness  of  resemblance  between  the  Maltese  dog  and 
the  small  white  poodle,  usually  called  the  Toy  French  poodle 
is  too  strong  to  admit  of  any  question  as  to  their  being  the 
same  dog.  Buffon  states  this  as  a  fact,  the  toy  poodle  then  going  by  the 
name  of  lion  dog  on  account  of  his  being  clipped  so  as  to  show  a  mane  and  a 
tuft  at  the  end  of  the  tail.  The  smaller  water  spaniel  was  the  poodle  and 
the  old  fashioned  large  water  spaniel  was  a  selection  from  the  same  water- 
loving  family  of  dogs.  The  resemblance  between  the  Irish  Water  spaniel 
and  the  poodle  is  something  no  person  can  fail  to  recognise. 

When  the  custom  of  trimming  the  poodle  came  into  use  is  not  easily 
determined.  Markham  shows  his  "Water  Dogge"  with  the  poodle  trim- 
med coat,  half  of  the  body  being  clipped  and  says  it  was  done  to  make  it 
easier  for  the  dog  to  swim.  Clipping  the  dog  in  winter  was  deprecated  as 
cruel.  About  the  same  time  as  the  Markham  woodcut,  which  is  shown  in 
the  introduction  to  the  Spaniel  family,  facing  page  90,  we  have  the  similarly 
trimmed  dog  in  a  number  of  paintings  an  example  of  which  is  shown  in  the 
dancing  dog  by  Stein,  1636-1678.  Stein  is  the  man  seated  at  the  table  with 
the  violin  on  his  knee.  The  poodle  is  fancifully  clipped  with  a  ring  of  hair 
at  half  length  of  the  tail  and  a  tuft  on  the  thigh.  Buffon's  lion  dog  is  a  black 
dog,  but  as  he  says  that  this  dog  and  the  Maltese  or  shock  dog  were  the 
same  and  illustrates  the  latter  as  a  white  dog  it  shows  that  there  was  variety 
in  colour  then  as  now. 

Hogarth  has  a  clipped  poodle  in  one  of  his  paintings,  but  as  already 
stated  this  dog  was  the  water  spaniel  of  England  and  was  well  known  in  his 
trimmed  condition  more  than  one  hundred  years  before  Hogarth  was  born. 
It  is  probable  that  his  being  taken  up  as  a  house  dog  and  companion  was  an 
introduced  fashion  from  France,  where  he  may  also  have  been  fancifully 

trimmed  and  with  no  idea  such  as  Markham  advises.    In  the  reproduction 

667 


668  The  Dog  Book 

of  the  painting  of  Captain  Fleming  and  his  hawks,  facing  page  289,  a  good 
black  poodle  is  shown  at  the  left  hand,  trimmed  to  fashion  and  we  rather 
fancy  that  this  was  a  favourite  house  dog,  with  this  good  old  sportsman  whose 
pointer,  spaniels  and  horse  showed  that  only  the  best  would  please  his 
critical  eye.  A  very  fanciful  sketch  of  1817  shows  a  clipped  poodle  in  ad- 
dition to  some  curiosities  in  the  way  of  fashion  exaggerations  of  that  period. 

The  only  approach  to  the  Russian  or  corded  poodle  is  the  old  large 
rough  water  dog  of  England,  which  by  care  might  be  considered  as  capable 
of  producing  the  length  of  ringlets  seen  in  the  corded  dog.  We  are  told  by 
poodle  authorities  that  conspicuously  distinct  as  the  curly  and  corded  vari- 
eties seem  to  be  they  are  nevertheless  the  same  and  if  the  floor  dragging 
ropes  of  the  corded  dog  are  untwisted  and  combed  out  the  dog  becomes  a 
curly,  but  if  left  to  his  own  devices  again  will  proceed  to  develop  cords.  Our 
personal  experience  with  this  dog  is  confined  to  seeing  him  benched  and 
kenneled,  but  there  seems  no  doubt  when  such  an  authority  as  Mrs.  Crouch 
writes  to  the  "Twentieth  Century  Dog  Book"  that  her  champion  Pilot  had 
cords  that  touched  the  ground  and  she  combed  him  out  and  showed  him 
as  curly.  Whether  there  is  a  distinct  variety  or  the  coats  have  become 
mixed  by  introduction  of  foreign  strains  we  are  not  in  a  position  to  say  as 
it  was  of  continental  manufacture  if  not  English.  There  is  no  question 
however  that  what  was  shown  here  as  the  Caniche  or  French  poodle  about 
twenty  years  ago,  were  decidedly  smaller  than  the  curly  dogs  of  to-day. 
They  were  thicker  set  with  more  width  of  head  than  the  fine  headed  poodles 
we  now  see.  That  these  Caniche  poodles  were  of  high  class  we  are  not  pre- 
pared to  say,  but  they  were  clever-looking  dogs  and  were  imported  or  brought 
over  by  persons  who  were  of  the  class  that  want  only  the  best. 

Mr.  H.  H.  Hunnewell  was  the  last  successful  exhibitor  of  this  style  of 
dog,  and  even  after  the  advent  of  Mr.  Trevor's  Milo  and  his  kennel  com- 
panions Mr.  Hunnewell  still  won  in  the  classes  for  reds,  but  his  blacks  were 
outstyled  by  the  dogs  shown  by  Mr.  Trevor.  The  latter  had  several  years 
of  almost  uninterrupted  success  and  unfortunately  decided  to  discontinue 
exhibiting  just  at  the  time  when  competition  promised  to  become  keen 
owing  to  the  getting  together  of  a  strong  kennel  by  Miss  Lucille  Alger,  who 
shows  as  the  Red  Brook  Kennels  and  who  now  has  Miss  Grace  as  her  asso- 
ciate in  ownership.  The  Red  Brook  kennels  has  not  confined  its  aim  to  any 
colour  in  curly  poodle,  but  has  taken  the  lead  in  all  varieties,  black,  white 
red,  blue,  amber  and  silver  grey,  the  latter  two  colours  not  being  included 


CH.  ORCHARD  MINSTREL 
Property  of  the  Red  Brook  Kennels,  Great  Neck,  L.  ^. 


CLIPPED  TO   FASHION    IN   1817 
The  height  of  style  in  the  swells  of  that  period 


The  Poodle  669 

in  the  list  given  in  the  standard  published  by  the  Poodle  Club  of  England 
nor  in  that  of  the  Curly  Poodle  Club,  which  makes  a  few  changes  from  the 
standard  of  the  club  which  fosters  both  curly  and  corded. 

In  America  we  have  had  -few  specimens  of  the  corded  poodle,  but  the 
small  toy  poodle  is  one  that  has  many  friends.  Most  of  these  small  speci- 
mens are  shown  in  natural  coat  but  of  late  many  are  being  exhibited  clipped 
in  the  fashion  of  the  larger  dogs.  These  small  poodles  are  frequently  seen 
in  paintings  of  fashionable  ladies  of  a  century  ago  and  earlier,  as  is  shown 
in  the  exquisite  likeness  of  Mrs.  Fitzherbert,  wife  of  George  IV.  Many 
are  seen  with  the  longer  flossy  coat  of  the  Maltese  dog,  which  emphasises 
the  close  affinity  between  the  breeds. 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

General  appearance. — That  of  a  very  active,  intelligent  and  elegant 
looking  dog,  well  built  and  carrying  himself  very  proudly. 

Head. — Long  straight  and  fine,  the  skull  not  broad,  with  a  slight  peak 
at  the  back. 

Muzzle. — Long  (but  not  snipy)  and  strong,  not  full  in  the  cheek;  teeth 
white,  strong  and  level;  gums  black;  not  showing  lippyness. 

Eyes. — Almond  shaped,  very  dark,  full  of  fire  and  intelligence. 

Nose. — Black    and    sharp. 

Ears. — The  leather  long  and  wide,  set  on  low,  hanging  close  to  the  face. 

Neck. — Well  proportioned  and  strong,  to  admit  of  the  head  being 
carried  high  and  with  dignity. 

Shoulders. — Strong  and  muscular,  sloping  well  to  the  back. 

Chest. — Deep   and   moderately   wide. 

Back. — Short  and  strong,  and  slightly  hollowed,  the  loins  broad  and 
muscular,  the  ribs  well  sprung  and  braced  up. 

Feet. — Rather  small  and  of  good  shape,  the  toes  well  arched,  pads 
thick  and  hard. 

Legs. — Forelegs  set  straight  from  the  shoulders,  with  plenty  of  bone 
and  muscle;  hind  legs  very  muscular  and  well  bent,  with  the  hocks  well 
let  down. 

fail. — Set  on  rather  high  and  well  carried;  never  curled  over  the  back. 

Coat. — Very  profuse  and  of  good  hard  texture;  if  corded,  hanging  in 
tight,  even  curls;  if  non-corded,  very  thick  and  strong,  of  even  length,  the 
curls  close  and  thick,  without  knots  or  cords. 


670  The  Dog  Book 

Colours. — All  black,  all  white,  all  red,  all  blue.* 

The  white  poodle  should  have  dark  eyes,  black  or  very  dark  liver  nose, 
lips  and  toe-nails. 

The  red  poodle  should  have  dark  amber  eyes,  dark  liver  nose,  and 
toe-nails. 

The  blue  poodle  should  be  of  even  colour,  and  have  dark  eyes,  lips  and 
toe-nails. 

All  other  points  of  white,  red  and  blue  poodles  should  be  the  same  as 
the  perfect  black  poodle. 

It  is  strongly  recommended  that  only  one-third  of  the  body  be  clipped 
or  shaved,  and  that  the  hair  on  the  forehead  be  left  on. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

General  appearance  and  Shape  of  body,  loin,  back 

movement 15  and  carriage  of  tail   ...    15 

Head  and  ears 15  Legs  and  feet 10 

Eyes  and  expression 10  Coat,  colour  and  texture 

of  coat 15 

Neck  and  shoulders .  .  .10  Bone  muscle  and  condition  10 


Total .  100 


*[In  addition  to  the  other  colours  mentioned  we  have  recently  seen  a  very  pretty  well-divided- 
up  black  and  white,  which  was  a  very  attractive  colour.  There  seems  to  be  no  valid  reason  why 
colour  should  be  restricted  in  any  way,  but  each  colour  should  be  sound  and  good  of  itself,  the  white 
clear,  the  black  dense  and  free  from  rust;  the  blue  of  a  good  shade  and  even,  and  so  with  the  amber 
and  cream.  —  J.  W.] 


BEPPO  OF  THRANDESTON   (BLUE) 


CHAMPION   MILO    (BLACK) 


JACK   FROST   (WHITE)  CH.  SINBAD  THE  SAILOR 

Champion  Milo  was  owned  by  the  Meadowirere  Kennels,  of  Southampton,  L.  I.,  the  others  bv  the 
Red  Brook  Kennels,  of  Great  Neck,  L.  I. 


672  The  Dog  Book 

their  origin.  That  is  only  natural  when  we  recognise  that  breeding  for 
points  is  an  unknown  quantity  in  the  far  East. 

In  America  the  history  of  the  chow  as  a  show  dog  may  be  said  to  date 
from  the  time  Dr.  Jarrett  went  to  San  Francisco  to  judge  the  show  there  and 
took  Mrs.  Jarrett  with  him.  That  good  fancier  had  to  have  some  chows  and 
it  is  to  her  we  owe  the  promotion  of  the  breed.  Then  Mrs.  Proctor  took  a 
hand  in  exhibiting  them  and  she  was  for  a  year  or  two  alone  as  an  exhibitor 
and  having  drawn  her  dogs  from  England  she  has  had  the  advantage  of 
securing  better  bred  chows  and  more  variety  of  colour  than  is  easy  to 
get  from  China  direct.  Mrs.  Van  Heusen  has  now  joined  the  fancy, 
having  bred  from  Mrs.  Proctor's  stock  and  added  importations  thereto. 

In  addition  to  variety  in  colour  there  is  also  a  difference  in  coat,  which 
is  classified  as  rough  and  smooth.  There  seems  to  be  some  question  as  to 
this  division  being  thoroughly  sound,  and  from  the  few  smooths  we  have 
seen  we  do  not  consider  our  opinion  as  of  any  value.  In  a  letter  from  Dr. 
Ivy  of  Shanghai,  he  writes  of  the  roughs  and  smooths  as  being  apparently 
distinct.  Dr.  Ivy  has  good  dog  knowledge  and  his  mention  of  the  varieties 
in  this  manner  is  entitled  to  every  consideration.  At  the  same  time  what 
we  have  seen  looked  more  like  a  half-bred  in  the  way  of  coat,  or  a  dog  with 
a  coat  just  coming  in  after  having  lost  his  old  coat  entirely.  We  leave  the 
question  open  as  chow  breeders  are  not  at  all  unanimous,  and  when  author- 
ities are  arguing  it  is  as  well  for  outsiders  to  let  them  settle  the  matter. 

The  chow  is  a  medium  sized  dog  and  is  very  stoutly  built.  It  should 
not  have  the  slightest  appearance  of  being  leggy,  indeed  with  its  outstanding 
body  coat  coming  below  the  elbows  there  is  a  suggestion  of  being  the  least 
bit  short  on  the  leg.  We  have  noticed  in  some  of  these  English  dogs  a  sus- 
picion of  legginess  which  is  certainly  not  correct.  Forelegs  straight  as  a 
terrier's  and  somewhat  heavy  in  bone,  adding  thereby  to  the  appearance  of 
stoutness,  or  sturdiness  of  frame.  The  head  is  short  and  this  is  made  to 
appear  still  more  so  by  the  width  of  skull,  the  thickness  and  bluntness  of 
muzzle,  the  forward  pitch  of  the  ears  and  the  frill  or  mane  encroaching  on 
the  cheeks  and  skull.  The  same  straightness  of  hind  legs,  even  to  the 
extent  of  being  double  jointed  is  as  evident  now  as  it  was  in  the  case  of 
the  pair  whose  description  was  penned  in  1800. 

Nearly  all  the  contributors  of  views  on  the  chow  in  "The  Twentieth 
Century  Dog"  mention  the  pronenessof  the  chow  to  take  to  sheep  killing, 
which  is  much  more  serious  in  England  than  in  America,  for  with  us  sheep  are 


FOUR  OF  A  KIND 
Fired  by  Mrs.  Henry  Jarrett,  Germantown,  Pa. 


Photograph  by  F.  M.  Sutcliffe,  Whiiby 
WHOLE   COLOURED  CHOW 
Property  of  Mrs.  B.  F.  Moore,  Hinderwell,  Yorkshire 


A  dog  of  old  type,  showing  cream  shadings.      Owned  by 
Mrs.  B.  F.  Moore,  Hinderwell,  Yorkshire 


A  GROUP  OF  MRS.  B.  F.  MOORE'S  CHOWS 


CH.  CHINESE   CHUM 
Property  of  Mrs.  Chas.  E.  Proctor,  New  York 


The  Chow  673 

very  scarce  where  the  chow  is  at  all  likely  to  be  kept.  It  is  not  at  all  improb- 
able that  in  a  few  more  generations  of  breeding  this  dog  we  may  find  quite  a 
change  in  his  disposition,  one  of  the  common  traits  being  an  aversion  to 
strangers  to  a  marked  degree.  Why  this  should  be  so  in  a  dog  from  a 
country  teeming  with  population  is  somewhat  difficult  to  understand,  but 
it  is  always  a  possibility  for  one  of  any  litter  of  dogs  to  be  entirely  different 
in  disposition  from  the  others,  even  to  the  extent  of  timidity  or  fear  of  his 
owner  or  caretaker. 

T 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — Skull  flat  and  broad,  with  little  stop,  well  filled  out  under  the 
eye. 

Muzzle. — Moderate  in  length,  broad  from  the  eyes  to  the  point  (not 
pointed  at  the  end  like  a  fox). 

Nose. — Black,  large  and  wide.  In  cream  or  light  coloured  specimens 
a  pink  nose  is  allowable. 

Tongue. — Black. 

Eyes. — Dark  and  small.     (In  a  blue  dog  light  colour  is  permissible.) 

Ears. — Small,  pointed  and  carried  stiffly  erect.  They  should  be 
placed  well  forward  over  the  eyes,  which  gives  the  dog  the  peculiar  char- 
acteristic expression  of  the  breed — viz.  a  sort  of  scowl. 

Teeth. — Strong   and   level. 

Neck. — Strong,  full,  set  well  on  the   shoulders,   and  slightly  arched. 

Shoulders. — Muscular  and  sloping. 

Chest. — Broad    and    deep. 

Back. — Short,   straight   and   strong. 

Loins. — Powerful. 

Tail. — Curled  tightly  over  the  back. 

Fore  legs. — Perfectly   straight,   of  moderate   length    and  great  bone. 

Hind  legs. — Same  as  fore  legs,  muscular,  and  with  hocks  well 
let  down.  (The  standard  is  silent  as  to  the  straightness  of  hind  legs  and 
lack  of  bend  at  the  stifle  and  hock  joints,  but  this  is  nevertheless  considered 
the  proper  formation  of  leg  for  the  chow.) 

Feet. — Small,  round  and  cat-like,  standing  well  on  the  toes. 

Coat. — Abundant,  dense,  straight  and  rather  coarse  in  texture,  with  a 
soft,  woolly  undercoat. 


674  The  Dog  Book 

Colour. — Whole-coloured  black,  red,  yellow,  blue,  white,  etc.,  not  in 
patches  (the  under  part  .of  tail  and  back  of  thighs  frequently  of  a  lighter 
colour). 

General  Appearance. — A  lively,  compact,  short  coupled  dog,  well  knit  in 
frame,  with  tail  curled  over  the  back. 

Disqualifying  Points. — Drop  ears,  red  tongue,  tail  not  curled  over  the 
back,  white  spots  on  coat,  and  red  nose,  except  in  yellow  or  white  specimens. 

Smooth  chows  are  governed  by  the  same  description  except  that  the 
coat  is  smooth. 


J 


CHAPTER   LVII 
ITALIAN  GREYHOUND 

ROM  the  small  running  or  coursing  dog  of  the  period  illus- 
trated by  Roman  and  Greek  statuary  to  the  small  Italian 
greyhound  was  a  much  shorter  journey  for  breeders  to 
follow  than  the  raising  of  the  breed  to  the  size  and  fame  of  the 
greyhound  of  England.  We  have  not  succeeded  in  finding 
any  representation  in  old  statuary  of  this  pet  hound,  the  ladies'  dogs  which 
we  have  so  far  come  across  being  Pomeranians,  as  we  now  call  them,  or  to 
dogs  that  bore  a  resemblance  to  the  Maltese  dogs  or  French  poodles.  They 
seemed  to  be  all  long  haired  dogs  and  so  distinct  from  the  graceful  outline  of 
the  Italian  greyhound  that  if  the  latter  was  in  existence  at  the  time  of  the 
Roman  Empire  they  were  not  the  popular  or  fashionable  dog. 

Between  that  period  and  the  development  of  painting  on  canvas  the 
Italian  greyhound  advanced  to  a  leading  position  as  a  lady's  pet  and  appears 
also  as  the  favourite  of  many  prominent  men,  even  associated  with  high 
church  dignitaries  and  given  prominence  in  paintings  of  important  his- 
torical events.  The  weight  of  testimony  is  very  decidedly  in  support  of  the 
correctness  of  the  name,  for  these  small  dogs  are  far  more  often  seen  in 
Italian  scenes  or  paintings  with  Italian  affiliations  than  any  other  dog  and 
are  not  by  any  means  so  frequently  met  with  in  paintings  of  other  countries. 
A  well  known  instance  of  this  kind  is  the  painting  of  the  Italian  consort  of 
James  II,  by  Paul  Veronese.  The  dog  is  not  a  beauty,  from  our  standard 
of  quality,  but  he  doubtless  pleased  Her  Majesty  just  as  well.  Previous  to 
that  another  royal  portrait,  that  of  Anne,  the  consort  of  James  I  of  Eng- 
land has  on  the  canvas  a  pet  greyhound. 

While  it  is  desirable  to  get  a  small  Italian  greyhound  diminutive  size  is 
secondary  to  certain  characteristics  pertaining  to  the  breed,  which  are 
unfortunately  too  frequently  lost  sight  of  by  the  ubiquitous  all-round  Judge 
to  whom  the  duty  of  deciding  upon  the  merits  of  the  Italian  greyhound  is 
invariably  given.  It  must  be  understood,  first  of  all,  that  this  is  not  a  toy  as 
to  weight  and  that  many  of  the  very  small  dogs  resembling  Italians  are 

675 


676  The  DolBook 

cross-bred  specimens  with  terrier  blood  in  them.   The  result  of  this  cross 

i        -rr  i     L  11         /•  v,e  esr°ntial  tor 

is  seen  in  the  stitt  ears,  sometimes  the  button  style,  loss  of  the  ....-•  """.re- 
action, and  lack  of  the  high  symmetry  in  neck  and  carriage.  There  is  no 
breed  which  shows  more  quality  in  conformation  and  movement  than  this 
one,  when  you  get  the  genuine  article,  and  you  cannot  blame  the  few  who 
have  bred  and  kept  these  dogs  pure,  from  withdrawing  from  competition 
when  their  efforts  are  set  at  naught  by  half-bred  terriers  or  whippets  getting 
the  prizes.  We  have  seen  at  more  than  one  show,  dogs  that  looked  like 
litter  brothers  to  the  whippets  at  the  same  show  and  these  were  the  sort 
that  won.  A  whippet  or  a  half-bred  terrier  cannot  show  the  prancing  action 
of  the  true  Italian  and  we  have  never  allowed  small  size  to  take  rank  over 
this  essential  characteristic  when  it  has  been  our  lot  to  judge  the  breed. 

When  you  find  this  action  and  see  that  the  ears  do  not  indicate  unde- 
sirable crosses  then  pick  out  as  small  a  dog  as  possible  that  is  not  a  physical 
wreck  and  devoid  of  muscle.  In  the  matter  of  colour  more  latitude  is  now 
allowed  than  was  the  case  years  ago,  when  whole  coloured  fawns  were  about 
the  only  kind  considered  correct.  The  standard  even  now  says  that  the 
golden  fawn  is  preferred,  but  also  allows  red,  mouse,  blue,  and  as  a  less  desir- 
able class  of  colours  permits  blacks,  brindles  and  pied  dogs.  These  stand- 
ard framers  are  supposed  to  know,  but  a  brindle  Italian — the  horror  of  it! 
Could  we  have  our  way,  we  should  draw  close  colour  lines  in  this  breed  and 
make  the  limit  fawn,  cream  and  white,  breaking  down  the  barrier  only  in 
favor  of  fawn  and  white  in  the  case  of  an  exceptional  dog.  No  blacks  or 
blues  or  brindles,  not  even  a  strong  red. 

Dr.  Hoyt  of  Sharon,  Pa.  is  the  only  exhibitor  we  know  of  in  this  country 
at  the  present  time,  all  others,  there  never  were  many,  having  retired.  The 
result  is  that  no  classes  are  now  opened  for  the  breed  and  when  New  York 
declines  to  do  that  then  the  breed  is  pretty  nearly  counted  out  altogether. 
They  are  not  dogs  one  can  send  to  shows  and  leave  them  to  the  help  to  look 
after,  and  until  some  person  who  has  the  inclination  and  the  time  to  travel 
and  systematically  exhibit  Italians  there  is  little  chance  of  there  being  any 
better  provided  for  than  they  now  are.  The  impression  that  they  are  very 
delicate  dogs  is  erroneous  and  they  can  stand  a  fair  amount  of  cold,  for  they 
are  very  active  and  scamper  about  as  greyhounds  do.  They  call  for  no  more 
attention  than  do  other  toy  dogs,  are  exceedingly  neat  in  their  habits  and 
are  always  clean  and  in  perfect  trim  when  in  good  health  and  properly  cared 
for.  They  have  merits  as  drawing-room  pets,  far  in  advance  of  many 


Italian  Greyhound  677 

more  highly  fancied  breeds  and  we  commend  the  Italian  greyhound  to  the 
attention  of  those  seeking  for  something  out  of  the  hot  struggles  and  the 
hurly-burly  of  dogdom. 

The  Italian  Greyhound  Club  of  England  has  drawn  up  a  standard  and 
scale  of  points  which  is  brief  and  suitable,  our  reservation  being  as  to  colour 
as  explained  above. 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

General  Appearance. — A  miniature  English  greyhound,  more  slender 
in  all  proportions  and  of  ideal  elegance  and  grace  in  shape,  symmetry  and 
action. 

Head. — Skull  long,  flat  and  narrow.  Muzzle  very  fine.  Nose  dark 
in  colour.  Ears  rose  shaped,  placed  well  back,  soft  and  delicate,  and 
should  touch  or  nearly  so,  behind  the  head.  Eyes  large,  bright  and  full  of 
expression. 

Body. — Neck  long  and  gracefully  arched.  Shoulders  long  and  sloping. 
Back  curved  and  drooping  at  the  quarters. 

Legs  and  feet. — Forelegs  straight,  well  set  under  the  shoulder;  fine 
pasterns;  small  delicate  bone.  Hind-legs,  hocks  well  let  down;  thighs 
muscular.  Feet  long — hare  foot. 

Tail,  coat  and  colour. — Tail  rather  long  and  with  low  carriage.  Skin 
fine  and  supple.  Hair  thin  and  glossy  like  satin.  Preferably  self-coloured. 
The  colour  most  prized  is  golden  fawn,  but  all  shades  of  fawn — red,  mouse, 
cream  and  white — are  recognised.  Blacks,  brindles  and  pied  are  considered 
less  desirable. 

Action. — High-stepping  and  free. 

Weight. — Two  classes,  one  of  8  pounds  and  under,  the  other  over  8 
pounds. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Head 20         Tail,  coat  and  colour 15 

Body 20        Action 15 

Legs  and  feet    30 

Total  .                                        100 


CHAPTER   LVIII 


THE  POMERANIAN 

OWEVER  applicable  the  name  of  Pomeranian  or  Spitz^may 
be  to  the  large  sized  dog  bearing  that  title  it  is  of  doubtful 
correctness  when  applied  to  the  toy  dog.  Long  before  there 
was  any  Pomerania  this  dog  was  a  favourite  pet  of  the  Gre- 
cian and  Roman  ladies,  and  it  was  not  until  the  late  Queen 
Victoria  went  to  Florence  to  spend  a  winter  that  we  heard  anything  of  the 
little  dog  which  became  so  suddenly  popular.  The  Queen  brought  Marco 
from  Florence  and  it  was  for  many  years  her  favourite  dog,  while  it  will  not 
be  forgotten  than  one  of  her  last  requests  was  for  another  of  her  favourites, 
also  a  little  Pom.  It  is  first  necessary  to  consider  the  dog  originally  known 
as  the  Pomeranian  and  the  evidence  points  to  this  larger  dog,  weighing 
about  20  pounds,  as  almost  invariably  white.  "Idstone"  thirty-five  years 
ago  said  that  the  colour  should  be  a  cold,  flake-white  "and  frequently  comes 
creamy  and  clay  coloured."  He  mentions  that  blacks  have  occasionally 
occured  and  instances  one  that  he  says  was  an  undoubted  specimen.  Dal- 
ziel  in  his  description  of  the  breed  says  that  the  white  should  be  a  pure  flake 
white,  coloured  patches,  fawn,  or  other  being  objectionable  and  that  al- 
though the  fashion  was  so  distinctly  for  a  white  dog  he  thought  black,  cream, 
fawn,  red  and  buff  should  be  encouraged.  A  much  older  description  in  the 
"Sportsman's  Cabinet,"  1802,  says  they  were  pale  yellow  or  cream,  some 
white,  a  few  black,  and  very  rarely  spotted.  Certainly  the  aim  of  breeders 
at  the  time  of  the  early  dog  shows  in  England  was  to  get  a  perfectly  pure 
white  dog,  without  any  tendency  to  cream  in  the  coat. 

All  the  old  descriptions  refer  to  the  Pomeranian  as  being  the  sheep  dog 
and  wolf  dog  of  their  native  country  and  it  is  evident  that  some  of  the  breed 
must  have  been  large  dogs  of  the  Norwegian  elk  hound  type  or  akin  to 
them.  Considering  the  situation  of  Pomerania  that  is  not  improbable  and 
accepting  that  is  the  origin,  the  variety  we  are  considering  was  therefore  the 
house  dog,  selected  for  size  and  bred  with  more  care.  They  always  had  the 

general  reputation  of  being  snappish  and  as  very  unsuitable  for  children  to 

679 


68o  The  Dog  Book 

play  with  on  that  account.  This  reputation  followed  them  to  this  country 
and  for  a  year  or  two  after  1880,  there  was  so  much  talk  about  them  as 
being  prone  to  "develop"  rabies  that  no  entries  of  Pomeranians  would  be 
accepted  at  the  New  York  show.  It  is  so  seldom  that  we  see  any  of  these 
large  Pomeranians  at  the  present  time  that  it  is  unnecessary  to  say  more 
about  them  and  a  good  idea  of  what  they  were  a  century  ago  is  shown 
in  the  Gainsborough  painting  of  Mrs.  Robinson.  Such  a  dog  is  shown  in 
the  painting  by  Stubbs  of  which  the  quaint  old  gamekeeper  and  his 
peculiar  setter,  given  in  the  English  setter  chapter,  form  a  part. 

The  toy  Pomeranian  includes  dogs  from  10  pounds  down  to  about  5 
pounds,  but  in  these  very  diminutive  specimens  there  is  a  tendency  to 
develop  the  round  or  apple-headed  skull  which  is  too  much  a  fault  to  be 
counter-balanced  by  the  small  size.  Flatness  of  skull  is  something  which 
should  be  more  generally  recognised  as  a  requisite  and  then  let  size  come  in 
as  desirable. 

In  speaking  of  these  small  Pomeranians  as  more  entitled  to  be  called 
Italian  even  if  bred  throughout  Western  Europe  it  is  worth  while  mentioning 
that  Youatt  calls  them  Italian  or  Pomeranian.  Elaine  does  not  mention 
the  breed  by  either  name  quoting  the  Buffon  title  of  Loup-Loup,  which  was 
the  large  dog,  the  sheep  dog.  It  is  not  improbable  that  stray  specimens  of 
the  small  dog  may  have  been  brought  to  England  years  ago,  but  as  we  have 
said  it  was  not  until  Queen  Victoria  brought  Marco  from  Florence  that  the 
variety  became  at  all  known.  There  was  then  a  rush  to  get  the  new  dog  and 
they  speedily  became  the  fashion  in  toys.  In  1891  the  Pomeranian  Club  of 
England  was  formed  and  this  added  zest  to  the  fancy  so  that  two  years 
later  at  the  Ladies'  Kennel  Association  show  in  London  there  were  322 
entries  of  Pomeranians  alone,  the  actual  dogs  being  well  over  one  hundred. 

American  fanciers  were  not  slow  in  getting  some  of  the  new  breed  and 
in  1899  the  first  of  them  were  shown,  the  best  display  being  at  the  Pet  Dog 
Show  where  Mrs.  Smyth  of  Germantown  and  Mrs.  Williamson  of  New 
York  showed  some  particularly  nice  dogs.  Mrs.  Avis  and  Mrs.  Senn  also 
exhibited  at  this  show,  and  they  are  still  exhibiting.  Mr.  Coombs  was 
another  early  member  of  the  fancy  and  he  has  shown  some  good  whites 
for  quite  a  number  of  years.  The  late  Mr.  Stedman  and  Mrs.  Stedman 
were  also  very  enthusiastic  exhibitors  and  took  great  pride  in  their  home- 
bred dogs.  Mrs.  Render,  wife  of  Mr.  Stedman's  business  partner  has  also 
had  a  few  good  ones.  We  do  not  seem  to  have  progressed  to  any  great  ex- 


Photograph  by  Hedges,  Lytham 
BLUE   BERTIE  AND  BLUE  JACKET 


Copyright  by  F.°G.  hignett,'Losioc£ 
CH.  BOY  BLUE 


Photograph  by  Hedges,  Lythani 
BROWN   FLY 


Copyright  by  T.  Fall,  London 
THE   SABLE    MITE 


The  Sable  Mite  is  the  property  of  Mrs.  Vale  Nicolas,  Worksop,  Eng.,  and  was  purchased  for  *7-o  wh™  a  f 
age;  colour  a  shaded  sable  weight  four  pounds.  The  other  three  photographs  are  <S  dogs  owned  $  MUs  Ives 
i-ng.  Boy  Blue  won  over  fifteen  champion  prizes,  and  all  were  noted  winners. 


The   Pomeranian  68 1 

tent,  however,  although  the  breed  is  always  very  well  represented  at  the 
best  shows.  The  additions  to  the  ranks  of  exhibitors  are  not  so  numerous 
as  was  at  one  time  promised,  and  the  only  ones  of  note  have  been  Mrs. 
Mayhew,  who  has  been  very  successful  with  the  few  dogs  she  has  shown, 
quality  rather  than  number  being  her  guide;  Mrs.  Doran,  who  has  a  few 
good  whites,  Mrs.  Macdonald  of  Toronto,  who  has  lately  been  showing  a 
nice  one  of  her  own  breeding  named  Redcroft  Darkie,  and  Mrs.  Thomas. 

Considering  the  disadvantages  our  exhibitors  have  to  contend  against 
in  the  matter  of  the  drier  atmosphere  as  compared  with  what  is  the  case  in 
England  the  condition  in  which  our  Pomeranians  are  shown  is  very  credit- 
able. There  is  no  question,  however,  that  the  English  climate  is  much 
better  adapted  for  the  growth  of  coats  than  is  the  case  here  and  the  first 
thing  which  an  American  visitor  notices  in  connection  with  Pomeranians 
at  English  Shows  is  the  grand  quality  of  coat  the  dogs  are  shown  in. 

At  the  present  time  there  is  much  discussion  in  the  English  kennel 
papers  regarding  improper  practices  in  preparing  Pomeranians  for  exhibi- 
tion, but  so  far  we  have  heard  there  is  nothing  of  the  kind  in  connection  with 
our  shows  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  very  unpleas'ant'feature'may  hSvei 
arise  here.  Those  who  follow  closely  and  have  introduced  the  English 
methods  of  preparing  show  dogs  have  thus  far  not  taken  to  Pomeranians 
and  as  there  is  never  likely  to  be  the  same  amount  of  money  at  issue  in 
Pomeranians  as  in  the  breeds  which  command  their  attention  at  £he  present 
time  we  are  likely  to  have  a  clean  bill  of  health  for  some  time  to  come. 

As  the  large  Pomeranian  is  never  seen  now  it  is  quite  unnecessary  to 
give  the  old  standards  in  vogue  in  the  days  of  Stonehenge  and  Dalziel  and 
that  for  the  breed  of  the  present  day  is  as  follows: 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Appearance. — The  Pomeranian  in  build  and  appearance  should  be  of 
a  compact,  short-coupled  dog,  weel  knit  in  frame.  His  head  and  face  should 
be  fox-like,  with  small,  erect  ears  that  appear  to  be  sensible  to  every  sound. 
He  should  exhibit  great  intelligence  in  his  expression,  docility  in  his  dis- 
position, and  activity  and  buoyancy  in  his  deportment. 

Head. — The  head  should  be  somewhat  foxy  in  outline,  or  wedge- 
shaped,  the  skull  being  slightly  flat  (although  in  the  toy  varieties  the  skull 
may  be  rather  rounder),  large  in  proportion  to  the  muzzle,  which  should 


682  The   Dog  Book 

finish  rather  fine  and  be  free  from  lippiness.  The  teeth  should  be  level  and 
on  no  account  undershot.  The  head  in  its  profile  may  exhibit  a  little  stop, 
which,  however,  must  not  be  too  pronounced,  and  the  hair  on  the  head  and 
face  must  be  smooth  or  short-coated. 

Eyes. — The  eyes  should  be  medium  size,  rather  oblique  in  shape,  not 
set  too  wide  apart,  bright  and  dark  in  colour,  showing  great  intelligence 
and  docility  of  temper.  In  the  white  dog  black  rims  around  the  eyes  are 
preferable. 

Ears. — The  ears  should  be  small,  not  set  too  wide  apart  nor  too  low 
down,  and  carried  perfectly  erect,  like  those  of  a  fox,  and  like  the  head 
should  be  covered  with  soft  short  hair.  No  plucking  or  trimming  is  allow- 
able. 

Nose. — In  black,  black  and  tan  or  white  dogs  the  nose  should  be  black; 
in  other  coloured  Pomeranians  it  may  often  be  brown  or  liver-coloured,  but 
in  all  cases  the  nose  must  be  self — not  parti-coloured,  and  never  white. 

Neck  and  sbwlders. — The  neck  if  anything  should  be  rather  short, 
well  set  in,, and  lion-like  covered  with  a  profuse  mane  and  frill  of  long 
straight  liair,  sweeping  from  the  under  jaw  and  covering  the  whole  of  the 
front  part  of  the  shoulders  and  chest,  as  well  as  the  top  part  of  the  shoulders. 
The  shoulders  must  be  tolerably  clean  and  laid  well  back. 

Body. — The  back  must  be  short,  and  the  body  compact,  being  well 
ribbed  up  and  the  barrel  well  rounded.  The  chest  must  be  fairly  deep  and 
not  too  wide. 

Legs. — The  fore  legs  must  be  perfectly  straight,  of  medium  length,  not 
such  as  would  be  termed  either  "leggy"  or  "low  on  the  leg,"  but  in  due 
proportion  in  length  and  strength  to  a  well  balanced  frame,  and  the  fore 
legs  and  thighs  must  be  well  feathered,  the  feet  small  and  compact  in  shape. 
No  trimming  is  allowable. 

Tail. — The  tail  is  characteristic  of  the  breed,  and  should  be  turned 
over  the  back  and  carried  flat,  being  profusely  covered  with  long  spreading 
hair. 

Coat — Properly  speaking  there  should  be  two  coats — an  under  and  over 
coat;  the  one  a  soft  fluffy  undercoat,  and  the  other  a  long,  perfectly  straight 
and  glistening  coat,  covering  the  whole  of  the  body,  being  very  abundant 
round  the  neck  and  fore  part  of  the  shoulders  and  chest,  where  it  should 
form  a  frill  of  profuse  standing-ofF  straight  hair,  extending  over  the  shoul- 
ders as  previously  described.  The  hindquarters,  like  those  of  the  collie, 


The   Pomeranian  683 

should  be  similarly  clad  with  long  hair  or  feathering  from  the  top  of  the 
rump  to  the  hocks.  The  hair  on  the  tail  must  be,  as  previously  stated, 
profuse  and  spreading  over  the  back. 

Colour. — The  following  colours  are  admissable: — white,  black,  blue 
or  grey,  brown,  sable  or  shaded  sable  (including  red,  orange  or  fawn),  and 
parti-colours.  The  whites  must  be  quite  free  from  lemon  or  any  colour, 
and  the  blacks,  blues,  browns  and  sables  from  any  white.  A  few  white 
hairs  on  any  of  the  self-colours  shall  not  absolutely  disqualify,  but  should 
carry  great  weight  against  a  dog.  In  parti-coloured  dogs  the  colours  should 
be  evenly  distributed  on  the  body  in  patches;  a  dog  with  a  white  foot  or  a 
white  chest  would  not  be  a  parti-coloured.  Whole-coloured  dogs  with  a 
white  foot  or  feet,  leg  or  legs,  are  decidedly  objectionable,  and  should  be  dis- 
couraged, and  cannot  compete  as  whole  coloured  specimens.  In  mixed 
classes,  where  whole-coloured  and  parti-coloured  compete  together,  the 
preference  should  be  given  to  the  whole-coloured  specimens,  if  in  other 
points  they  are  equal. 

Weight. — Where  classification  by  weight  is  made,  the  following  scale 
should  be  adopted  by  show  committees: — I.  Not  exceeding  eight  pounds. 
2.  Exceeding  eight  pounds. 

Colour  Classification. — Where  classification  by  colour  is  made,  the 
following  should  be  adopted: — I.  Black.  2.  White.  3.  Brown  or  choco- 
late. 4.  Sable  and  shaded  sable.  5.  Blue  or  grey.  6.  Any  other  colour. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Appearance  15  Body 10 

Head   5  Legs 5 

Eyes 5  Tail 10 

Ears    5  Coat 25 

Nose 5  Colour 10 

Neck  and  shoulders 5 

Total  .  100 


GROUPS  OF  POMERANIANS 
Owned  by  Miss  Ives,  of  Pomeria,  Stockport,  England,  one  of  the  most  successful  of  English  breeders  and  exhibitors 


CHAPTER   LIX 


THE  SCHIPPERKE 


HE  marked  resemblance  between  the  Pomeranian  and  the 
schipperke  is  too  obvious  to  make  it  necessary  to  dwell 
upon  the  origin  of  the  little  Belgian  dog.  If  we  divide 
fox  terriers  into  smooth  and  wire-haired,  and  chows  and  St. 
Bernards  into  rough  and  smooth  we  might  well  have  done 
something  similar  with  these  two  breeds.  As  to  the  absence  of  a  tail 
making  a  difference  between  the  Pom.  and  the  schipperke,  it  might,  if 
they  all  came  into  the  world  tailless  instead  of  perhaps  ten  per  cent,  of 
them,  the  others  having  to  be  made  tailless  like  the  bob-tailed  sheepdogs. 
The  schipperkes  run  larger  than  the  small  Poms  as  might  be  expected 
of  a  dog  whose  place  in  life  is  useful  instead  of  merely  ornamental. 
Strength  and  activity  combined  with  smartness  (in  our  acceptance  of  the 
word)  are  the  characteristics  of  the  schipperke. 

Although  we  have  only  had  the  schipperke  in  dog  show  evidence  for 
some  fifteen  years  the  indication  is  that  the  history  of  the  dog  is  already 
being  lost  and  the  latest  dog  books  are  drawing  somewhat  on  imagination 
for  facts.  The  Belgian  Schipperke  Club  was  started  in  1888,  very  shortly 
after  the  breed  was  introduced  and  in  1890  the  following  history  of  the  dog 
and  its  name  appeared  over  the  signature  of  Mr.  John  Lysen,  of  Antwerp, 
the  home  of  the  breed.  The  letter  was  published  in  the  American  Field 
and  was  copied  into  other  publications,  including  the  American  "Book  of  the 
Dog,"  a  work  frequently  quoted  in  England  since  its  publication  in  1891,  and 
the  statements  of  Mr.  Lysen  were  never  contradicted. 

"They  are  always  called  'Spits'  in  Belgium,  and  if  you  were  to  ask  a 
dog-dealer  for  a  '  schipperke'  dog,  he  wouldn't  know  what  you  were  speak- 
ing about.  The  name  schipperke  was  given  when  a  few  fanciers  got  up  the 
club,  and  when,  later  on,  I  asked  the  one  who  proposed  it  why  they  had  not 
given  the  dog  its  proper  name,  he  answered  that  the  Pomeranian  was  already 
called  'spitz'  in  Germany,  and  moreover  that  a  queer  name  would  render 
the  dog  more  attractive  to  foreigners ! 

685 


686  The  Dog  Book 

"Until  three  years  ago  the  black  tailless  spits  had  been  the  dog  of  the 
working  class  of  people,  especially  butchers,  shoemakers,  and  not  unfre- 
quently  he  was  seen  on  the  canal  boats,  whence  they  gave  him  the  name  of 
schipperke,  but  he  might  as  well  claim  the  name  of  'beenhouwerke' 
(little  butcher),  or  'schoenmakerke'  (little  shoemaker).  Until  a  year  ago, 
and  sometimes  even  now,  when  a  wealthy  man  was  taking  a  walk  with  his 
spits  he  was  looked  at  with  enquiring  eyes  by  all  who  passed  him.  The 
only  ones  allowed  to  live  among  gentlemen  and  ladies  were  the  toy  spits  and 
some  were  really  very  small  and  pretty.  Now  however  the  black  Pariah 
is  becoming  a  favourite  and,  many  a  gentleman  takes  a  walk  with  his  spits, 
which  has  taken  the  place  of  the  fox-terrier." 

The  question  of  tail  or  tailless  puppies  was  fully  as  open  then  as  it  it 
now  and  the  statements  by  Mr.  Lysen  and  other  fanciers  of  Antwerp  who 
wrote  at  about  the  same  time  that  he  did,  are  to  the  effect  that  old  breeders 
said  that  tailless  dogs  were  formerly  produced  in  greater  numbers  and  that 
introduction  of  outside  blood  caused  this  peculiarity  to  become  less  pro- 
nounced. These  claims  we  are  inclined  to  doubt,  because  it  is  not  a  nat- 
ural condition  of  affairs.  To  hold  that  the  appearance  of  the  dog  is  im- 
proved by  the  gouging  out  of  the  tail  is  purely  a  stretch  of  the  imagination. 
Such  a  claim  would  apply  with  equal  force  to  the  Pom  or  the  pug,  or  any 
dog  with  a  closely  curled  tail,  and  why  the  English  Kennel  Club  should 
prohibit  ear  cropping  and  not  stop  tail  gouging  is  one  of  the  inexplicable 
conditions  of  the  dog  world. 

On  the  subject  of  the  absence  of  tail,  the  late  Mr.  George  R.  Krehl 
wrote  as  follows  as  a  supplement  to  the  standard  of  the  Schipperke  Club  of 
Belgium,  this  being  the  standard  adopted  by  the  St.  Hubert  Schipperke 
Club  of  England:  "The  tailless  breed  theory  is  a  myth.  None  of  the 
canida  were  originally  tailless,  but  some  hold  that  the  regular  removal  of 
the  stern  for  generations  will  cause  any  breed  so  operated  upon  to  give  birth 
to  tailless  pups."  Mr.  Krehl  was  by  no  means  pledged  to  this  supposition, 
but  he  had  knowledge  of  schipperkes  born  without  tails  and  of  terriers  born 
with  stump  tails  and  while  theory  against  the  perpetuation  of  a  mutilation 
is  ably  supported  by  men  of  scientific  research  there  is  this  experience  in 
breeding  which  crops  up  to  cast  doubts  upon  theories.  This  reference  to 
Mr.  Krehl  and  the  schipperke  club  reminds  us  that  on  the  occasion  of  our 
calling  to  say  goodbye  to  him  on  one  of  our  visits  to  England  a  messenger 
came  in  and  handed  him  a  small  package,  which  contained  a  letter  and  a 


t.  ,  'SWISS  MOUNTAIN   KENNEL  POMERANIANS 

<•  I  I       «   i»^c  ..»       Property  of  Mrs.  H.  E.  Smyth,  Meadowbrook.  Pa. 


LAKEWOOD  PRIM 


LAKEWOOD  LADAS 
Property  of  Mrs.  Hartley  Williamson,  New  York 


*• 


REDCROFT  DARKIE 
Property  of  Mrs,  A.  A.  McDonald,  Toronto 


LAKEWOOD    FEATHER 
Property  of  Mrs.  Hartley  Williamson,  New  York 


The  Schipperke  687 

book,  he  read  the  letter  and  passed  it  over.  It  was  a  warm  letter  of  thanks 
from  the  secretary  of  the  St.  Hubert  club  for  his  assistance  in  the  adoption 
of  the  standard  and  as  a  mark  of  his  appreciation  he  sent  him  the  first 
bound  copy  of  the  standard.  This  copy  we  brought  to  America  as  a  good- 
bye keepsake  and  the  secretary  may  feel  assured  it  is  in  safe  keeping. 

When  the  schipperke  was  first  introduced  there  was  considerable 
difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  correct  type,  for  Brussels  had  a  local  variation, 
wide  in  front  and  short  headed,  while  the  Louvain  variety  was  very  short 
coated,  with  long  narrow  ears.  The  third  leading  variety  was  the  Antwerp 
dog,  and  there  is  no  doubt  as  to  its  being  the  better  looking  and  more  attrac- 
tive of  the  three.  This  was  the  dog  that  had  the  most  supporters  and 
was  accepted  as  the  correct  type  and  is  the  dog  we  occasionally  see  in  our 
miscellaneous  classes  here. 

No  one  knew  anything  about  the  "skip"  until  just  about  twenty  years 
ago  when  a  Mr.  J.  M.  Barrie  brought  one  to  England  for  exhibition.  Mr. 
G.  R.  Krehl  who  had  always  a  fancy  for  anything  new  or  continental,  then 
took  them  up  and  helped  the  fancy  all  he  could  in  the  columns  of  the  Stock- 
keeper.  So  much  was  said  about  them  at  that  time  that  several  exhibitors 
on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic  were  carried  away  by  the  newspaper  support 
and  imported  some.  Classes  were  given  at  a  few  shows  for  one  or  two 
years  but  the  breed  never  took  here  and  if  it  was  not  for  Frank  Dole's 
showing  one  for  several  years  in  the  miscellaneous  class  the  breed  would 
have  been  a  blank  in  this  country. 

As  we  have  more  than  once  remarked  in  previous  chapters,  mere  oddity 
is  not  an  attraction  to  Americans,  who  want  something  more  than  a  curiosity 
in  a  dog.  A  good  many  will  say  that  the  "skip  "  has  many  merits  in  addition 
and  that  we  grant,  but  put  down  a  "skip"  and  a  Pomeranian,  a  rough  and  a 
smooth  St.  Bernard,  a  smooth  and  a  wire-haired  fox  terrier  in  front  of  a 
person  who  wants  to  buy  a  dog  and  ninety  per  cent,  will  take  the  Pom,  the 
rough  St.  Bernard  or  the  smooth  terrier.  It  is  counter  attractions  that 
stop  many  breeds  from  becoming  popular,  and  not  lack  of  merit  in  the  one 
neglected.  No  doubt  if  we  could  transplant  an  entire  schipperke  dis- 
play from  a  Palace  or  an  English  L.  K.  A.  show  and  put  it  down  in 
Madison  Square  Garden  at  the  annual  February  muster  there  might  be 
a  different  tale  to  tell,  but  we  are  limited  to  write  of  what  is  and  not 
what  might  be,  and  the  schipperke  can  hardly  be  recognised  as  one  of  our 
show  dogs. 


688  The  Dog  Book 

There  are  two  clubs  which  support  the  breed  in  England,  each  having  a 
standard,  that  of  the  St.  Hubert  club  being  the  more  regular  as  it  is  a  trans- 
lation of  the  one  adopted  by  the  Belgian  club,  and  the  members  of  that  club 
certainly  ought  to  know  something  about  the  dog  of  their  own  country. 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Character  and  General  appearance. — The  schipperke  is  an  excellent  and 
faithful  little  watchdog,  who  does  not  readily  make  friends  with  strangers. 
He  is  very  active,  always  on  the  alert  and  very  courageous  in  defending 
objects  left  in  his  charge,  but  always  gentle  with  children.  A  characteristic 
peculiarity  of  the  breed  is  their  exceeding  inquisitiveness  and  lively  interest 
in  everything  going  on  about  them,  their  excitement  being  expressed  by 
sharp  barks  and  the  bristling  mane.  They  are  game  and  good  vermin  dogs. 

Colour. — Self-coloured:  black. 

Head. — Foxy.  Nose  small.  Eye  dark  brown,  small,  oval  rather  than 
round,  neither  deep-set  nor  prominent,  lively  and  keen.  Teeth  very  white, 
strong  and  quite  level.  Ears  quite  erect,  small,  triangular  and  set  on  high. 
Of  sufficient  substance  that  they  cannot  be  folded  otherwise  than  length- 
wise, and  very  mobile. 

Neck,  shoulders  and  chest. — Neck  strong,  full  and  carried  upright. 
Shoulders  sloping  and  with  easy  action.  Chest  broad  in  front  and  well  let 
down. 

Body. — Back  straight  but  supple.  Loins  broad  and  powerful.  Body 
short  and  thickset.  Ribs  well  spring;  rather  drawn  up  in  loin. 

Fore  legs. — Quite  straight,  fine  and  well  under  the  body. 

Feet. — Small,  round,  well-knuckled  up;  nails  straight,  strong,  short. 

Hindquarters. — Thighs  powerful  and  very  muscular;  hocks  well  let 
down. 

Tail. — Absent. 

Coat. — Dense  and  harsh,  smooth  on  the  ears,  short  on  the  head,  the 
front  of  the  forelegs  and  hocks  (sic),  and  rather  short  on  the  body,  but  pro- 
fuse round  the  neck,  commencing  from  behind  the  ears,  forming  a  mane  and 
frill  on  the  chest.  This  longer  coat  loses  itself  between  the  fore  legs.  The 
back  of  the  thighs  are  feathered,  forming  the  "culotte,"  the  fringe  of  which 
is  turned  inwards. 


The  Schipperke  689 

Weight. — Maximum  for  the  small  size  12  pounds;  for  the  large  size 
20  pounds.* 

Faults. — A  light  coloured  eye.  Ears  semi-erect,  too  long  or  rounded. 
Head  narrow  and  elongated,  or  too  short.  Coat  sparse,  wavy  or  silky. 
Absence  of  mane  and  "culotte."  Coat  too  long.  White  spots.  Under- 
shot. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Head 20         Feet 5 

Ear       10         Hindquarters 10 

Neck,  shoulders  and  chest  .  .10         Coat  and  colour 30 

Body 5 

Legs 10            Total 100 


*[This  is  too  wide  a  weight  limit,  that  of  the  Schipperke  Club  to  the  effect  that  the  weight  should  be 
about  12  pounds  being  far  preferable.  No  person  wants  a  schipperke  larger  than  a  fox  terrier,  which 
is  what  a  20-pound  dog  means.  —  J.  W.] 


CHAPTER   LX 
THE  MALTESE  DOG 

S  the  toy  dog  to  which  has  been  given  the  name  of  Mal- 
tese has  no  connection  whatever  with  any  branch  of  the 
terrier  family  we  drop  the  suffix  which  it  is  customary  to 
add  to  the  name.  If  a  suffix  was  necessary  it  should  be 
poodle  or  to  go  still  farther  back  it  might  be  spaniel,  but 
never  terrier.  Every  writer  goes  back  to  Strabo  and  his  remark  about  the 
dogs  of  Melita,  Sicily,  but  merely  saying  that  dogs  came  from  Melita  in  his 
days  and  for  us  to  call  a  dog  Maltese  by  no  means  carries  any  weight  in  sup- 
posing that  our  white  toys  were  what  Strabo  referred  to.  They  may  be, 
but  there  is  nothing  to  prove  that  they  are. 

The  name  of  Maltese  is  of  comparatively  recent  adoption  and  a  hundred 
years  ago  they  were  called  shock  dogs.  That  is  purely  an  English  name, 
taken  from  the  wealth  of  coat,  probably  not  always  combed  out  and  even  in 
the  Standard  Dictonary  we  find  shock-dog  as  a  second  meaning  of  the 
noun  "shock."  Buffon  gave  it  the  name  of  the  Cbien  de  Malte  or  Bichon 
and  in  the  fuller  description  in  his  "Histoire  Naturelle,"  written  by  M. 
Daubenton,  Bichon  is  the  name  at  the  head  of  the  following  description: 
"These  dogs  were  very  fashionable  a  few  years  ago,  but  at  present  are  hard- 
ly seen.  They  were  so  small  that  ladies  carried  them  in  their  sleeves.  At 
last  they  gave  them  up,  doubtless  because  of  the  dirtiness  that  is  insep- 
arable from  long-haired  dogs,  for  they  could  not  clip  them  without  taking 
away  their  principal  attraction.  So  few  remain  that  I  could  not  find  one 
to  make  a  drawing  of  and  the  illustration  on  Plate  XL  is  a  copy  of  a  drawing 
in  the  large  and  beautiful  collection  of  natural  history  miniatures  in  the 
print  room  of  the  library  of  the  King.  So  far  as  we  can  judge  from  this 
illustration  it  seems  that  this  dog  has  the  muzzle  of  the  petit  barbet  [small 
poodle],  and  the  long  glossy  coat  of  the  spaniel  on  the  body.  That  is  why 
they  gave  it  the  name  of  "Bouffe"  [puffed].  It  is  also  called  the  Maltese 

dog,  because  the  first  specimens  came  from  Malta.     There  is  reason  to 

691 


6gz  The  Dog  Book 

believe  that  they  belong  to  the  family  of  poodles,  and  to  that  of  the  spaniels, 
as  shown  by  the  shape  of  the  body  and  the  coat  and  colour. " 

Caius  in  the  third  section  of  his  treatise  of  English  dogs  gives  but  one 
breed,  or  one  description  for  what  we  classify  as  toy  dogs.  He  says  of  them 
that  they  were  the  "delicate,  neat,  and  pretty  kind  of  dogges  called  the 
Spaniel  gentle,  or  the  comforter,  in  Latin  Melitaeus  or  Fotor."  The  word 
comforter  was  afterward  applied  to  toy  spaniels  and  as  there  were  evidently 
plenty  of  these  toy  dogs' in  the  time  of  Caius,  the  presumption  is  that  his  use 
of  Melitaeus  as  the  name  for  all  of  them  is  incorrect.  He  was  evidently 
writing  of  Spaniels  of  the  toy  order  and  not  of  the  dog  we  know  as  the  Mal- 
tese, or  what  was  after  his  time  called  the  shock  dog. 

Of  the  early  writers  of  the  last  century  we  find  Youatt  gives  Strabo's 
description  of  the  Maltese  dog,  and  later  on  there  is  a  paragraph  regarding 
the  shock  dog  and  he  very  erroneously  says  that  Buffbn  made  the  state- 
ment that  the  head  was  that  of  the  pug,  the  eyes  large,  the  head  round  and 
the  tail  curved  and  bent  forward.  As  we  have  just  given  the  Buffon  de- 
scription it  will  be  seen  that  Youatt  was  entirely  wrong.  In  Captain 
Brown's  "Anecdotes"  he  mentions  both  the  shock  dog  and  the  comforter 
as  separate  breeds,  but  in  such  a  manner  as  to  leave  it  quite  an  open  question 
as  to  what  they  were.  We  have  seen  an  engraving  of  a  small  dog,  bearing 
marked  resemblance  to  a  toy  spaniel  which  was  entitled  "The  Comforter," 
and  the  probability  is  that  the  name  was  used  very  much  in  olden  days  as 
we  use  the  term  "toy." 

How  nearly  our  Maltese  dogs  approach  the  original  dog  of  Malta  is 
pure  conjecture.  The  island  was  small  enough  to  have  ensured  some  con- 
centration of  effort  along  certain  lines,  such  as  we  see  in  Jersey  cattle;  a 
local  fancy,  which  was  fostered  as  remunerative  on  account  of  the  dogs  being 
distinct  from  those  bred  elsewhere.  There  is  very  little  evidence  to  show 
that  our  dogs  had  any  connection  with  those  which  originated  on  the  island 
and  it  seems  more  likely  that  the  English  stock  came  from  France.  They 
have  never  been  at  all  common  and  if  it  had  not  been  for  Mr.  R.  Mandeville 
of  London  it  is  probable  we  would  not  have  had  any  Maltese  dog.  The 
starting  point  in  the  breed  seems  to  have  been  a  dog  called  Fido,  owned  by 
a  man  named  Tupper.  Mr.  Mandeville  bred  his  Lilly  to  this  Fido  and  got 
a  Fido  of  his  own.  He  also  bred  Fan  to  Tupper's  dog  and  got  still  another 
Fido,  after  which  he  bred  from  these  Fidos  and  stuck  to  the  name  so  that 
in  the  first  stud  book  we  have  five  of  the  same  name  all  owned  by  him  and 


LE  CHIEN   LION 


LE  BICHON 


From  Button's  "  Histoire  Naturelle  "  (1750) 


I 'holograph  by  TheCirlton  rhoto.  Co. 
'ON  JPR1NCE    LIi^YWHITE    II. 
<    AND-lMAJGR-GEN.  BADEN-POWELL 
The  former  ov.-ned  h^  M*-s.  M.  J.  McCarthy,  London, 
^  i   arid  ;.%  lat.ter  jtniiorted  by  Thackeray  Kennels 


THACKERAY'S   ROB  ROY 

Imported  and  owned  by  the  Thackeray  Kennels, 

Manliasset,  L  I. 


THE   DANCING   DOG 

From  a  painting  by  J.  Stein  (1636-1678).    The  artist  had  a  fondness  for  putting  himself  in  his  paintings  and  is 

the  one  with  the  violin 


The  Maltese  Dog  693 

shown  between  1864  and  1872.  Mr.  J.  Jacobs  of  Oxford  and  Mrs.  Bligh 
Monk  of  Reading  got  dogs  from  Mandeville  and  the  only  dogs  of  the  twenty 
four  in  the  first  stud  book  that  have  any  pedigree  are  of  the  Fido  strain.  In 
a  very  few  years  these  exhibitors  retired  and  Lady  Giffard,  who  started  in 
1874,  soon  became  the  only  exhibitor.  Lady  GifFard  obtained  her 
dogs  from  Mr.  Jacobs  and  seemingly  continued  for  some  years  to  buy 
the  best  he  bred,  until  she  had  a  wonderful  collection.  For  many 
years  she  was  the  only  exhibitor  of  Maltese  and  no  one  who  ever  saw 
the  beautiful  dogs  shown  in  her  name  and  the  condition  they  were 
always  shown  in  will  forget  them.  When  Lady  GifFard  retired  there  seemed 
to  be  no  one  in  the  fancy,  all  having  given  up  the  impossible  task  of  beating 
the  Red  Hill  dogs. 

The  usual  revival  took  place  after  a  while  and  now  there  is  a  Maltese 
club,  with  a  standard,  which  makes  some  changes  from  the  dogs  of  the  type 
shown  by  Lady  GifFard.  Her  dogs  did  not  have  low  placed  ears,  but  rather 
high  on  the  head  and  the  new  idea  of  having  a  straight  -flat  coat  was  never 
the  old  idea.  The  style  of  dog  winning  about  1880  looked  quite  bulky,  one 
might  say,  from  the  wealth  of  coat  and  in  keeping  with  that  was  a  rather 
large  looking  head,  caused  by  the  set  of  the  ears.  The  new  idea  seems  to  be 
a  Yorkshire  terrier  sort  of  dog,  but  that  was  not  the  old  sort  at  all.  They 
seem  also  to  have  got  the  dogs  far  too  large.  The  present  standard  says 
not  to  exceed  12  pounds.  Lady  GifFard's  Hugh  weighed  4  pounds  10  ounces, 
was  7^  inches  at  the  shoulder  and  had  an  n-inch  coat.  The  mystery  to 
show  goers  when  Lady  GifFard  exhibited  was  how  she  managed  to  grow 
such  coats,  for  in  place  of  nearly  reaching  the  ground  as  the  present  standard 
calls  for,  her  dogs  had  coats  which  swept  the  ground  on  each  side,  and  pure 
in  colour  as  the  driven  snow.  English  Maltese  exhibitors  cannot  say  they 
are  improving  the  breed  if  their  standard  is  set  where  it  ought  to  be  a  mark 
yet  to  be  reached. 

An  attempt  is  being  made  to  introduce  coloured  varieties,  but  it  is  as 
out  of  place  as  to  introduce  any  variation  in  the  black  and  tan  terrier. 
The  Maltese  dog  was  always  one  of  the  colour  breeds,  a  pure  white  dog. 
If  that  is  correct  coloured  dogs  can  only  be  obtained  by  introducing  foreign 
blood. 

Although  such  a  thing  as  a  good  Maltese  dog  is  all  but  unknown  in  this 
country  and  few  seem  to  care  about  taking  up  the  fancy,  the  briefness  of 
the  standard  is  an  inducement  to  publish  it. 


694  The  Dog  Book 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — Should  be  much  like  that  of  a  drop-eared  Skye  in  miniature, 
but  rather  shorter  and  thicker  in  muzzle,  not  lean  nor  snipey. 

Ears. — Moderately  long,  set  on  rather  low,  and  covered  with  long  silky 
hair,  mingling  with  that  on  neck  and  shoulders. 

Eyes. — Very  dark  and  piercing,  bright  and  alert  in  expression. 

Nose. — Pure   black   and   shiny. 

Legs. — Rather  short  than  long,  with  fine  bone,  well  feathered  through- 
out: legginess  is  to  be  avoided.  Feet  small  and  covered  with  hair, 

Body  and  shape. — Shoulders  sloping  and  not  too  wide.  Back  short 
and  cobby,  rather  than  lanky  in  shape. 

Tail. — Short,  well-feathered,  particularly  toward  the  end,  and  grace- 
fully carried  over  the  back;  its  end  resting  on  the  hindquarters  and  side. 

Coat. — Long  straight  and  silky,  free  from  woolliness  or  curl;  when  in 
form  should  nearly  reach  the  ground  at  the  sides.  Very  profuse  on  neck, 
shoulders  and  chest. 

Colour. — Pure  white  without  shade  or  tint. 

Weight. — Not  to  exceed  12  pounds.  The  smaller  the  better,  other 
points  being  correct. 

General  appearance. — That  of  a  bright,  sprightly,  active  dog  of  very 
taking  character. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Head 10  Tail  and  its  carriage  ....  10 

Ears 5  Coat 20 

Eyes  and  nose 10  Colour 15 

Legs  and  feet 5  Condition 10 

Body  and  shape 10  Size   5 

Total  .  100 


CHAPTER  LXI 
THE  PUG 

HAT  prompted  the  men  of  Holland  to  develop  the  pug  and 
also  the  men  of  far  away  China  ?  That  seems  rather  strange, 
but  not  nearly  so  strange  to  many  readers,  who  have  be- 
lieved the  pug  to  have  been  an  exclusively  Dutch  institu- 
tion, as  for  them  to  conceive  that  the  Hollanders  were  indebted 
to  China  for  the  dog.  We  know  that  the  Dutch  were  trading  in  the  Orient 
in  the  early  part  of  the  sixteenth  century.  The  Portuguese  and  Spaniards 
were  also  prominent  in  that  trade  and  there  was  no  particular  objection  to 
foreigners  or  foreign  trade  at  that  time.  Then  we  have  in  the  pug  a  dog 
which  in  his  peculiarities  has  no  counterpart  in  any  European  dog.  The 
bulldog  has  a  short  face,  and  was  a  square  headed  dog  with  cropped  ears 
and  a  straight  tail  when  the  pug  was  first  known,  and  had  an  entirely  dif- 
ferent temperament  from  the  pug.  These  two  are  the  only  European 
dogs  with  anything  approaching  similarity  and  under  no  circumstances 
can  they  be  considered  of  the  same  family  or  coming  from  the  same  source. 
On  the  other  hand  the  strong  resemblance  between  the  smooth  variety  of 
the  Pekinese  dog  and  the  pug  is  too  striking  to  be  overlooked. 

That  the  Dutch  and  Chinese  had  very  close  business  relations  is  a  claim 
easily  supported.  In  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Fine  Arts  there  are 
several  plates  made  in  China  to  order  for  Hollanders  bearing  their  coats  of 
arms,  and  in  the  Pierpont  Morgan  collection  there  is  a  good  sized  model  of  a 
Dutch  galliot.  The  catalogue  so  describes  it  but  it  has  yards  on  both  masts 
and  no  gaff  mainsail  and  what  we  should  say  was  a  jury  foremast  would  in  a 
galliot  be  a  mainmast;  at  any  rate  it  is  a  Dutch  vessel  with  Dutch  sailors  and 
is  a  most  creditable  piece  of  work.  The  ascribed  date  is  1662  to  1722. 

While  we  have  credited  Holland  with  the  original  possession  of  the  pug 
we  are  not  prepared  to  advance  any  proof  of  the  statement.  Indeed  there 
is  more  reason,  so  far  as  the  proofs  we  have  seen,  to  suppose  that  it  is  every 
bit  as  much  English  as  Dutch,  but  we  need  further  information  on  the  subject. 
What  we  do  know,  however,  is  that  none  of  the  Dutch  school  of  paintings  at 

695 


696  The  Dog  Book 

the  Metropolitan  Museum,  nor  in  any  reproduction  of  such  a  painting  that 
we  know  of,  shows  a  pug  and  it  does  seem  as  if  some  of  the  artists  would  have 
introduced  one  had  the  breed  been  either  common  or  fashionable.  There 
is  no  scarcity  of  dogs  in  these  Dutch  paintings.  There  is  a  Teniers, 
somewhat  similar  to  his  own  kitchen,  previously  illustrated,  the  spaniels 
being  more  pronounced  in  type,  and  in  two  small  Teniers  there  are  also 
large  spaniels.  David  Rychaert,  1612-1661,  shows  a  leggy  spaniel  in  "The 
Stowage."  In  Gillis  Van  Tilloigh's,  1625-1678,  "Visit  of  a  Landlord  to  a 
Tenant"  there  is  a  beautifully  modelled  black  and  white  greyhound. 
Kaspar  Netscher,  1639-1684  has  a  spaniel  in  two  of  his  paintings,  a  very 
pretty  dark  tan  and  white  shown  in  a  portrait  of  a  lady,  and  a  really  exquisite 
small,  apple-headed  orange  and  white  toy  spaniel  in  a  small  painting  of  a 
card  party.  Rubens,  1577-1640,  has  a  white  spaniel  with  orange  marked 
head  in  the  small  painting  of  Susanah  and  the  Elders.  This  is  a  somewhat 
limited  field  to  pronounce  a  decision  upon,  but  it  approaches  nearly  to 
Hogarth's  time  and  his  painting  of  himself  with  his  uncropped  pug  is  very 
well  known.  The  pug  may  be  Dutch,  but  we  want  more  evidence  than  we 
have  yet  seen  to  accept  it  as  any  more  entitled  to  be  considered  exclu- 
sively Dutch  than  English  in  its  European  introduction  and  fostering. 

From  the  earliest  illustrations  of  the  pug  he  has  always  been  the  same 
dog  that  we  have  now,  and  is  one  of  the  few  breeds  which  have  shown  no 
change,  other  than  improvement  directly  caused  by  breeding  for  improve- 
ment and  fancy.  At  the  same  time  and  almost  as  far  back  as  we  can  dis- 
tinguish between  what  the  Chinese  meant  to  be  a  dog  and  what  was  the  dog 
of  Fo,  we  find  the  pug-headed,  curled-tailed  dog  that  was  the  progenitor  of 
the  Pekinese  dog.  There  is  no  getting  away  from  the  obvious,  the  very 
plain  indication  that  the  pug  was  an  oriental  importation. 

Even  if  that  was  not  the  actual  origin  of  the  pug  we  owe  a  great  deal 
to  the  smooth  Pekinese  as  nearly  all  our  pugs  trace  back  to  one  particular 
cross  of  the  dog  from  China.  Of  late  years  there  has  been  more  of  this  foreign 
blood  introduced  than  we  think  English  breeders  will  admit  to  be  the  case, 
particularly  to  help  out  in  the  production  of  black  pugs.  Prior  to  that, 
however,  all  the  English  pugs  of  prominence  from  1865  to  1895,  also  all  our 
best  pugs  from  1880  to  1900  trace  to  Click  a  dog  of  pure  Chinese  stock. 

Click  belonged  to  Mrs.  Laura  Mayhew,  of  Twickenham,  London,  and 
this  lady  was  one  of  the  leading  pug  exhibitors  at  the  early  dog  shows  of 
England.  Click  is  given  in  the  stud  book  as  "by  Lamb  (from  Pekin)  out 


CLICK 

Mrs.  Mayhew's  son  of  Lamb  and  Moss 
from  Pekin 


PUNCH  AND  TETT 

Bred  and  owned  by  C.  Morrison  and  illu  start"  d  in 
Stonehenge  on  the  Dog.''  /THidedkioa,  187^ 


CHAMPION  LITTLE  COUNTESS 
Drawn  by  Miss  H.  E.  Cutler  in  pen  and  ink  over  a  solar  print 


LE  DOQUIN 
From  Buffon's  "  Histoire  Naturelle  "  (1750) 


ROYAL  DUKE 
Grand  Challenge  Cup  Winner 


REINAGLE'S  PUG  (1805) 
From  the  "  Sportsman's  Repository' 


The  Pug  697 

of  Moss"  and  Mr.  George  Lowe  ("Leatherhead")  in  one  of  his  "Pillars  of 
Stud  Book"  contributions  to  the  English  Kennel  Gazette,  stated  that  Moss, 
the  dam  of  Click  was  said  to  be  a  Willoughby  pug.  Mr.  Lowe  and  all  the 
English  writers  who  copied  what  he  said  might  very  readily  have  found  out 
from  Mrs.  Mayhew,  who  was  then  alive,  the  history  of  the  Click  breeding. 
It  is  not  too  late  to  repair  their  error  as  we  have  in  New  York  Mr.  Reginald 
F.  Mayhew,  Mrs.  Mayhew's  son,  and  he  has  kindly  favoured  us  with  the 
following  communication  on  the  early  show  pugs  and  their  origin: — 

"When  shows  were  first  promoted  in  England  it  was  generally  accepted 
that  pugs  had  been  imported  to  that  country  from  Holland,  Russia  and 
China.  How  near  or  how  wide  of  the  mark  were  those  responsible  for  this 
I  will  leave  to  others.  I  do  know,  however,  that  this  was  the  opinion  har- 
boured by  such  authorities  as  Lord  Willoughby  D'Eresby,  Charlie  Mor- 
rison, Mr.  Rawlins,  Mr.  Bishop  and  my  mother. 

"At  the  outset  the  winning  English  pugs  were  of  Dutch  origin,  and 
among  the  chief  breeders  were  my  mother  and  Mr.  Morrison,  the  latter 
being  landlord  of  an  old-fashioned  roadhouse,  in  the  outskirts  of  Chelsea. 

"In  those  days  pugs  were  cropped,  and  in  general  type  were  tight 
skinned,  straight  faced,  apricot  fawn  in  colour,  and  as  a  rule  had  good,  wide 
set  eyes,  which  gave  them  a  fairly  good  expression. 

"A  few  years  afterward — in  the  later  sixties — Lord  Willoughby  be- 
came a  prominent  factor  in  pugdom,  so  much  so  that  the  term  Willoughby 
pug  was  as  common  an  expression  in  the  breed  as  Laverack  setter  in  English 
setters.  Lord  Willoughby,  who  lived  near  us  at  Twickenham,  obtained  his 
original  specimens  from  a  tight-rope  walker  known  as  the  female  Blondin, 
who  brought  them  from  St.  Petersburg.  They  were  silver  fawns,  the  ma- 
jority being  smutty  in  colour,  with  pinched  faces  and  small  eyes,  but  better 
wrinkled  than  the  Dutchmen. 

"Reverting  to  their  colour,  I  have  seen  so  many  born  practically  black 
in  those  old  days,  and  consigned  to  the  bucket  on  that  account,  that  I  have 
often  marvelled  that  more  recent  exhibitors  should  have  been  so  deluded  as 
to  consider  the  introduction  of  the  black  pugs  a  novelty.  In  fact,  when 
Lady  Brassey  introduced  the  black  variety  her  specimens  had  the  inherent 
faults  of  the  Willoughby  strain — pinched  faces,  small  eyes  and  legginess — 
plus  tight  skins.  And  so  it  is  to-day,  to  a  less  marked  degree,  in  specimens 
of  this  shading.  In  fact,  the  only  really  good  headed  black  I  have  seen  here 
was  Mrs.  Howard  Gould's  Black  Knight. 


698  The  Dog  Book 

"With  the  advent  of  the  smutty  coloured  Russians  breeders  mingled 
their  blood  with  that  of  the  Hollanders,  with  the  result  that  faces — through 
Rawlin's  Crusoe,  a  good  headed  Dutchman — and  Mr.  Bishop's  Pompey— 
bred  half  Dutch  and  half  Russian — showed  a  slight  improvement,  while 
colour  and  shadings  were  a  distinct  advancement. 

"Still,  the  winning  specimens,  typical  as  they  were,  lacked  that 
grandeur  in  head  which  the  ideal  called  for.  Nor  was  it  until  my  mother 
became  the  owner  of  Click  that  really  grand  heads  and  beautiful  expressions 
were  seen  on  the  bench.  Click  has  long  been  a  household  name  in  pugdom, 
as  for  more  than  twenty-five  years  the  crack  winners  have  traced  back  to 
him.  In  fact,  all  the  grand  skulls,  big,  appealing  eyes,  square  muzzles  and 
short  faces  are  due  to  Click.  Chiefly  through  his  daughter  Cloudy — which 
was  also  owned  by  my  mother — and  in  a  minor  degree  through  his  union 
with  Gipsey,  a  long  faced,  undershot  creature,  belonging  to  Mrs.  Lee,  of 
Toy  Spaniel  fame,  has  his  name  become  so  closely  associated  with  cham- 
pions. 

"Gipsey  had  three  litters,  containing  specimens  worthy  of  the  highest 
praise.  Unfortunately,  however,  Mrs.  Lee,  besides  dogs,  had  in  her  cramped 
quarters  a  pet  monkey,  which  in,  spite  of  his  owner's  vigilance,  succeeded 
in  either  killing  the  offspring  or  mutilating  them.  One  of  these  was  Odin, 
whose  name  is  to  be  found  in  many  pedigrees.  In  his  case,  the  monkey 
had  bitten  off  his  tail  to  such  effect  that  hardly  any  vestige  of  it  was  left. 

"As  to  Click  himself,  he  was  an  apricot  fawn,  with  an  ideal  head  and 
expression  and  most  beautiful  eyes.  He  was  on  the  leg,  rather  narrow  be- 
hind, and  as  rough  in  coat  as  Mrs.  Gould's  Black  Knight.  In  fact,  alter 
the  latter's  colour  and  one  would  have  a  very  good  sample  of  Click. 

"Click's  parents — Lamb  and  Moss — were  Chinese  beyond  dispute. 
They  were  captured  in  the  Emperor  of  China's  palace  during  the  siege  of 
Pekin  in  1867  or  1868,  and  were  brought  to  England  by  the  then  Marquis 
of  Wellesley,  I  think.  Anyhow,  they  were  given  to  a  Mrs.  St.  John,  who 
brought  them  several  times  to  our  house.  Alike  as  two  peas,  they  were 
solid  apricot  fawn,  without  a  suspicion  of  white;  had  lovely  heads  and  ex- 
pressions; but,  unlike  their  son,  they  were  close  to  the  ground,  and  a  shade 
long  in  body.  The  pair  were  so  much  alike  that  my  mother  was  firmly  of 
the  opinion  they  were  brother  and  sister. 

"  I  have  purposely  referred  to  the  colour  of  Lamb  and  Moss,  because 
when  Click  became  a  success  as  a  sire  the  story  was  circulated  that  his  par- 


CH. GEORGE 


jkjby  Davis, .Puntesri'Je,  O. 
DING  DOifC 
Property  of  F.  C.  Nims,  Painesville,  O. 


' 


CH.  JOE 


OTHELLO 


CH.  BESSIE 


CH.  BOB  IVY 


The  Pug  699 

ents  were  lemon  and  white  Japanese  spaniels,  and  as  few  breeders  had  seen 
either  Lamb  or  Moss  the  rumour  was  generally  accepted. 

"With  the  advent  of  Tragedy  and  his  son  Comedy  the  era  of  heads 
began.  Both  were  colossal  in  stature,  Tragedy  being  by  a  dog  in  Scar- 
borough so  huge  that  he  was  called  Tichborne,  after  the  claimant.  His 
(Tragedy's)  dam,  Judy,  was  by  Click  and  from  Mrs.  Lee's  Gipsey,  while 
Comedy  was  by  Tragedy  from  Cloudy,  who,  by  the  bye,  was  an  exception- 
ally good  bitch,  and  should  never  have  been  beaten  in  the  ring. 

"  I  should  say  the  best  pugs  I  have  seen  are  Miss  Jacquet's  Turn  Turn, 
Mr.  Booth's  Comedy,  Mrs.  Foster's  Jennie,  Mrs.  Britain's  Little  Count 
and  Little  Countess;  Mrs.  Maule's  Little  Duke,  Miss  Houldsworth's 
Dowager  and  Countess,  and  my  mother's  Hebe. 

"  I  cannot  leave  the  pug  subject  without  expressing  regret  that  pop- 
ular feeling  tends  to  hold  the  breed  in  a  contemptuous  cum  ridiculous  light. 
No  breed  in  its  specimens  has  such  distinct  individuality.  In  character 
the  pug  is  brimful  of  intelligence;  it  is  consequential  to  a  degree;  is  willing 
to  take  its  own  part;  does  not  possess  an  atom  of  shyness,  and  in  the  old 
days — when  I  was  in  swaddling  clothes — and  my  parents  lived  in  Derby- 
shire, the  men  used  to  take  Tootie  and  her  sons  and  daughters  out  ratting 
with  ferrets.  Being  close  and  short  coated,  pugs  do  not  require  half  the 
attention  called  for  by  the  more  popular  variety  of  toys,  such  as  Pomeran- 
ians, Spaniels  and  Yorkshire  terriers,  while  they  are  more  robust  in  con- 
stitution and  of  a  more  independent  spirit." 

The  information  as  to  the  Willoughby  pugs  is  entirely  new  so  far  as  we 
had  any  knowledge,  and  it  rather  dissipates  the  prevailing  impression  that 
certainly  existed  thirty  years  ago  that  the  Willoughby  pugs  were  an  old  and 
well  established  strain.  We  recall  the  name  of  the  female  Blondin,  but 
nothing  as  to  the  date  she  was  performing  in  England.  Blondin,  after 
whom  she  was  named,  was  there  in  1858,  so  that  if  we  say  the  Willoughby 
pugs  date  back  to  1860,  that  will  be  near  enough.  This  is  borne  out  by 
what  the  stud  book  shows  as  to  the  introduction  of  the  Willoughby  blood 
into  outside  channels,  for  that  appears  to  have  first  taken  place  about  1867, 
though  one  or  two  older  dogs  are  said  to  have  been  of  Lord  Willoughby's 
strain.  When  it  comes  down  to  names,  however,  this  seems  to  be  the  oldest 
pedigree  we  have — "Mungo,  born  1868,  bred  by  Lord  Willoughby,  by  his 
Ruby  out  of  his  Cora,  out  of  his  Mina.  Ruby  by  Romeo  out  of  Romah, 
out  of  Lady  Shaftesbury's  Cassy."  This  is  a  peculiar  pedigree,  but  even 


7<x>  The  Dog  Book 

as  it  stands  it  is  the  exceptionally  long  one  in  the  first  volume  of  the  stud 
book,  which  was  anything  but  errorless  as  to  names,  breeding  or  reference 
numbers.  The  pedigree  of  Cloudy,  the  great  brood  bitch  Mr.  Mayhew 
refers  to  is  given  as  by  Click  out  of  Topsy,  by  Lamb  out  of  Moss,  whereas 
that  is  the  Click  extension. 

Mr.  Morrison  was  as  old  a  breeder  as  Mrs.  Mayhew,  probably  older 
and  as  his  hostelry  was  a  house  of  call  for  many  persons  his  pugs  became 
well  known.  Outside  of  these  West  end  of  London  breeders,  there  were 
many  throughout  England  who  owned,  exhibited  and  bred  pugs,  but  pedi- 
gree was  very  little  thought  of  and  very  few  pugs  were  equipped  with  one. 
We  may  take  it  however  that  the  very  great  majority  of  the  pugs,  prior  to 
the  Willoughby  and  the  Pekin  introductions  were  descendants  of  Dutch 
pugs,  or  of  pugs  which  came  from  China  some  time  during  the  seventeenth 
century.  In  the  Bloomfield  Moore  collection  of  pottery  in  Centennial 
Hall,  Philadelphia,  we  saw  a  good  many  years  ago  a  cropped  pug  with  two 
puppies  in  Delft  ware,  which  was  dated  as  seventeenth  century  production, 
but  on  making  enquiry  regarding  it,  for  the  purpose  of  illustration,  investi- 
gation was  made  and  it  was  found  that  the  date  given  was  wrong  and  it  is 
not  believed  to  be  over  one  hundred  years  old. 

The  usefulness  of  the  Click  blood  seems  to  have  been  in  the  produc- 
tion of  successful  dams,  for  outside  of  Odin  and  Toby,  the  sire  of  Dr.  Cryer's 
Dolly  it  is  hardly  possible  to  trace  back  to  Click  in  the  male  line.  On  the 
other  hand  we  find  in  that  very  hard-to-get  and  useful  book  Dr.  Cryer  pub- 
lished in  1891,  "Prize  Pugs,"  his  extensions  of  pedigrees  of  the  leading 
winning  dogs  of  America  up  to  that  time  show  that  fifty  per  cent,  of  them, 
and  those  including  nearly  all  the  best  dogs,  had  this  Click  cross.  Bob  Ivy, 
Dr.  Cryer's  best  production  had  three  crosses,  being  inbred  to  Dolly  on  the 
sire's  side,  and  Dolly  was  by  Toby,  and  on  the  dam's  side  going  back  to  Vic, 
by  Click  out  of  Leech's  or  Lock's  Judy.  This  Vic  was  also  the  dam  of 
Turn  Turn  II,  a  remarkably  good  dog  by  Max.  Imported  Othello  also 
traces  to  Vic.  From  the  Click-Gypsey  cross  we  find  Judy,  dam  of  Tragedy, 
and  from  the  Click-Topsy  came  Cloudy,  who  was  dam  of  Comedy,  also  of 
Dowager  the  dam  of  Queen  Rose  and  Duchess  of  Connaught.  Queen 
Rose  was  dam  of  Champion  Loris.  Cloudy  was  also  dam  of  Lady  Flora, 
whose  daughter  Lady  Cloudy  was  the  dam  of  Kash,  a  prominent  winner 
here  in  1889  and  1890. 

There  was  quite  a  run  on  the  get  of  the  dog  Toby  on  the  part  of  Ameri- 


The  Pug  701 

can  exhibitors  after  Dr.  Cryer's  Dolly  had  made  her  mark,  and  Lord  Nelson 
and  Miss  Whitney's  Young  Toby  were  by  him.  Toby  was  by  Click  out  of 
Mrs.  Mayhew's  Hebe,  by  Crusoe  out  of  Phyllis  a  part  Willoughby  bitch. 
Notwithstanding  we  had  some  close-up  descendants  of  this  inbred  Pekin 
strain  of  pug,  not  one  of  the  entire  number  that  were  exhibited  showed  any 
indication  of  the  build  of  Lamb  and  Moss,  the  long  and  low  type  which  Mr. 
Mayhew  says  they  were  and  which  we  see  in  most  of  the  long-haired  Peki- 
nese which  have  come  direct  from  China  to  England  or  here.  Dr.  Ivy, 
father  of  the  then  little  boy  after  whom  Dr.  Cryer  named  his  best  pro- 
duction, very  kindly  sent  us  from  Shanghai  photographs  of  what  the  owner 
named  Pekin  pugs,  and  Dr.  Ivy  said  the  dog  was  a  high  class  specimen. 
This  we  submitted  to  Mr.  Mayhew  to  see  how  the  dog  might  conform  to 
his  recollection  of  Lamb  and  Moss,  and  he  replied  as  follows :  "There  is 
no  more  resemblance  to  Lamb  or  Moss  than  to  any  pug  of  the  present  day. 
Neither  Lamb,  Moss  nor  Click  had  a  white  hair,  nor  had  any  of  the  lat- 
ter's  progeny.  The  dog  is  apparently  a  smooth  Pekinese,  just  as  there 
are  smooth  coated  specimens  in  the  rough  coated  varieties  of  terriers. 
Lamb,  Moss  and  Click  were  as  profuse  coated  -as  are  the  descendants  of  a 
certain  line  of  smooth  fox  terriers.  A  very  large  proportion  of  Click's  sons 
and  daughters,  however,  had  the  orthodox  length  of  coat,  nor  was  it  trans- 
mitted in  subsequent  generations. " 

The  first  pug  of  quality  shown  in  this  country  was  Dr.  Cryer's  Roderick, 
a  dog  of  nice  size,  handicapped  by  very  straight  hind  legs  to  the  extent  of 
being  double  jointed.  It  was  this  defect  that  enabled  Mrs.  Pue's  larger  dog 
George  to  defeat  him  in  the  majority  of  cases  when  they  met.  Both  of 
these  dogs  were  inferior  to  little  Banjo,  which  was  one  of  the  kennel  of  dogs 
brought  over  in  1881  by  Mr.  Mason,  but  which  unfortunately  was  smothered 
while  in  transit  to  London,  Ont.,  show  that  fall.  He  was  the  sire  of  Lovat, 
one  of  the  very  best  show  dogs  and  sires  of  his  day  in  England.  Of  the 
bitches  of  that  time  the  best  by  a  good  margin  was  Mr.  Knight's  EfHe  which 
won  in  the  open  class  at  New  York  in  1882,  beating  Dr.  Cryer's  Dolly,  Effie 
afterwards  won  three  championships  at  New  York,  but  unfortunately  she 
was  a  non-breeder.  The  next  good  pug  was  the  dog  which  was  here  known 
as  Joe,  but  whose  proper  name  was  Zulu  II,  the  change  of  name  being  the 
result  of  an  error  on  the  part  of  the  young  man  sent  over  from  England  in 
charge  of  Miss  Lee's  dogs.  The  real  Joe  was  sold  as  Zulu  II  before  the 
dogs  went  to  Pittsburgh  show  and  Zulu  II  was  shown  as  Joe  and  got  second 


702  The  Dog  Book 

to  Sambo.  Dr.  Cryer  wanted  to  buy  "Joe"  and  offered  the  catalogue 
price  of  fifteen  pounds  to  the  secretary  of  the  show,  who  declined  it  saying 
that  he  had  bought  the  dog.  The  fact  is  that  the  young  man  had  found  out 
his  mistake  and  got  the  officials  to  protect  him.  Coming  back  to  New  York 
the  young  man  got  short  of  funds  and  left  the  dog  to  pay  his  board  bill,  the 
owner  then  went  to  Mr.  Mortimer  who  recognised  the  dog  and  bought  him, 
and  at  the  New  York  show  of  a  few  weeks  later  Joe  appeared  in  his  new 
owners  name  and  won.  There  was  quite  a  little  talk  about  the  seeming 
peculiarity  of  these  proceedings,  but  it  was  all  cleared  up  and  the  bona- 
fides  of  Mr.  Mortimer's  purchase  thoroughly  established.  Joe,  as  he  con- 
tinued to  be  called  was  by  Comedy  out  a  pedigreeless  bitch,  and  he  con- 
tinued his  successful  career  till  1887,  winning  altogether  twelve  champion- 
ships, most  of  them  for  Mr.  George  H.  Hill,  of  Madeira,  O.  He  was  also 
the  sire  of  a  number  of  good  pugs. 

After  Joe  the  next  good  dog  imported  was  Bradford  Ruby,  a  son  of 
Lovat.  An  excellent  pug,  just  a  trifle  large,  and  slightly  leggy.  This  dog 
had  won  many  prizes  before  being  imported,  but  when  he  made  his  first 
appearance  here  at  the  New  York  show,  the  late  Hugh  Dalziel,  who  ought 
to  have  not  only  known  what  a  good  pug  was,  but  also  known  what  pug  this 
was,  gave  Bradford  Ruby  a  v.  h.c.  card.  There  were  sixteen  dogs  in  the 
open  class,  which  shows  how  popular  pugs  were  at  that  time,  but  all  the  good 
dogs  were  in  the  v.h.c.  division  and  the  three  placed  animals  were  plain, 
ordinary  specimens,  not  one  of  which  distinguished  himself  after  that.  As  it 
was  now  necessary  to  win  three  firsts  in  open  classes  before  getting  to  the 
champion  class  Bradford  Ruby's  record  in  the  latter  class  is  not  so  good 
as  that  of  Joe,  but  he  won  nine  firsts  in  the  champion  class.  After  Ruby 
came  Master  Tragedy,  Othello  and  Lord  Clover,  none  of  them  in  the  class 
of  Ruby.  Othello  was  really  the  best  of  the  three,  but  he  was  rather  large 
and  his  colour  smutty.  Master  Tragedy  fell  far  short  of  what  we  expected 
on  his  English  reputation. 

The  home-bred  pugs  of  Dr.  Cryer  now  became  the  prominent  feature 
in  the  breed,  beginning  with  his  Max  and  Bessie,  both  out  of  imported  Dolly, 
who  was  by  the  Click  dog  Toby.  Then  came  Dude  also  out  of  Dolly,  but 
he  was  sold,  and  finally  Dude's  son  Bob  Ivy.  "  Little  Bob "  was  a  fitting 
culmination  to  the  doctor's  breeding,  for  business  now  compelled  him  to 
gradually  give  up  the  fascinations  of  improving  and  showing  pugs.  Bob 
Ivy  was  a  very  nice  little  dog  in  every  way,  and  his  size  was  all  one  could 


The  Pug  703 

desire.  Bessie  used  to  beat  him  for  the  specials  for  best  in  the  show,  but 
after  the  little  dog  had  matured  he  was  hard  to  beat.  In  front  of  him  at 
New  York  in  1890  was  a  very  smart  young  imported  dog,  Tim,  by  the  En- 
glish dog  Max,  but  he  died  the  same  year.  As  the  pedigree  of  Bob  Ivy 
covers  the  ground  very  fully  for  most  of  the  pedigrees  of  dogs  of  that  time  we 
give  it  in  full. 

Bob  Ivy — Bred  and  owned  by  Dr.  M.  H.  Cryer;  born  April  23,  1888.' 
Pedigree : 

Teh.  Punch  (E.  6761) 

, „    ,.  (  Ch. Roderick J      B7  Lord  Willoughby't  Jumbo 

La.  Max J  | 

(  Imp.  Dolly (_  Morris'  Judy 

Sire: 


Ch.  Dude 


Click  . .  . .  j  Lamb,  from  Pekin 


Moss,  from  Pekin 
Toby....' 

(  Crusoe 

Limp.  Dolly J  I  Hebe )  (  Tomahawk 

I  Phyllis.  3 

(  Ch.  Punch  (  Fatima  II.  <   ,, 

Liz....J  t  Fatima 

(  Molly,   by   Ch.   Baron 

•Imp.  f Othello  ..../Skylark., 

n^.ii^  I  Jud7 


eo....  .. 

.......  J  lJud7  (Max  .....  J  Sam 

(  Turn  Turn  II  ....  J  (  Rose 

I  Scamp  II...  J  .  ( 

(  Belle  Petite  ......  [.Vic..  J  '    1 


Othello 
D*m: 

Vesta  ......................  J  I  Scamp  II...  J  .  (Lamb 

Moss 

ImP-  1  Leech's  Judy 

.      (Pedigree  unknown) 

Pugs  went  on  the  down  grade  after  1890  and  with  the  arrival  of  new 
attractions  in  the  way  of  toy  dogs,  such  as  Pomeranians  and  the  pushing  of 
Japanese  and  English  spaniels  to  the  front,  they  became  fewer  by  degrees 
and  beautifully  less  until  we  have  now  to  rely  almost  entirely  upon  one  ex- 
hibitor, the  well  known  Al.  Eberhardt,  of  Camp  Dennison,  O.  It  looked 
at  one  time  as  if  there  might  be  a  turn  for  the  better,  that  being  when  Mrs. 
Howard  Gould  was  showing  a  few  black  pugs,  but  they  did  not  catch  on  as 
they  should  have  and  it  is  Eberhardt's  pugs  or  a  blank  at  nearly  all  the 
shows  for  the  past  year  or  two. 

There  is  no  reason  why  this  breed  should  be  neglected  in  this  way. 
Compare  the  pug  with  any  of  the  popular  fancies  and  it  will  stand  the  test. 
Tastes  differ,  but  to  our  mind  the  character  and  beauty  of  wrinkle  in  the 
head  of  such  a  dog  as  Ding  Dong  is  far  ahead  of  the  abnormally  deve- 
loped Japanese  spaniel,  for  instance.  Look  at  the  care  called  for  by  these 


704  The  Dog  Book 

long  coated  dogs,  and  the  impossibility  of  making  a  pet  and  com- 
panion of  any  of  the  long,  silky-coated  toys.  The  pug  needs  no  more  cod- 
dling than  a  hardy  terrier,  nor  any  more  care  in  coat.  He  is  a  dog  that  has 
always  had  a  reputation  for  keeping  himself  clean  and  tidy  and  they  used  to 
say  that  he  had  less  doggy  perfume  than  any  other  house  dog.  He  may  not 
be  quite  so  demonstrative  as  some  of  the  effervescing  little  toys,  but  he  is 
just  as  intelligent  and  has  a  dignity  and  composure  all  his  own. 

Ere  long  we  fully  expect  to  see  the  black  pugs  become  popular  for  they 
are  certainly  very  attractive  in  their  brilliant  coat  of  black  satin.  As  Mr. 
Mayhew  says  they  are  apt  to  be  "tight-skinned"  and  fail  to  show  the 
wrinkle  such  as  Ding  Dong  displays,  but  a  few  do  show  improvement  in  that 
direction  and  it  is  only  a  matter  of  careful  selection  and  breeding  such  as 
one  has  to  carry  out  in  all  breeds  to  reach  success.  There  is  a  good  field 
here  for  those  who  want  to  take  up  something  that  is  bound  eventually  to 
become  a  popular  breed. 

The  illustrations  of  old  pugs  are  copied  from  Dr.  Cryer's  "Prize  Pugs" 
the  publication  of  which  we  supervised  and  necessarily  passed  upon  the  pen 
and  ink  drawings  by  Miss  Cutler.  These  were  worked  over  solio  prints, 
the  half  tone  process  not  having  then  been  developed,  and  they  stood 
the  test  of  very  critical  examination  as  faithfully  reproducing  the  originals 
in  all  detail. 

Considering  the  lack  of  competition  and  the  small  number  of  pugs 
being  bred  there  has  been  no  such  deterioration  in  what  are  now  shown  as 
might  be  expected.  We  may  not  have  pugs  up  to  the  standard  of  the  best  of 
the  old  days  when  classes  of  from  ten  to  fifteen  was  the  rule,  but  on  the 
other  hand  we  have  not  the  long  tail  of  poor  ones  then  to  be  seen.  We  have 
kept  closer,  to  the  ideal  size  than  they  seem  to  have  done  in  England,  where 
some  pug  breeders  want  to  raise  the  weight  to  accomodate  dogs  of  the  old 
Comedy  and  Tragedy  days.  We  formerly  considered  a  pug  of  12  pounds  the 
ideal  size,  but  had  to  put  up  with  larger  ones  when  he  could  not  get  that. 
Bradford  Ruby  at  16  pounds  was  considered  as  winning  in  spite  of  his 
being  somewhat  large. 

There  is  a  Pug  Club  in  England  which  adopted  a  slightly  changed 
description  and  standard  from  that  published  in  the  Book  of  the  Dog  and 
in  one  instance  at  least  it  is  not  an  improvement.  It  allows  rose  ears,  which 
are  not  pug  ears  by  any  means.  The  only  correct  ear  for  a  pug  is  the  drop 
ear,  small  and  very  dark  in  colour.  Twenty  years  ago  no  one  ever  thought 


Photograph  byj.  A  .  Rodger,  Bronghty  Ferry 
CHAMPION   POUF  POUF 
Property  of  Miss  Neish,  The  Laws,  Dundee 


: 


PEKINESE  PUG  KREUGER 

Property  of  Mrs.  E.  B.  Guyer.  Philadelphia 

Imported  from  Pekin 


PEKINESE   PUG 


Photograph  fyJ.-A  .fiofger,  Bronghty  Ferry 

LAWS,  I)EtiTA     : 
Property  of  Miss  Neish,  The  Laws,  Dundee  ' 


Photograph  byj.  A  .  Rodger,  Bronghty  Ferry 

BON   BON 
Property  of  Miss  Neish,  The  Laws,  Dundee 


Photograph  by  Yitig  Cheong,  Shanghai 
PEKINESE  PUG  LADY 


The  two  lower  photographs  are  of  "  short-haired  "  pugs,  chestnut  brindle  and  white,  and  are  owned  by  Miss  Deady  Keane 
of  Shanghai.  The  close  similarity  between  Mrs.  Guyer's  black  pug  from  Pekin  and  the  English  dogs  of  Miss  Neish  is  verj 
apparent. 


ery 


The  Pug  705 

of  such  a  thing  as  a  rose  ear  for  a  pug  and  it  should  not  be  allowed  now. 
The  scale  of  points  is  also  cut  up  too  much  so  that  an  imperfection  amounts 
to  but  little.  For  instance  a  weak,  or  small,  pinched  muzzle,  which  is  about 
the  worst  fault  a  pug  can  have  can  only  cause  a  cut  of  five  points  out  of  the 
hundred.  It  is  better  to  lump  the  head  and  ears  as  15  points  and  then  a  cut 
for  a  bad  fault  means  something.  Another  fault  of  a  cut-up  scale  is  that  minor 
points  are  made  to  equal  important  ones,  such  as  in  this  case  we  have  feet, 
muzzle,  mask  and  wrinkles  all  at  5  points  each,  whereas  the  relative  merits 
of  muzzle,  mask  or  wrinkles  are  20  to  5  compared  with  feet.  With  these 
comments  we  present  the  standard. 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Symmetry. — Decidedly  square  and  cobby.  A  lean  pug,  and  a  dog  with 
short  legs  and  long  body  are  equally  objectionable. 

Size  and  Condition. — The  pug  should  be  multum  in  parvo,  but  the  con- 
densation should  be  shown  by  compactness  of  form,  well-knit  proportions 
and  hardness  of  developed  muscle.  The  weight  recommended  as  being 
the  best  is  from  12  to  16  pounds. 

Body. — Short  and  cobby,  wide  in  chest  and  well  ribbed  up. 

Legs. — Very  strong,  straight,  of  moderate  length  and  well  set  under. 

Feet. — Neither  so  long  as  the  foot  of  the  hare,  nor  so  round  as  that  of 
the  cat,  well-split-up  toes,  nails  black. 

Muzzle. — Short,  blunt,  square,  but  not  up-faced. 

Head. — Large,  massive,  round,  not  apple-headed,  with  no  indentation 
of  the  skull. 

Eyes. — Dark  in  colour,  very  large,  bold  and  prominent,  globular  in 
shape,  soft  and  solicitous  in  expression,  very  lustrous,  and  when  excited 
full  of  fire. 

Ears. — Thin,  small,  soft  like  black  velvet.  There  are  two  kinds,  the 
rose  and  button,  preference  being  given  to  the  latter.* 

Markings. — Clearly  defined.  The  muzzle  or  mask,  ears,  moles  on 
cheeks,  thumb-mark  or  diamond  on  forehead  and  back  trace  should  be  as 
black  as  possible. 

Mask. — The  mask  should  be  black.  The  more  intense  and  well- 
defined  it  is  the  better. 


*The  rose  ear  is  certainly  not  correct.— J.  W. 


706  The  Dog  Book 

Wrinkles. — Large    and    deep. 

"Trace. — A  black  line  extending  from  the  occiput  to  the  tail. 
Tail. — Curled  tightly  over  the  hip.     The  double  curl  is  perfection. 
Coat. — Fine,  smooth,  soft  and  glossy;  neither  hard  nor  woolly. 
Colour. — Silver  fawn,  apricot  fawn  or  black.*    Each  should  be  decided 
to  make  contrast  complete  between  the  colour  and  the  trace  or  mask. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 


Size  ... 

c 

Mask  

c 

Trace  

j 

c 

Condition 

j 
c 

Wrinkles  .  .  . 

j 
c 

Coat  

j 
c 

Head  

J 
C 

Body  

.  .  .     IO 

Colour  .  .  .  . 

J 

c 

Muzzle  

j 
C 

Lees  . 

c 

Carriage  .  .  , 

J 

c 

Ears  . 

J 

<; 

Feet  . 

J 

^ 

J 

Total  .  100 


*  The  words  "  or  black  "  were  added  to  the  original  description,  without  it  being  observed  that 
the  final  sentence  could  not  apply  to  black.  In  the  case  of  blacks  the  points  for  colour  should  be 
given  for  density  and  freedom  from  rust  in  the  colour. — J.  W. 


CHAPTER   LXII 


THE  FRENCH  BULLDOG 

T  the  time  of  the  war  of  the  ears,  when  all  doggy  society  hung 
breathlessly  while  the  momentous  question  was  being  de- 
cided as  to  whether  it  was  to  be  an  erect  or  a  rose  ear  upon 
the  gentleman  from  France  it  is  a  pity  that  the  question  of 
the  proper  name  was  not  also  taken  up.  At  home  it  is  the 
Bouledouge  Francais  and  as  it  has  not  sufficient  in  common  to  be  a  bull  dog 
proper  the  French  name  might  well  have  been  perpetuated,  as  it  has  now  been 
in  England,  where  there  is  also  a  toy  bulldog  which  takes  care  of  miniature 
bulldogs  under  20  pounds.  The  English  toy  bulldog  club  was  started  as 
an  opposition  to  the  Toy  Bulldog  Club  which  had  decided  to  recognise  bat- 
ears  and  dogs  up  to  28  pounds.  This  club  was  recognised  as  the  rightful 
one  to  look  after  the  toy  bulldog,  but  after  a  great  deal  of  trouble  the  sup- 
porters of  the  bat-eared  dog  have  received  recognition  and  a  classification 
has  been  made  for  the  Boule-Dogue  Francais.  This  we  think  is  a  better 
title  for  the  dog  than  what  we  know  it  by,  the  propriety  of  translating  it  into 
English  and  thus  making  a  bulldog  of  it  being  questionable. 

Another  thing  that  the  club  of  this  country  has  done  is  to  draw  up  a 
standard  of  its  own,  making  alterations  from  that  of  the  home  club  in  Paris. 
When  writing  on  other  breeds  we  have  held  that  the  home  club  is  the  rightful 
one  to  formulate  the  standard  and  keep  it  up  to  date  and  that  it  is  not  proper 
for  a  foreign  club  to  make  material  alterations  so  long  as  the  home  standard 
is  lived  up  to  at  the  headquarters  of  the  breed.  The  Paris  club  does  not 
grade  the  colours,  merely  stating  the  preference  for  brindles,  and  it  does 
distinctly  state  that  black  and  tans  are  to  be  disqualified.  Here  we  have 
graded  colours  and  anything  can  be  shown.  A  cut  tail  is  a  disqualification 
in  Paris  while  here  it  is  merely  "not  desirable. "  A  cut  tailed  dog  in  a  breed 
where  cut  or  docked  tails  are  not  proper  is  a  "faked"  dog  and  we  are  at  a 
loss  to  know  under  what  circumstances  the  French  bulldog  club  of  this 
country  countenanced  the  docking  of  a  tail  which  should  be  shown  naturally 

and  is  only  docked  when  it  is  not  correct  in  shape  or  carriage.     In  the 

707 


708  The  Dog  Book 

matter  of  weight  our  club  has  also  taken  upon  itself  to  ignore  the  French 
standard.  The  latter  calls  for  dogs  under  ten  kilogrammes  and  bitches  un- 
der nine  kilogrammes.  The  English  club  while  following  the  French 
standard  very  closely  did  not  divide  the  sexes  and  says  that  the  weight  should 
be  under  24  pounds.  The  American  club  has  gone  on  a  tack  of  its  own 
entirely  and  divided  by  weight  in  place  of  by  sex,  under  22  pounds  for  the 
lightweight  class  and  22  pounds  and  over  for  the  heavyweight  class.  Ac- 
cording to  that  a  dog  of  26  or  28  pounds  is  eligible  here  whereas  he  would  be 
disqualified  in  any  country  in  Europe.  Alterations  such  as  these  cannot  be 
defended  and  we  are  left  to  surmise  what  the  object  was  in  making  them. 

Whether  the  boule-dogue  Francais  owes  as  much  to  introductions  of  toy 
English  bulldog  blood  as  the  English  writers  say  is  the  case  we  are  not  pre- 
pared to  say.  What  is  very  evident  is  that  there  is  a  marked  difference  in 
certain  respects  between  the  boule-dogue  and  the  miniature  bulldog  as  the 
small  English  toy  bulldog  is  now  called,  a  term  which  well  expresses  what 
the  little  dog  is.  The  boule-dogue  is  not  a  miniature  bulldog  any  more  than 
the  Boston  terrier,  and  the  latter  in  some  respects  has  quite  a  resemblance 
to  the  Parisian  dog.  So  much  have  they  in  common  that  it  would  not  take 
long  to  transform  one  into  the  other,  and  that  French  blood  has  been  intro- 
duced into  the  Boston  is  more  probable  than  Boston  breeders  are  willing  to 
admit.  Knowing  what  the  breeders  in  Boston  have  done  with  the  crude 
material  from  which  they  have  built  up  the  Boston  terrier  we  do  not  place 
a  great  deal  of  value  upon  the  claims  of  English  origin  as  against  French 
cultivation  and  development  of  an  ideal  dog. 

From  some  of  the  illustrations  of  English  dogs  it  is  evident  that  many 
of  the  breeders  and  fanciers  of  that  country  have  not  been  able  to  get  away 
from  the  toy  bulldog  idea  in  connection  with  the  French  dog  and  in  many 
of  them  the  rose  ear  and  the  receding  upper  jaw,  or  protruding  under  jaw, 
show  the  bent  of  the  fancy  toward  the  English  toy  or  miniature  bulldog. 
The  establishment  of  the  two  clubs  in  England  and  the  title  for  the  home 
dog  will,  however,  straighten  this  matter  out  and  divide  the  varieties 
properly.  It  is  somewhat  singular  that  the  American  club  has  almost 
ignored  the  question  of  make  and  shape  of  the  muzzle  and  jaws,  summing 
all  that  very  important  section  of  the  dog  in  eight  words— "jaws  large  and 
powerful,  deep,  square  and  undershot."  This  with  the  information  that 
the  nose  must  be  extremely  short  and  also  be  very  deep  from  the  corner  of 
the  eye  to  the  corner  of  the  mouth  is  all  the  guide  we  have  to  one  of  the  most 


CH.  SARAH  CH.  RICHELIEU 

Property  of  the  Aquehung  Farm  Kennels,  Portchester,  N.  Y 


GAMIN 
Property  of  Mrs.  Goldenberg,  Riverdale-on-Hudson 


LITTLE    MISS   MUFFITT 

A  toy  or  miniature  English  bull  dog.    Owned  by 

Aquehung  Farm  Kennels,  Portchester,  N.  Y. 


M.  BABOT   AND    NINETTE 
Property  of  Mr.  G.  N.  Phelps,  Boston 


MOKA 
Property  of  Mrs.  J.  H.  Hanan,  New  York 


The  French  Bulldog  709 

important  features  of  the  dog  in  its  individuality  as  distinct  from  the  bulldog. 
No  person  who  had  not  an  illustration  to  guide  him  could  by  any  possibility 
construct  in  his  imagination  the  dog  this  standard  is  supposed  to  represent  in 
head  and  any  five  dog  men  capable  of  drawing  a  dog's  head  would  all  differ 
from  each  other  in  the  design  they  would  produce  with  such  a  guide.  With 
the  illustrations  of  good  dogs  as  a  guide  the  difficulty  is  solvable  and  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  muzzle  is  much  on  the  order  of  the  Boston  terrier  and  has  no 
bulldog  lay  back  or  curled  up  under  jaw. 

The  French  bulldog,  as  we  miscall  it,  has  been  quite  a  prominent 
feature  in  the  toy  section  of  American  dogdom  for  the  past  fifteen  years  and 
the  best  evidence  of  his  being  a  good  dog  about  the  house  is  the  way  those 
who  take  up  the  breed  stick  to  it.  Fanciers  of  the  boule-dogue  are  anything 
but  butterflies  but  hold  to  their  pets  with  a  persistence  that  might  well  be 
copied  by  the  men  who  disturb  other  breeds  by  getting  out  before  they  have 
hardly  had  time  to  settle  in  the  fancy.  Not  quite  so  rompy  and  active  as  the 
Boston  terrier  the  boule-dogue  is  nevertheless  as  lively  in  his  movements  as 
any  dog  needs  to  be  about  the  house,  possessing  some  of  the  sedateness  of 
the  pug  in  his  temperament  and  disposition.  He  possesses  the  advantage 
which  all  short  coated  dogs  have  of  being  easily  kept  clean  and  fit  for  the 
house,  requiring  only  good  daily  grooming  to  that  end. 

Close  upon  one  hundred  French  bulldogs  were  benched  at  the  New 
York  show  of  1906  and  half  of  these  were  of  American  breeding,  figures 
which  clearly  show  the  progress  and  good  standing  of  the  breed.  That 
it  is  one  of  the  best  established  was  shown  by  the  entries  of  puppies,  12 
dogs  and  bitches,  so  there  will  be  no  lack  of  competitors  in  the  imme- 
diate future.  While  competition  is  close  and  the  quality  of  the  exhibits 
of  a  high  class  there  is  no  preponderating  kennel,  the  prize  list  being  "well 
broken  up"  which  is  one  of  the  best  things  for  the  progress  of  a  breed. 

In  view  of  the  remarks  upon  the  standards  of  the  French  and  the 
American  clubs  we  give  that  which  governs  at  the  home  of  the  breed. 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

General  appearance. — An  active  and  intelligent  dog,  very  muscular,  of 
compact  structure  and  fairly  large  bone  for  its  size. 

Head. — Very  large,  broad  and  square.  Skull  almost  flat;  cheek 
muscles  well  developed  but  not  protruding.  Eyebrows  prominent  and 


7io  The  Dog  Book 

separated  by  a  strongly  marked  furrow;  stop  very  deep.  The  skin  of  the 
head  loose,  forming  almost  symmetrical  wrinkles  and  folds. 

Jaws. — Broad,  square  and  powerful,  they  should  never  be  pointed  or 
pinched.  The  lower  jaw  projects,  but  if  too  prominent  it  is  a  serious  fault. 
The  lips  should  cover  the  teeth  in  front  and  the  upper  lips  or  flews  should 
fall  below  the  lower  lips  at  the  sides.* 

Eyes. — Dark,  fairly  large,  neither  sunken  nor  too  prominent,  and  show- 
ing no  white  when  turned  toward  you.  Placed  low,  wide  apart  and  there 
should  be  a  good  distance  from  eye  to  ear.  Light  coloured  eyes  are  a  bad 
fault,  and  eyes  of  different  colours  are  a  disqualification. 

Nose. — Black,  like  the  lips  and  muzzle. 

Ears. — Erect,  known  by  the  name  of  bat-ears.  Medium  size,  wide 
at  the  base  and  rounded  at  the  points.  Placed  high  on  the  head,  but  not  too 
close  together  and  always  carried  erect.  The  entire  orifice  should  be  seen 
from  the  front.  Leather  soft  and  fine.  Rose  ears  not  admissable. 

Chest. — Broad    and    deep. 

Back. — Short,  broad  and  muscular,  showing  a  graceful  curve,  with  the 
highest  point  at  the  loins,  and  dropping  quickly  to  the  tail. 

Loins. — Short  and  muscular,  giving  plenty  of  liberty  to  the  movement. 

Belly '„ — Tucked  up  at  the  loins;  not  fat  or  drooping. 

Legs. — Forelegs  short,  wide  apart,  straight  and  muscular.  Hindlegs 
strong  and  muscular,  with  hocks  well  let  down. 

Feet. — Small,  compact  and  slightly  turned  out.  Toes  close  and  well 
knuckled  up.  Short  thick  nails.  Hind  feet  slightly  longer  than  forefeet. 

Tail. — Set  on  low,  thick  at  root,  short  and  tapering,  either  straight 
or  screwed  and  devoid  of  feather.  A  gay  carriage  of  tail  is  a  serious  fault. 

Coat. — Short,  close  and  soft.     Should  be  neither  hard  nor  thin. 

Colour. — Dark  brindle  preferred.     Black  and  tan  a  disqualification. 

Height. — 12  inches  at  the  withers. 

Weight. — Dogs  under  22  pounds;  bitches  under  20  pounds. 


*Flews  should  be  pendulous. — J.W. 


CHAPTER  LXIII 
THE  YORKSHIRE  TERRIER 

LD-TIME  authorities  who  never  seemed  to  understand  that 
any  breed  of  dog  could  have  any  origin  other  than  a  cross 
between  two  other  breeds  would  be  puzzled  to  say  how  the 
Yorkshire  terrier  originated,  if  they  now  saw  it  for  the 
first  time.  No  better  argument  can  be  advanced  against 
this  crossing  theory  than  this  little  dog.  Sixty  years  are  as  far  as  we  can  go 
back  in  Yorkshire  pedigrees  and  we  then  come  to  Swift's  Old  Crab  and 
Kershaw's  Old  Kitty,  the  former  of  which  was  a  long  coated  black  and  tan 
terrier  and  the  latter  of  drop-eared  Skye  type,  blue  in  colour.  She  was 
stolen  from  Manchester  and  at  last  got  into  the  hands  of  J.  Kershaw  of  Hali- 
fax. Swift  was  also  a  Haligonian,  but  went  to  Manchester  and  when  there 
he  got  Crab.  That  is  the  only  line  we  can  trace  which  takes  us  back  as  far 
as  1850,  but  as  fifty  out  of  the  eighty  "Broken-haired  Scotch  and  Yorkshire 
terriers,"  in  the  first  stud  book  have  no  pedigree  and  only  one,  outside  of 
Huddersfield  Ben  and  his  descendants,  traces  to  Old  Crab  and  Old  Kitty, 
it  is  plainly  evident  that  there  were  other  factors  at  work  in  the  formation 
of  this  wonderful  little  dog. 

No  person  knew  more  about  the  origin  and  growth  of  the  Yorkshire 
terrier  than  the  late  Mrs.  M.  A.  Foster  of  Bradford  and  it  was  her  Hudders- 
field Ben  that  perfected  the  breed.  Mrs.  Foster  replied  to  us  in  1885  re- 
garding the  pedigree  of  the  dog  Bradford  Hero,  as  follows: — "The  pedi- 
gree of  Bradford  Hero  includes  all  the  best  dogs  for  thirty  five  years  back, 
and  they  were  all  originally  bred  from  Scotch  terriers,  and  shown  as  such 
until  a  few  years  back.  The  name  of  Yorkshire  terrier  was  given  to  them 
on  account  of  their  being  improved  so  much  in  Yorkshire."  The  terrier 
Mrs.  Foster  meant  when  she  used  the  word  Scotch,  was  not  our  Scottish 
terrier,  but  the  old  useful  nondescript  which  was  a  demon  for  rats  and  other 
vermin.  Everything  about  twelve  to  twenty  pounds  that  was  rough  in  coat, 
and  moderately  high  on  the  leg  was  called  Scotch,  but  generally  they  were 

sandy.     The  pith  of  Mrs.  Foster's  statement  is  that  they  were  merely  the 

711 


712  The  Dog  Book 

common  rough-haired  dogs,  which  for  many  years  were  named  "broken- 
haired"  terriers  in  middle  England  and  as  late  as  1880.  We  once  or  twice 
showed  Irish  terriers  in  that  class,  but  the  hopelessness  of  beating  the  crack 
Yorkshires  stopped  that  waste  of  entry  money. 

From  the  fact  that  Airedales  and  Yorkshires,  the  giants  and  the  pig- 
mies of  English  terriers,  were  developed  in  the  same  Yorkshire  district  and 
are  also  born  black  and  tan  and  change  their  coat  colour  later,  we  have  long 
held  that  they  are  descendants  of  one  parent  stock.  It  takes  a  person  who 
knows  the  English  workingman  to  appreciate  what  fanciers  owe  to  him. 
Few  of  them  did  much  reading,  outside  of  the  weekly  paper,  and  if  the  pub- 
lic house  did  not  take  all  their  spare  time  and  cash,  something  else  had  to 
fill  up  this  spare  time.  With  the  physically  strong  it  might  be  the  prize 
ring  or  wrestling,  with  others  the  winning  of  a  Sheffield  handicap  would 
beckon  them  to  the  running  path,  or  it  might  be  the  purely  Yorkshire  game 
of  knur  and  spell.  But  all  did  not  possess  sporting  fancies,  so  dogs, 
pigeons,  singing  birds,  rabbits  and  the  various  breeds  of  fowls  have  all  felt 
the  influence  of  the  workingmen  and  mill  operatives  of  Yorkshire.  In  the 
dog  line  there  was  the  man  of  the  fighting  dog,  the  poacher,  and  the  man 
who  found  sport  along  the  watercourses  or  on  the  moorlands.  These  men 
bred  the  Airedale,  starting  with  a  useful  moderate  sized  black — or  grizzled- 
and-tan  terrier.  Smaller  dogs  of  the  same  breed  were  doubtless  treated  as 
fancy  dogs  by  those  who  had  not  the  same  desire  for  sport  and  with  them 
extra  length  of  coat,  its  silky  texture  or  the  evenness  of  its  later  developed 
colour  attracted  attention  and  it  was  these  men  who  developed  the  York- 
shire terrier  and  are  the  ones  who  breed  it  to-day. 

If  you  want  to  buy  a  fox  terrier  you  go  to  one  of  the  large  exhibitors  and 
may  see  from  twenty  to  fifty  dogs  in  their  kennels  or  enclosures,  and  with 
almost  all  breeds  it  is  approximately  the  same.  But  if  a  Yorkshire  terrier 
is  wanted  a  visit  to  Halifax,  Bradford  or  Manchester  is  about  the  best  thing 
and  after  a  good  deal  of  inquiry  you  will  be  advised  to  go  and  see  Jack 
Oldroyd,  we  will  call  him.  The  address  will  be  one  of  those  stereotyped 
little  cottages  which  cluster  in  all  mill  cities.  There  may  be  a  parlour,  but 
as  likely  as  not  if  your  errand  is  known  you  will  be  ushered  into  the  room  of 
all  use.  If  it  is  your  first  visit  you  will  wonder  where  the  dogs  are,  but  after 
a  little  chat  Jack  will  rise  from  his  chair,  open  a  door  below  the  kitchen 
dresser  and  out  will  run  a  Yorkshire  with  coat  slightly  oiled,  its  head  coat 
tied  off  its  face  and  linen  or  chamois  leather  boots  on  its  hind  feet,  the  one 


CHAMPION  MAURICE 
Property  of  Mrs.  E.  L.  Pulsifer,  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y. 


LL'GENIE 
Property  of  Mrs.  Lennox,  New  York 


CH.  RICO 

Property  of  Shawmut  Kennels,  Boston 


ANGE  PITOU 
Property  of  Mrs.  E.  J.  Conill,  Cuba 


CH.  DICK  DE   LA  MARE  II. 

Property  of  Aquehung  Farm  Kennels, 
Portchester,  N.  Y. 


Prqpej-ty  of   Farmholm  Kennels, 
^        Sfoniogtop,  JCoiPn. :  i  _-  ; 


GRISETTE 

Property  of  Aquehung  Farm  Kennels, 
Portchester,  N.  Y. 


PETIT   FEE 

Property  of  Aquehung  Farm  Kennels, 
Portchester,  N.  Y. 


The  Yorkshire  Terrier  713 

to  prevent  the  coat  kinking  and  the  other  to  prevent  the  hind  toes  pulling 
or  breaking  the  coat  in  case  of  the  dog  scratching.  Its  bed  is  the  plain 
board  of  the  floor  of  its  little  kennel  with  nothing  for  the  hair  to  catch  in, 
for  its  coat  is  worth  more  than  its  weight  in  gold.  You  may  see  a  dozen, 
dogs  in  that  kitchen,  one  after  the  other  just  in  that  way,  and  that  is  how 
they  keep  and  rear  this  beautiful  little  gem  of  the  dog  family. 

If  reference  is  made  to  the  plate  facing  page  404  an  illustration  from 
the  first  and  second  editions  of  Stonehenge's  authoritative  "Dogs  of  the 
British  Islands"  will  be  found.  The  dog  to  the  left  and  beyond  the  white 
broken-haired  terrier  was  what  he  then  took  as  representative  of  the  York- 
shire terrier.  He  was  writing  of  the  usual  run  of  rough  terriers  to  be  seen 
in  1868  and  went  on  to  say:  "Sometimes  his  coat  is  of  a  silky  texture,  and 
in  this  case  he  is  generally  of  a  blue-fawn  or  blue-tan  colour.  Our  illus- 
tration represents  a  very  beautiful  specimen  of  this  sort,  belonging  to  Mr. 
Spink  of  Bradford.  He  is  the  type  of  his  class — a  class  deservedly  popular 
with  all  admirers  of  rough  terriers,  and  in  which  he  is  famous."  The  name 
of  this  dog  was  Bounce  and  he  won  a  third  prize  at  Manchester  in  1887. 
His  sire  was  Spink's  Sandy  who  was  by  Haigh's  Teddy  and  he  by  Old 
Crab  out  of  Old  Kitty,  the  very  beginnings  of  Yorkshire  pedigrees. 

Eleven  years  later  the  third  edition  of  Stonehenge  was  published,  and 
for  the  first  time  the  breed  had  a  descriptive  chapter  and  a  name.  Dalziel 
wrote  the  Yorkshire  article,  but  Stonehenge  had  this  to  say  in  his  intro- 
ductory remarks  to  Book  III,  which  included  terriers  other  than  fox  or 
toy — "  Since  the  first  edition  of  this  book  was  published,  a  considerable  change 
has  taken  place  in  the  type  of  several  of  the  terrier  family.  At  that  time 
the  Yorkshire  terrier  was  represented  by  an  animal  only  slightly  differing 
from  the  old  Scotch  dog,  his  shape  being  nearly  or  exactly  the  same,  and 
his  coat  differing  simply  in  being  more  silky.  Such  an  animal  was  Mr. 
Spink's  Bounce  and  by  comparing  his  portrait  with  that  of  Mrs.  Foster's 
Huddersfield  Ben  it  will  readily  be  seen  that  a  great  development  of  coat 
has  been  accomplished  in  the  latter." 

We  have  said  that  Huddersfield  Ben  perfected  the  breed,  but  that  only 
refers  to  the  type  of  the  breed  and  is  not  meant  to  imply  that  we  have  made 
no  progress  since  then.  What  has  been  done  is  gaining  a  still  greater  length 
of  coat,  the  result  of  the  additional  twenty  years  of  breeding  and  selection. 
On  the  other  hand  this  persistent  effort  for  length  of  coat  has  been  partly 
at  the  cost  of  colour,  which  is  quite  as  important  as  the  length  of  the  coat. 


714  The  Dog  Book 

In  Mrs.  Foster's  time  the  coat  had  to  be  an  even  steel-blue  body,  with  sound 
tan  head  and  legs,  the  tan  going  lighter  on  the  top  of  the  head.  When  the 
length  of  the  coat  became  the  prominent  feature  aimed  at,  the  even  shade 
of  the  body  coat  was  then  made  less  of,  with  the  result  that  we  at  times 
have  dogs  too  dark,  more  black  than  blue  and  others  too  grey  in  tone. 
With  all  the  good  dogs  so  long-coated  as  they  are  at  the  present  time,  attention 
should  be  directed  to  this  question  of  colour  and  judges  should  put  more 
value  on  a  good  coloured  dog  so  as  to  emphasise  the  importance  of  this 
property  in  the  Yorkshire. 

This  is  one  of  the  breeds  which  can  hardly  be  considered  as  a  house  dog. 
At  least  you  cannot  combine  the  show  and  the  pet  dog  in  one  animal.  If  it  is 
a  show  dog  it  has  to  be  kept  in  the  manner  described  in  the  supposed  visit 
to  a  Yorkshire  breeder's  home,  and  cannot  be  made  a  house  pet  of  or  the 
coat  would  soon  be  ruined  for  show  purposes.  All  dogs  are  not  good  enough 
to  show  and  such  as  are  not  make  bright  and  intelligent  house  dogs.  Even 
then,  however,  they  call  for  care  and  attention  to  keep  the  coat  free  from 
snarls  or  matting  and  as  they  never  look  at  all  like  the  dogs  at  the  shows 
they  may  be  a  little  disappointing,  perhaps,  to  their  owners,  though  that  is 
not  likely  to  be  acknowledged,  even  it  does  enter  into  an  owner's  head.  Our 
business  is  not,  however,  with  pets  but  the  show  specimens  and  the  standard 
by  which  they  are  judged  is  as  follows:— 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

General  Appearance. — Should  be  that  of  a  long-coated  pet-dog,  the 
coat  hanging  quite  straight  and  evenly  down  each  side,  parting  extending 
from  the  nose  to  the  end  of  the  tail.  The  animal  should  be  very  compact 
and  neat,  the  carriage  being  very  upright,  and  having  an  important  air. 
Although  the  frame  is  hidden  beneath  a  mantle  of  hair,  the  general  outline 
should  be  such  as  to  suggest  a  vigorous  and  well-proportioned  body. 

Head. — Should  be  rather  small  and  flat,  not  too  prominent  or  round 
in  skull;  rather  broad  in  the  muzzle;  perfectly  black  nose;  the  hair  on  the 
muzzle  very  long,  and  should  be  a  rich  deep,  tan,  not  sooty  or  grey.  Under 
the  chin  long  hair  and  about  the  same  colour  as  the  centre  of  the  head,  which 
should  be  a  bright  golden  tan,  and  not  on  any  account  intermingled  with 
dark  or  sooty  hairs.  Hair  on  the  sides  of  the  head  should  be  very  long  and 
a  few  shades  deeper  tan  than  in  the  centre  of  the  head,  especially  about  the 
ear  roots. 


The  Yorkshire  Terrier  715 

Eyes. — Medium,  dark  and  sparkling;  having  a  sharp  terrier  expression, 
and  so  placed  as  to  look  directly  forward.  They  should  not  be  prominent, 
and  the  edge  of  the  eye-lid  should  be  of  a  dark  colour. 

Ears. — Small,  V-shaped,  and  carried  semi-erect4;  colour  to  be  a  very 
deep  rich  tan. 

Mouth. — Perfectly  even,  with  teeth  as  sound  as  possible.  An  animal 
having  lost  any  teeth  through  accident  not  a  fault,  provided  the  teeth  are 
even. 

Body. — Very  compact  and  a  good  loin.     Level  on  top  of  the  back. 

Coat. — The  hair  as  long  and  straight  as  possible  (not  woolly),  colour 
a  bright  steel  blue,  extending  from  the  back  of  the  head  to  the  root  of  the 
tail,  and  on  no  account  intermingled  with  fawn,  light  or  dark  hairs. 

Legs' — Quite  straight  and  covered  with  hair  of  a  rich,  golden  tan,  a  few 
shades  lighter  at  the  end  than  at  the  roots;  not  extending  higher  than  the 
elbow  nor  on  the  hind  legs  than  the  stifle. 

Feet. — As  round  as  possible,  and  the  toe  nails  black. 

Tail. — Cut  to  medium  length;  with  plenty  of  hair,  darker  blue  than 
the  rest  of  the  body,  especially  at  the  end  of  the  tail,  and  carried  a  little 
higher  than  the  level  of  the  back. 

Tan. — All  tan  should  be  darker  at  the  roots  than  in  the  middle,  shading 
to  a  still  lighter  tan  at  the  tips. 

Weight. — Two  classes;  under  5  pounds,  and  5  pounds  to  12  pounds. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 
Symmetry  and  general 

appearance     20         Eyes   5 

Quality  and  quantity  of  coat  on 

head   15         Mouth  5 

Quality  and  quantity  of  coat  on 

back   15         Ears   5 

Tan  15         Legs  and  feet  5 

Head  10        Tail  5 

Total  ....  100 


*Cropping  is  prohibited  in  England. — J.  W- 


ctf    J    i  ^i   L    £ opy right  by  J.  K.  Cole,  New  York 
trf.  OtfEEtt   OF  THE   FAIRIES 
'  <•  property  £>{  MrsVSenn,  New  York 


Photograph  by  Wurst,  New  York 
CH.  ASHTON   PREMIER 
Property  of  Mrs.  Raymond  Mallock 


HUDDERSF1KLD    BEN    AND   KATIE 
From  Stonehenge's  "  Dogs  of  the  British  Isles,"  Third  edition,  if 


Copyright  by  A.  H .  Sahnon,  London 
GROUP  OF  GRIFFONS  BRUXELLOIS 

Property  of  Mrs.  Whaley,  Claxton-on-Sea,  England.     In  the  group  are  Champion  Glenartney  Fifi,  Glenartney  Daphne 

and  Loustin  and  other  noted  winners 


CHAPTER  LXIV 

THE  GRIFFONS  BRUXELLOIS 

HERE  are  two  toy  dogs  in  Beligum  which  differ  only  in  the 
matter  of  coat,  but  which  go  by  different  names  and  are 
too  evidently  of  terrier  extraction  to  call  for  discussion  on 
that  point.  The  rough  dog  is  called  the  Griffons  Brux- 
ellois  and  the  smooth  dog  the  petit  Brabancon.  Of  the 
latter  we  have  had  no  specimens  in  this  country,  but  from  the  illustrations 
in  Count  Bylandt's  "  Dogs  of  all  Nations  "  it  looks  like  a  rather  well  furnished 
and  stumpy-headed  black  and  tan  toy  terrier,  and  black  and  tan  is  one  of  its 
two  colours,  the  other  being  red.  These  smooth  "Brabancons"  come  also 
in  the  litters  of  Griffons  so  that  they  are  undoubtedly  closely  related,  yet 
red  is  the  only  proper  colour  of  the  Griffons  Bruxellois,  though  they  are  now 
introducing  Griffons  of  other  colours  in  England.  Count  Bylandt  calls 
these  other  than  red  dogs  "Petit  Griffon  de  toutes  couleurs,"  and  gives  it  in 
English  "Variety  Belgian  toy  griffon."  He  certainly  should  know  these 
dogs  and  from  his  thus  distinguishing  the  other  colour  dogs  it  is  evident  that 
they  should  not  be  included  in  a  Griffons  Bruxellois  classification,  as  they 
seem  to  be  doing  in  England  at  present. 

If  those  possessing  the  work  referred  to  will  turn  to  the  Hollandsche 
Smoushond,  the  dog  that  fills  the  place  in  Holland  and  Belgium  that  the  old 
Scotch  terrier  did  thirty  years  ago  in  England,  they  will  not  fail  to  find  the 
dog  from  which  the  Griffons  Bruxellois  sported  as  a  lady's  pet.  Many  years 
ago  we  saw  a  diminutive  breed  of  "Scotch"  terriers  a  London  cabman  had 
developed,  which  bore  a  great  resemblance  to  the  Griffons  Bruxellois,  except 
in  the  monkey  face,  but  as  the  man  we  refer  to  was  breeding  a  toy  terrier  he 
undoubtedly  discarded  all  showing  the  apple-head  and  monkey  face,  for 
it  is  only  by  the  greatest  care  and  selection  that  the  tendency  to  the  apple- 
head  is  overcome  when  diminution  in  size  is  sought  for.  The  flat  skull  has 
been  preserved  in  the  Yorkshire  terrier,  but  not  being  wanted  in  the  toy 
spaniel  fanciers  of  the  latter  went  the  other  way  and  have  developed  the 

high  domed  skull.      Belgian   fanciers   let   nature   take  its  course  in  the 

717 


i    i  ^1   i    Copyright  byj.  K.  Cole,  New  York 
rf.  OtfEEN  OF  THE   FAIRIES 
<-  'Property  6f  MrsVSenn,  New  York 


Photograph  by  Wnrst,  New  York 
CH.  ASHTON    PREMIER 
Property  of  Mrs.  Raymond  Mallock 


HUDDERSFIELD   BEN  AND   KATIE 
From  Stonehenge's  "  Dogs  of  the  British  Isles,"  Third  edition, 


Copyright  by  A  .  H .  Salmon,  London 
GROUP  OF  GRIFFONS  BRUXELLOIS        , 

Property  of  Mrs.  Whaley,  Claxton-on-Sea,  England.     In  the  group  are  Champion  Glenartney  Fifi,  Glenartney  Daphne 

and  Loustin  and  other  noted  winners 


CHAPTER  LXIV 

THE  GRIFFONS  BRUXELLOIS 

HERE  are  two  toy  dogs  in  Beligum  which  differ  only  in  the 
matter  of  coat,  but  which  go  by  different  names  and  are 
too  evidently  of  terrier  extraction  to  call  for  discussion  on 
that  point.  The  rough  dog  is  called  the  Griffons  Brux- 
ellois  and  the  smooth  dog  the  petit  Brabancon.  Of  the 
latter  we  have  had  no  specimens  in  this  country,  but  from  the  illustrations 
in  Count  Bylandt's  "  Dogs  of  all  Nations"  it  looks  like  a  rather  well  furnished 
and  stumpy-headed  black  and  tan  toy  terrier,  and  black  and  tan  is  one  of  its 
two  colours,  the  other  being  red.  These  smooth  "Brabancons"  come  also 
in  the  litters  of  Griffons  so  that  they  are  undoubtedly  closely  related,  yet 
red  is  the  only  proper  colour  of  the  Griffons  Bruxellois,  though  they  are  now 
introducing  Griffons  of  other  colours  in  England.  Count  Bylandt  calls 
these  other  than  red  dogs  "Petit  Griffon  de  toutes  couleurs,"  and  gives  it  in 
English  "Variety  Belgian  toy  griffon."  He  certainly  should  know  these 
dogs  and  from  his  thus  distinguishing  the  other  colour  dogs  it  is  evident  that 
they  should  not  be  included  in  a  Griffons  Bruxellois  classification,  as  they 
seem  to  be  doing  in  England  at  present. 

If  those  possessing  the  work  referred  to  will  turn  to  the  Hollandsche 
Smoushond,  the  dog  that  fills  the  place  in  Holland  and  Belgium  that  the  old 
Scotch  terrier  did  thirty  years  ago  in  England,  they  will  not  fail  to  find  the 
dog  from  which  the  Griffons  Bruxellois  sported  as  a  lady's  pet.  Many  years 
ago  we  saw  a  diminutive  breed  of  "Scotch"  terriers  a  London  cabman  had 
developed,  which  bore  a  great  resemblance  to  the  Griffons  Bruxellois,  except 
in  the  monkey  face,  but  as  the  man  we  refer  to  was  breeding  a  toy  terrier  he 
undoubtedly  discarded  all  showing  the  apple-head  and  monkey  face,  for 
it  is  only  by  the  greatest  care  and  selection  that  the  tendency  to  the  apple- 
head  is  overcome  when  diminution  in  size  is  sought  for.  The  flat  skull  has 
been  preserved  in  the  Yorkshire  terrier,  but  not  being  wanted  in  the  toy 
spaniel  fanciers  of  the  latter  went  the  other  way  and  have  developed  the 

high  domed  skull.      Belgian   fanciers   let   nature   take  its  course  in  the 

717 


7i8  The  Dog  Book 

matter  of  skull  in  their  miniature  smoushond.  It  is  possible  that  the 
reduction  in  size  may  have  been  aided  by  the  use  of  small  toy  terriers  and 
in  this  way  the  black  and  tan  Brabancon  would  crop  out  in  the  breed. 

It  was  not  until  1895  that  anything  was  heard  of  the  Griffons  outside 
of  its  home  country,  but  in  that  year  the  new  dog  was  introduced  into 
England  and  soon  advanced  into  a  prominent  position  as  a  pet  or  toy  dog. 
In  1900  a  club  was  established  and  the  standard  it  drew  up  was  adopted  by 
the  Belgian  club  when  it  was  organised  in  1901.  No  scale  of  points  was 
added  to  the  following  terse,  yet  complete  description  of  the  dog: 

DESCRIPTIVE    PARTICULARS 

General  Appearance. — A  lady's  pet  dog,  intelligent,  sprightly,  robust,  of 
compact  appearance,  reminding  one  of  a  cob,  and  captivating  the  attention 
by  a  quasi-human  expression. 

Head. — Large  and  rounded,  covered  with  rather  coarse  hair,  rough  and 
somewhat  longer  round  the  eyes,  nose  and  cheeks. 

Ears. — Semi-erect  when  not  clipped,  erect  when  clipped. 

Eyes. — Very  large,  black  or  nearly  black,  eyelashes  black  and  long, 
eyelids  often  edged  with  black,  eyebrows  furnished  with  stiff  hair,  leaving 
the  eye  perfectly  uncovered. 

Nose. — Always  black,  short,  surrounded  with  hair,  converging  upwards 
and  going  to  meet  that  which  surrounds  the  eyes;  the  break  or  stop  in  the 
nose  well  pronounced. 

Lips. — Edged  with  black,  furnished  with  a  moustache;  a  little  black 
in  the  moustache  is  not  a  fault. 

Chin. — Prominent  without  showing  the  teeth  and  furnished  with  a 
small  beard. 

Chest. — Rather  wide  and  deep. 

Legs. — As  straight  as  possible,  of  medium  length. 

Tail. — Upwards  and  cut  to  the  two-thirds. 

Colour. — Red. 

Texture  of  Coat. — Harsh  and  wiry,  rather  long  and  thick. 

freight. — Small  size,  dogs  and  bitches,  5  pounds,  maximum;  large 
dogs,  9  pounds  maximum;  large  bitches,  10  pounds  maximum. 

Faults. — Pale  eyes;  silky  tuft  on  head;  brown  toe-nails;  showing 
teeth. 

Disqualifications. — Brown   nose;  white  marks;  tongue  protruding. 


CHILDREN  OF  GEORGE  III. 

A  painting  by  the  American  arlist  J.  S.  Copley,  R.  A.  (1800), 
a  repetition  of  the  Van  Dyck  type  of  spaniel 


TEASING  THE  PET 

Painting  by  T.  Mieris  (1660),  showing  himself  and  wife 
and  a  type  of  a  small  spaniel  which  figures  largely  in  conti- 
rental  pain  ings  from  1600  to  1800 


VAN   DYCK'S   CHILDREN   OF   CHARLES    I. 

All  the  Van  Dyck  spaniels  are  of  this  same  type  of  leggy, 
long  faced  dog.    Mainly  liver  and  white  or  black  and  white. 


THE    CAVALIER'S   PETS 

Sir  Edwin  Landseerhad  promised  a  paintins  forthe.Ro,vaa' 
Academv  exhibition  of  1842.  Space  was  f*r"£|*^12uBdg 
before  opening  Landseer  set  to  work  and  completed  this  m 
three  hours. 


CHAPTER   LXV 
THE  KING  CHARLES  SPANIEL 

HE  belief  that  the  black  and  tan  pet  spaniel  was  the  favourite 
of  King  Charles  II  has  become  so  much  of  a  conviction 
among  those  willing  to  accept  general  belief  that  it  will  be 
considered  by  many  as  just  a  little  short  of  sacrilege  to  ex- 
press disbelief  in  the  statement  that  he  either  had  any  small 
black  and  tan  spaniels  or  that  they  were  known  in  his  day.  For  more  than 
a  year  we  have  made  special  research  with  the  object  of  finding  something 
to  connect  the  black  and  tan  King  Charles  spaniel  with  the  monarch  he  has 
been  named  after,  but  without  result,  and  the  patience  of  many  of  our  best 
dog  friends  in  England  must  have  been  sorely  tried  by  our  repeated  appeals 
for  further  effort,  all  of  which  have  proved  fruitless. 

There  are  portraits  of  Charles  1 1  in  which  spaniels  figure,  beginning 
with  the  Van  Dycks  of  his  boyhood  days  in  which  the  future  king  and  his 
sisters  are  shown  with  liver  and  white  spaniels.  Another  Van  Dyck  shows 
a  smallish  black  and  white  spaniel,  with  ticks  on  the  legs  and  an  approach 
to  roan  on  the  quarters.  This  is  in  a  painting  of  the  daughters  of  the  first 
Lord  Wharton,  the  elder  being  named  Philadelphia  Wharton  after  her 
mother.  The  only  Charles  II  picture  that  we  have  seen  in  which  a  dog 
figures,  is  the  reproduction  in  part  of  the  painting  of  the  gardener  offering  a 
pineapple  to  the  king  when  he  was  at  the  Duchess  of  Cleveland's.  This  is 
used  as  the  frontispiece  to  Stone's  Costumes,  the  king  and  a  spaniel  being 
shown.  This  spaniel  is  a  liver  and  white  to  all  appearances,  certainly  not 
a  black  and  tan. 

The  only  writer  who  has  touched  upon  this  feature  of  research  is  Elaine, 
who  wrote  the  first  book  on  Canine  Pathology  in  the  early  quarter  of  the 
last  century  (our  copy  is  the  third  edition,  1832).  Of  the  King  Charles  he 
says ;  "  King  Charles  1 1 ,  it  is  known  was  extremely  fond  of  spaniels,  two  var- 
ieties of  which  are  seen  in  his  several  portraits,  or  in  those  of  his  favourites. 
One  of  these  was  a  small  spaniel,  of  a  black  and  white  colour  with  ears  of  an 

extreme  length,  the  other  was  large  and  black,  but  the  black  was  beautifully 

719 


720  The  Dog  Book 

relieved  by  tan  markings,  exactly  similar  to  the  markings  of  the  black  and 
tan  terrier.  This  breed  the  late  Duke  of  Norfolk  preserved  with  jealous  care. 
That  amiable  and  excellent  lady  the  Princess  Sophia  of  Gloucester,  shewed 
me  a  very  fine  specimen  presented  to  her  by  that  nobleman,  after  receiving 
a  promise,  guaranteed  by  her  royal  brother,  that  she  was  not  to  breed  from 
it  in  a  direct  line.  Another  was  shewn  to  me  by  the  late  Lady  Castlereagh, 
received  after  a  similar  restriction.  Even  the  Duchess  of  York  could  nor 
obtain  one  but  on  the  same  terms  as  she  herself  informed  me. " 

The  foregoing  quotation  is  longer  than  what  will  be  found  in  Chapter 
XV  on  the  Norfolk  Spaniel  in  which  we  confuted  the  claim  that  the  large 
ducking  spaniel  used  in  Norfolkshire  and  other  parts  of  England  got  its 
name  from  this  nobleman's  spaniels.  Elaine's  remarks  might  leave  the 
question  of  size  of  the  Duke's  spaniels  an  open  one,  also  whether  they 
might  not  be  the  large  black  and  tan  he  mentions  as  being  one  of  the  var- 
ieties in  the  King  Charles's  period  paintings.  A  perusal  of  page  266  and 
part  of  267  is  recommended  as  tending  to  show  to  whom  we  probably  owe 
the  small  black  and  tan  spaniel.  The  beginning  of  the  quotation  from 
Southey's  Anecdotes  we  draw  particular  attention  to  as  giving  a  possible 
clue  to  the  name  we  know  the  black  and  tan  spaniel  by.  "  Our  Marlborough 
and  King  James's  spaniels  are  unrivalled  in  beauty.  The  latter  breed,  that 
are  black  and  tan,  with  hair  almost  approaching  to  silk  in  fineness  (such  as 
Van  Dyck  loved  to  introduce  into  his  portraits),  were  solely  in  the  possession 
of  the  late  Duke  of  Norfolk." 

That  quotation  can  be  studied  out  in  several  ways,  but  in  one  direction 
it  seems  to  bear  out  what  appears  to  us  to  be  the  solution  of  this  King 
Charles  business.  It  is  thoroughly  well  known  that  he  was  very  partial  to 
small  spaniels  and  it  is  not  at  all  improbable  that  ail  small  spaniels  were  re- 
garded as  alike  favoured  by  the  king,  and  gradually  became  known  as  King 
Charles  spaniels  on  account  of  their  size  and  not  any  special  colour.  So 
far  as  we  can  trace  the  use  of  the  name  it  does  not  go  much,  if  any,  further 
back  than  about  1750.  The  Duke  of  Marlborough's  spaniels  were  then 
well  known  as  small  sporting  or  covert  spaniels  and  were  not  the  Blenheim 
of  to-day,  but  larger  and  stouter  dogs  than  the  Van  Dyck  spaniels.  By 
this  time  the  small  liver  and  white  Van  Dyck  spaniel  seems  to  have  dropped 
out  altogether  and  the  name  of  King  Charles  thus  became  specially  attached 
to  the  small  black  and  tan  which  must  have  been  fostered  very  much  during 
the  eighteenth  century,  because  it  is  recognised  by  BufFon  as  the  small 


L 

"KING  CHARLES  AND  PYRAME" 
From  a  natural  history  published  by  Longman  &  Co.,  in 
1810.    The  King  Charles  is  the  black  dog,  and  the  black  and 
tan  was  inspired  by  Buffon's  Pyrame  of  1760. 


CH.  MAlMM.rPATTI 
Property  of  Mrs.  Senn,  New  York 


"THE  PET  OF  THE  DUTCHESS" 

Sir  Edwin  Landseer  wrote  on  the  canvas,  "  Painted 

from  memory.     E.  L." 


Copyright  byj.  K.  Cole,  New  York 
CH.   SENN-SENN    MARCUS 
Prince  Charles.     Property  of  Mrs   Senn,  New  York 


MISS   FAN  AND  PUPS 

From  a  coloured  engraving  about  1840.  The  puppy  on 
Fan's  back  is  orange  red  and  white.  Fan  and  the  other 
puppy  are  tricolours. 


Photograph  by  Ward,  Tannton,  Mass. 


ROYAL   QUEEN 
King  Charles.   Property  of  Mrs.  A.  Babbitt,  Taunton,  Mass. 


The  King  Charles  Spaniel  721 

English  spaniel.  His  description  of  spaniels  is  as  follows  and  as  will  be 
seen  it  applied  to  all  sizes  of  Continental  spaniels: 

"The  head  of  this  dog  is  small  and  round,  the  ears  are  large  and  pen- 
dant, the  legs,  fine,  thin  and  short,  the  body  thin  and  the  tail  raised.  Their 
coat  is  smooth  and  of  various  lengths  on  different  parts  of  the  body,  being 
very  long  on  the  ears,  under  the  neck,  behind  the  thighs,  at  the  back  of  all 
four  legs  and  on  the  tail.  It  is  shorter  on  the  other  parts  of  the  body.  Most 
of  the  spaniels  are  white,  the  most  beautiful  have  the  head  of  another  colour, 
such  as  brown,  or  black  and  are  marked  with  white  on  the  muzzle  and  the 
centre  of  forehead.  The  black  and  white  spaniels  have  usually  tan  coloured 
spots  over  the  eyes.  There  are  large  and  small  spaniels." 

He  then  proceeds  to  specify  what  the  English  spaniels  were  like.  "There 
are  some  black  spaniels  which  are  also  called  gredins,  and  which  are  called 
English  spaniels,  because  they  originate  in  that  country.  The  greatest 
difference  between  these  dogs  and  the  French  spaniels  is  in  the  shorter  coat 
on  the  ears,  legs  and  tails  of  the  gredins.  There  are  small,  and  also  medium 
sized  spaniels  in  comparison  with  the  larger  ones.  They  give  the  name  of 
Pyrame  to  Gredins  that  are  "fire-marked"  i.  e.  with  fawn  (tan),  above  the 
eyes,  on  the  muzzle,  on  the  throat  and  on  the  legs." 

Through  an  error  in  following  a  number  of  English  writers  we  were  led 
to  say  in  a  previous  chapter  that  Buffon  named  the  Blenheim  or  Marlborough 
spaniel  "pyrame,"  but  there  is  no  mistake  possible  in  this  quotation  from 
his  Natural  History.  Singular  to  say  the  old  publishing  firm  of  Longman 
in  a  natural  history  they  got  out  in  1810  used  quite  a  number  of  the  Buffon 
illustrations  of  dogs  but  altered  the  small  spaniels  by  adding  a  black  dog 
to  the  pyrame  and  called  that  the  King  Charles  spaniel. 

That  these  "fire-marked"  spaniels  could  not  have  been  at  all  popular  or 
common  is  proved  by  their  absence  from  paintings  and  portraits  in  which 
dogs  are  introduced.  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  often  put  a  spaniel  in  his 
portraits  of  ladies,  but  we  have  not  seen  a  black  and  tan  in  any  of  them. 

The  first  reference  to  the  black  and  tan  as  being  the  King  Charles  breed, 
that  we  have  found,  is  in  Rev.  Mr.  Symons,  "Treatise  on  Field  Diversions," 
1776,  in  which  he  says  "The  cocking  or  gun  spaniel,  of  true  perfect  breed, 
is  of  one  general  or  whole  colour;  either  black  or  black-tan,  commonly 
called  King  Charles's  breed;  or  red,  in  different  shades,  paler  or  deeper; 
such  as  in  horses  we  would  call  a  blood,  or  a  bright  bay.  Coat  loose  and 
soft,  but  not  waven.  Back  broad  and  short.  Legs  short,  with  breeches 


722  The  Dog  Book 

behind."  There  is  no  reference  to  size  in  this  description  of  the  cocking 
spaniel,  but  it  shows  clearly  that  this  very  exact  writer  considered  that  the 
blacks  were  as  much  entitled  to  the  name  as  were  the  black  and  tans.  As  late 
as  1846  "Craven"  in  his  "Recreations  in  Shooting"  quotes  Mr.  Symons, 
without  credit,  and  also  says  "  King  Charles's  spaniel  is  supposed  to  be  the 
parent  of  the  cocker  breed  of  dogs.  The  Blenheim  is  similar  in  appearance 
to  the  latter,  but  the  cocker's  black  coat  is  relieved  in  the  Blenheim  (or  as  it 
is  indifferently  called,  theMarlborough,or  Pyrami,  of  Buffon),  by  red  spots 
above  the  eyes,  and  on  the  breast  and  feet."  This  is  one  of  the  many 
misquotations  from  BufFon  to  which  we  have  just  referred  and  is  given  in 
full  to  show  that  even  expert  sportsmen  got  these  dogs  sadly  mixed,  up  to  even 
a  late  date.  No  writer  of  "Craven's"  experience  should  have  made 
such  a  mistake  as  to  state  that  the  Blenheim  was  a  black  and  tan,  and  it 
shakes  any  confidence  we  might  have  in  his  calling  the  black  spaniel  a  King 
Charles,  but  with  Mr.  Symons  and  the  Longman  illustration  to  back 
him  up,  it  can  stand  as  corroborative  evidence. 

At  the  same  period  as  "Craven"  we  have  Sir  William  Jardine's  Natural 
History,  to  which  we  have  referred  on  many  occasions  regarding  other 
breeds.  It  can  be  accepted  as  authoritative  as  Lieut.  Col.  Hamilton 
Smith,  who  wrote  the  dog  section,  had  made  dogs  a  study  not  only  in  England 
but  throughout  the  world.  In  the  illustration  of  the  smooth  St.  Bernard, 
Bass,  facing  page  575  there  is  also  a  small  black  and  white  spaniel,  put 
there  probably  to  show  comparative  size  and  this  is  Colonel  Hamilton 
Smith's  typical  King  Charles.  We  have  every  confidence  in  saying  that  he 
did  not  misname  the  dog,  nor  would  he  have  used  a  black  and  white  if  black 
and  tan  had  been  solely  correct.  In  a  very  accurate  "History  of  the  Dog" 
compiled  and  written  by  W.  C.  L.  Martin,  who  is  mentioned  as  being  a 
zoologist  whose  reputation  was  well  established,  the  work  being  published 
in  1845,  we  find  a  somewhat  mixed  paragraph  regarding  the  King  Charles 
and  Blenheim,  which  the  reader  will  have  to  unravel  for  himself:— 

"  From  King  Charles's  breed  we  derive  the  modern  cocker.  The  colour 
of  the  King  Charles  breed  appears  to  have  been  black,  or  black  and  white 
and  the  hair  long  and  silky.  Still  less  than  the  cocker,  or  King  Charles 
breed,  is  the  Marlborough  or  Blenheim  spaniel,  the  race  of  which  is  assi- 
duously cultivated  in  the  present  day;  not  indeed  for  field  sports,  but  for 
the  parlour  of  which  it  is  an  ornament.  The  most  prized  of  this  breed  are 
very  small,  with  an  abbreviated  muzzle  and  a  round  skull  arched  above; 


The  King  Charles  Spaniel  723 

the  ears  are  very  large  and  well  fringed  and  the  hair  of  the  body  long,  soft  and 
silky.  The  general  colour  is  black  and  tan,  or  black  and  white,  with  the 
limbs  beautifully  spotted  and  tanned  mark  over  each  eye." 

It  is  very  evident  that  the  closing  description  applies  to  the  King 
Charles  and  not  to  the  Blenheim  spaniel. 

Dalziel,  who  is  usually  sure  to  give  some  accurate  piece  of  ancient  his- 
tory in  his  "British  Dogs"  is  singularly  silent  regarding  the  King  Charles 
and  also  the  Blenheim.  He  quotes  Caius'  reference  to  the  dog  of  Malta, 
or  the  comforter,  and  what  he  says  agrees  with  our  opinion  expressed  in  the 
chapter  on  the  Maltese  dog,  that  Caius  was  describing  toy  spaniels  and  not 
what  we  call  Maltese  dogs.  To  Dalziel  we  are  indebted  for  the  unearthing 
from  Hollinshead's  History,  1585,  of  an  interpolation  in  Caius  description, 
or  Fleming's  translation  thereof,  as  follows:  "these  puppies  the  smaller 
they  be,  and,  thereto,  if  they  have  a  hole  in  the  fore  parts  of  their  heads  the 
better  are  they  accepted."  Fleming's  translation  reads:  "the  smaller  they 
be  the  more  pleasure  they  provoke."  Harrison's  quotation  was  made  from 
the  original  latin  text  of  Caius,  according  to  the  opinion  of  Dalziel,  but  that 
is  not  material,  for  the  point  it  develops  is  that  at  that  time  some  spaniels 
were  developing  the  stop,  yet  we  see  no  stop  in  the  Van  Dyck  spaniels  nor 
in  that  shown  in  the  picture  of  King  Charles  already  referred  to.  The  stop 
as  we  have  previously  said  comes  naturally  with  the  dome-or  apple-head, 
which  is  a  development  of  the  reduction  to  toy  size. 

Another  quotation  in  Dalziel  is  from  an  unnamed  writer  of  1802,  who  said 
the  King  Charles  "were  supposed  to  be  the  small  black  curly  sort  which  bear 
his  name,  but  they  were  more  likely  to  have  been  of  the  distinct  breed  of 
cockers,  if  judgment  may  be  consistently  formed  from  the  pictures  of  Van 
Dyck,  in  which  they  are  introduced." 

We  agree  fully  with  Dalziel  that  we  must  accept  these  Van  Dyck  dogs 
as  being  portraits  of  favourites  and  not  indicative  of  breed  type,  and  that  is 
exactly  why  we  are  adverse  to  the  idea  of  these  black  and  tans  being  entitled 
to  the  name  of  King  Charles  so  far  as  the  paintings  demonstrating  any  claim 
to  being  specially  favoured  by  him.  We  are  not  at  all  adverse  to  the  black 
and  tans  being  called  King  Charles  spaniels  if  it  is  accepted  merely  in  recog- 
nition of  that  monarch's  partiality  for  toy  spaniels,  indeed  rather  than  follow 
the  classification  of  the  American  Kennel  Club  in  seeking  to  suppress  the 
names  the  English  toy  spaniels  have  long  been  called  and  merely  divide 
them  by  colour,  we  would  favour  calling  all  but  the  Blenheims  by  the  royal 


724  The  Dog  Book 

title  and  then  dividing  by  colour,  but  it  is  good  enough  as  it  is  among  the 
common  people  and  let  us  retain  at  least  one  of  the  varieties  as  a  relic  of  the 
Merry  Monarch  who  dearly  loved  a  spaniel. 

When  it  comes  down  to  the  facts  of  the  case  all  these  toy  spaniels,  except 
Blenheims  or  Marlboroughs  were  known  as  King  Charles  up  to  quite  modern 
times.  The  first  volume  of  the  English  stud  book  divided  toy  spaniels  into 
Blenheim  and  King  Charles  and  kept  that  up  until  quite  recently.  The 
ruby  and  the  tricolour  were  merely  varieties,  while  the  distinctive  name  of 
Prince  Charles,  as  it  now  is,  only  dates  back  to  about  1880.  The  tricolour 
had  been  neglected  in  the  fashion  for  black  and  tans  and  there  was  at  that 
time  a  revival  in  interest  in  the  particolour,  which  in  part  became  a  discussion 
as  to  giving  them  a  distinct  name.  This  discussion  took  place  in  Country, 
the  kennel  department  of  which  was  edited  by  Hugh  Dalziel,  and  when  it 
was  suggested  to  give  them  the  name  of  Prince  Charlie  it  was  adopted 
without  a  dissenting  vote.  The  dog  was  named  after  the  Bonnie  Prince 
Charlie  and  not  after  any  Charles,  but  quite  recently,  when  those  who  took 
part  in  the  christening  were  no  longer  active  in  the  fancy  the  name  became 
changed  and  Prince  Charles  it  now  is  and  will  remain.  The  extracts  we 
have  given  show  that  this  dog  was  known  and  called  a  King  Charles  at  the 
beginning  of  the  last  century. 

When  the  first  English  shows  were  held  all  colours  were  shown  in  one 
class,  Blenheims  alone  being  distinct.  Then  a  division  by  weight  was  in- 
troduced at  the  London  shows,  the  first  demarkation  being  at  seven  pounds. 
This  was  raised  to  ten  pounds  at  the  third  London  show  of  1865,  but  at  all 
other  English  shows  but  one  class  was  given.  The  reason  for  the  better 
classification  at  the  London  shows  was  that  toy  spaniels  were  particularly 
a  London  fancy,  just  as  much  as  the  large  black  and  tan  terriers  were  a 
Manchester  fancy  and  bull  terriers  were  leaders  about  Birmingham.  The 
East  End  of  London,  among  the  Spitalfields  weavers,  was  the  hotbed  of  the 
fancy,  but  it  was  by  no  means  confined  to  that  section  and  at  the  numerous 
public-house  shows,  which  were  far  more  frequent  in  London  than  dog  shows 
such  as  we  know  about,  the  dogs  shown  by  the  members  and  visitors  were 
almost  entirely  toys,  and  mainly  spaniels,  with  terriers  a  close  second.  It 
was  these  patient  breeders  who  introduced  and  built  up  the  exaggerations 
we  have  to-day  to  an  even  more  marked  degree. 

Some  writers  attribute  the  King  Charles  head  to  the  introduction  of  the 
Blenheim  and  in  some  quotations  already  given  references  will  be  found  to 


Photografk  byj.  K.  Cote,  New  York 
CH.  SQUARE   FACE 


Photograph  by  J .  K.  Cole,  New  1  or/t 
CH.  "ROMEO 


ROCOCO 


Photograph  by  J .  K.  Cole,  New  York 
CH. PERSEVERANCE 


All  tour  are  King  Charles  spaniels,  Rococo  being  owned  by  Mrs.  Privett,  of  Willesden  Lane,  London,  the  others  by 

Mrs.  bcnu,  of  New  York 


The  King  Charles  Spaniel  725 

the  Blenheim  being  smaller  than  the  King  Charles,  but  it  will  be  well  to 
state  that  we  must  look  upon  all  of  these  old  dogs  as  purely  introductory  to 
the  present  type  of  toy  spaniel.  They  were  merely  foundations  in  the  same 
way  that  the  old  Scotch  terrier  was  what  the  Yorkshire  mill  hands  began 
work  from  which  to  develop  the  Yorkshire  terrier.  It  is  probable  that  the 
Duke  of  Norfolk,  if  he  got  his  pets  reduced  in  size,  had  round  headed  ones 
among  them,  but  there  is  no  description  extant  that  we  know  of,  except  as 
to  their  colour.  What  became  of  his  dogs  is  not  known,  but  they  could 
hardly  get  into  the  hands  of  the  London  breeders,  and  we  must  give  them 
the  credit  of  taking  what  was  at  their  disposal  and  by  the  usual  process  of 
selection  along  the  fancy  lines  of  the  breed  gradually  getting  more  and  more 
of  an  exaggeration  in  shortness  efface  and  size  of  skull. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  first  start  of  classes  in  London  for  under  7  pounds, 
that  they  had  already  got  the  toy  spaniel  down  to  as  small  a  size  as  we  have 
to-day.  The  question  of  colour  came  up  at  the  end  of  the  yo's  and  to  satisfy 
the  seeming  demand  for  the  encouragement  of  other  than  black  and  tan,  a 
class  was  added  to  the  Kennel  club  show  of  that  year  and  a  ruby  was  placed 
first,  followed  by  a  tricolour,  or  black,  white  and  tan,  as  they  were  still 
called.  The  latter  was  called  Tweedledee  and  was  a  full  brother  to  a  dog 
called  Conrad,  the  property  of  Miss  Violet  Cameron,  the  actress,  which  was 
such  a  wonderful  little  dog  that  he  was  quite  the  talk  of  the  London  dog  men 
and  it  was  due  to  Conrad's  beauty  that  the  "Prince  Charles"  became  so 
quickly  popular  and  in  demand  at  that  time.  But  the  dyed-in-the-wool 
fanciers  were  still  for  the  black  and  tan  with  their  Jumbos  and  Young 
Jumbos. 

Up  to  within  the  past  ten  or  fifteen  years  the  toy  spaniel  fancy  in  this 
country  was  somewhat  limited  and  it  was  almost  a  professional  breed,  few 
amateurs  exhibiting  at  even  the  largest  shows,  compared  with  what  was  the 
case  in  other  breeds.  Of  these  old  exhibitors  the  only  one  still  showing  is 
Mrs.  Senn.  Both  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Senn  have  always  taken  a  very  prominent 
part  in  the  exhibiting  of  toys  and  in  nothing  more  than  in  toy  spaniels,  from 
the  time  of  their  Romeo  up  to  the  present  day  when  Madame  Patti,  the  ruby, 
is  the  ideal  spaniel  of  the  fancy. 

At  the  present  time  the  leading  black  and  tan  exhibitors  in  addition  to 
Mrs.  Senn,  are  Mrs.  M.  Johnson,  Mrs.  Menges  and  Mrs.  C.  Waterman  in 
the  New  York  district,  Mrs.  E.  W.  Clark  of  Egypt,  Mass.,  and  at  Chicago 
the  Greenwood  Kennels.  It  cannot  be  said  that  the  breed  is  liberally 


726  The   Dog   Book 

supported,  but  on  the  other  hand  the  all  round  quality  of  the  exhibits  is  very 
good,  while  the  best  of  them  are  exceedingly  good.  Some  of  these  exhib- 
itors also  show  some  good  rubies  and  Prince  Charles  and  in  these  varieties  the 
additional  names  are  the  Dreamwold  Kennels  of  Mr.  T.  W.  Lawson,  the 
Nellcote  kennels  and  up  to  the  departure  of  Mrs.  Raymond  Mallock  for 
England  her  Ashton  kennels  was  decidedly  prominent. 

There  is  very  little  to  add  to  the  standard  in  the  way  of  description 
except  to  say  that  the  weak  points  most  frequently  noticable  in  the  black  and 
tans  are  poor  movement  of  hind  legs  and  a  tendency  to  curly  coat.  In  the 
other  varieties  these  faults  are  not  so  conspicuous. 

The  Toy  Spaniel  Club  of  America  not  being  at  all  satisfied  with  the 
lengthy  description  of  the  English  Toy  Spaniel  Club  asked  Mr.  George 
Raper  to  write  one  that  would  tell  them  what  they  should  know  in  more 
direct  fashion  and  the  result  was  the  following  commendable  production, 
applying,  as  does  the  English  standard,  to  all  varieties  of  English  toy  spaniel 
alike : 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — Very  large  and  pronounced  in  comparison  to  size.  Skull  high, 
well  domed,  and  as  large  and  full  over  eyes  as  possible.  Temples  very  high. 
Stop  very  deep  and  well  defined.  Face  abnormally  short.  Nose  retrousse— 
i.  e.,  well  laid  back.  Eyes  large,  lustrous  and  bold  and  very  wide  apart. 
Muzzle  well  turned  up,  square,  broad  and  deep.  Ears  very  long,  set  low 
down  and  heavily  feathered. 

Body. — Short,  deep,  compact  and  rather  cobby. 

Coat. — Very  long,  dense,  soft  and  silky,  and  straight  as  possible.  A 
soft  wave  allowed  but  not  curly.  The  legs,  chest,  belly,  thigh,  ears  and 
tail  should  be  profusely  feathered. 

Tail. — Cut  to  about  four  inches,  gaily  carried. 

Color. — King  Charles  Black  and  Tan. — Should  be  rich  glossy  black, 
with  bright  mahogany  tan  markings. 

Prince  Charles  Tri-colour — Should  be  tri-colour,  white  ground  with 
black  patches,  solid  black  ears,  and  face  markings;  also  rich  tan  shadings  on 
face,  spots  over  eyes,  lining  of  ears,  tail,  etc. 

Ruby — Should  be  self-coloured  as  the  name  denotes.  That  is,  solid 
ruby  in  a  deep,  rich  shade. 


The  King  Charles  Spaniel  727 

Blenheim  or  Orange  and  White — Should  be  pearly  white  ground,  with 
deep  red  ruby  markings  on  face  and  body.  Evenly  marked  with  ruby 
around  both  eyes.  Generally  even  markings  on  the  body.  The  ears  must 
be  ruby.  A  thumb  mark  or  "Blenheim  spot"  placed  on  top  and  centre  of 
skull  is  much  prized. 

Size. — The  most  desirable  size  for  Toy  Spaniels  is  from  8  to  12  pounds. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

BLACK  AND  TAN,  TRI-COLOUR  OR  RED  SPANIELS 

Symmetry,  condition  and  size  .20         Eyes 10 

Head    15         Ears 15 

Stop         5         Coat  and  Feathering 15 

Muzzle 10        Colour 10 

Total 100 

For  the  Blenheim  deduct  5  points  from  eyes  and  5  from  ears  and  make 
colour  and  markings  10,  and  add  "Spot  5'*.  The  English  standard  takes 
5  points  from  Symmetry  etc.,  in  place  of  from  eyes. 


CHAMPION  RO1.LO 
tx  fcf^Mrsi  R*^mon(J  Mallock 


TOBY   BECK 
Properly  of  Miss  Mary  P.  Sands,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


ROSE  WILLOW 

( Prince  Charles) 

"rcperty  of  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Lytton,  Crawley, 
Sussex,  ling. 


UNIQUE  TEDDY 

Property  of  Mrs.  Babbitt, 

Taunton,  Mass. 


Photograph  by  J .  A".  Cole,  New  Y<:t 

KING  VICTOR 
Property  of  Mrs.  Sjnn,  New  York 


WINDFALL 
Property  of  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Lytton,  Crawley,  Sussex,  Eng. 


DUKE  OF  MARLBOROUGH 
Property  of  the  Marlborough  Kenneis,  Cleveland,  O. 


CHAPTER   LXVI 
THE  BLENHEIM  SPANIEL 

F  all  the  varieties  of  spaniel  none  seems  to  have  been  better 
known  than  the  breed  kept  by  the  Duke  of  Marlborough 
if  we  take  the  writings  of  the  first  of  the  nineteenth  century 
as  evidence.  They  are  not  spoken  of  as  toys,  but  as  small 
shooting  dogs,  merely  a  smaller  variety  of  the  cocking 
spaniel.  The  only  suggestion  we  have  seen  of  their  orgin  was  that  on  the 
day  of  the  battle  of  Blenheim  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  was  followed  all  day 
by  a  spaniel,  and  the  inference  from  this  story  was  that  this  dog  was  the 
original  Marlborough  spaniel.  It  is  a  very  weak  peg  upon  which  to  hang 
the  breed  and  as  the  present  day  Blenheim  is  a  long  way  removed  from  the 
Marlborough  spaniel  we  will  allow  the  lawyers  objection  that  it  is  immaterial 
and  irrelevant. 

The  Marlborough  spaniels  were  red  and  white,  not  at  all  an  uncom- 
mon colour  for  English  spaniels,  large  or  small,  at  the  time  the  Duke's  dogs 
were  first  known,  and  the  only  special  reason  for  their  mention  seems  to 
have  been  that  they  were  smaller  than  the  ordinary  gun  spaniel.  The 
Sportsman's  Repository  thus  describes  the  dog  as  he  was  known  about 
1800.  "  His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  was  reputed  to  possess  the 
.smallest  and  best  breed  of  cockers  in  Britain;  they  were  invariably  red  and 
white,  with  very  long  ears,  short  noses  and  black  eyes."  No  reference  being 
made  to  any  special  enlargement  or  dome  of  the  skull  the  inference  is  that 
they  were  not  peculiarly  different  in  that  respect  from  other  small  spaniels. 
We  find  the  same  thing  in  Youatt's  description.  "This  spaniel  may  be 
distinguished  by  the  length  and  silkiness  of  the  coat,  the  deep  fringe  about 
the  ear,  the  arch  and  deep  feathering  of  the  tail,  the  full  and  moist  eye  and 
the  blackness  of  the  palate."  Compare  that  with  the  following  of  the  King 
Charles:  "The  King  Charles  breed  of  the  present  day  is  materially  altered 
for  the  worse.  The  muzzle  is  short  and  the  forehead  as  ugly  and  prominent 
as  the  veriest  bulldog.  The  eye  is  increased  to  double  its  former  size  and 
has  an  expression  of  stupidity  with  which  the  character  of  the  dog  too  often 

729 


73O  The  Dog  Book 

corresponds.  Still  there  is  the  long  ear,  and  the  silky  coat,  and  the  beautiful 
colour  of  the  hair,  and  for  these  the  dealers  do  not  scruple  to  ask  twenty, 
thirty  and  even  fifty  guineas."  When  a  writer  holds  such  an  opinion  as  is 
here  expressed  regarding  the  domed  skull  he  would  not  have  passed  the 
Blenheim,  as  he  then  called  it,  if  it  had  possessed  the  same  exag- 
geration. 

The  best  description  of  what  the  Blenheim  or  Marlborough  spaniel  was 
about  1840  is  given  by  "Idstone"  in  "The  Dog"  "Thirty  years  ago  the 
Blenheim  was  very  fashionable,  and  in  Oxford  and  the  neighbourhood  scores 
of  specimens  could  be  obtained.  A  sour  old  portress  at  Blenheim  bred 
numbers  of  them,  but  purchasers  must  be  content  to  accept  her  choice,  not 
theirs,  her  system  being  to  dispose  of  the  worst  first.  The  cottagers  around 
Woodstock  also  bred  for  the  market,  and  the  London  dealers  used  to  re- 
plenish their  stock  from  the  little  villages  under  the  shadows  of  the  palace, 
obtaining  good  and  occasionally  exquisite  specimens  at  a  few  pounds,  or 
even  a  few  shillings  each. 

"As  a  rule  the  Blenheims  thus  procured  were  leggy,  and  the  Londoners 
soon  defied  competition,  producing  spaniels,  small,  compact,  with  good  ear 
and  colour,  and  improved  nose  and  skull,  but  they  lost  the  spot  or  lozenge 
on  the  forehead,  which  ought  to  mark  every  Blenheim." 

Idstone  was  of  the  opinion  that  the  Blenheim  owed  its  origin  to  the 
Japanese  and  stated  that  it  had  been  known  as  the  Blenheim  for  more  than 
one  hundred  and  fifty  years  (1700),  adding  that  Van  Dyck  painted  it, 
"although  the  colours  are  somewhat  subdued."  If  it  came  from  Japan 
it  must  have  reached  England  about  the  time  of  Van  Dyck  and  any  introduc- 
tion of  the  Jap,  would  have  produced  a  very  different  dog  from  those  shown 
with  the  children  of  Charles  I.  This  chapter  on  the  Blenheim  is  one  of 
the  strongest  in  "The  Dog,"  as  the  author  was  thoroughly  conversant  with 
his  subject  and  knew  the  Blenheims  at  their  home,  before  they  became  the 
show  dog.  He  was  also  a  dog  show  exhibitor  as  well  as  a  judge  and  could 
make  allowances  for  fancy,  although  he  did  not  approve  altogether  of  the 
improved  dog.  He  says  on  this  subject:  "Thirty  years  ago  (1840)  the 
breed  was  more  refined  than  in  these  days.  The  nose  has  been  shortened 
until  it  is  deformed,  and  the  broad  mouth  and  protruding  tongue  of  many 
specimens  are  revolting  and  untrue  to  the  type  of  the  genuine  Blenheim 
spaniel,  which,  when  in  any  degree  approaching  perfection  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  our  parlour  pets. 


The  Blenheim  Spaniel  731 

"I  would  allow  (indeed  I  would  insist  upon) the  deep  indentation 
between  the  eyes,  added  to  the  high  skull,  and  a  moderately  short  face;  but 
the  projecting  lower  jaw,  the  frog  mouth,  and  the  broken  nose,  free  from 
cartilage,  I  decidedly  object  to.  Such  animals  are  offensive  from  their 
sniffing  and  snoring,  and  if  tolerated  in  sanded  bar-parlours,  are  not  fit  to  be 
admitted  into  drawing  rooms,  where  I  should  expect  to  see  a  spaniel  with 
a  pretty  face,  well-coated  all  over,  large-eared,  large-eyed,  rich-coloured 
with  a  bushy  flag,  well-feathered  feet  and  diminutive  in  stature,  in  preference 
to  the  sniffling,  apple-faced,  idiotic  animals  too  generally  bred  by  "the 
fancy,"  and  which  ought  to  be  discouraged;  though,  if  judging,  I  would 
not  put  them  aside  until  some  definite  conclusion  had  been  arrived  at,  as 
that  would  be  unfair  to  the  exhibitor  during  the  present  state  of  things." 

As  this  was  the  transition  period  to  the  advanced  show  type  it  is  well  to 
give  Idstone's  "main  points  of  beauty"  as  he  called  his  description  of  what 
he  thought  desirable:  "The  high  skull;  the  full,  black,  wet  eye;  the  short 
nose;  the  large,  broad,  heavy,  well-feathered  ear;  the  compact  form,  close 
to  the  ground;  pure,  brilliant,  rich  red  and  distinct  white  markings,  espec- 
cially  the  broad  white  leaf  down  the  forehead;  the  round  spot  on  the  skull; 
the  white  neck  and  mane;  a  texture  like  floss  silk;  legs  all  well  coated  at  the 
back,  and  deeply  feathered  toes.  Pale-coloured  Blenheims  are  very  in- 
ferior and  valueless,  but  all  specimens  are  of  this  hue  until  they  have  changed 
their  coats.  Nine  pounds  is  the  outside  limit  for  a  Blenheim,  but  valuable 
dogs  should  not  weigh  over  six  or  seven. " 

The  modern  Blenheim,  like  the  King  Charles,  is  the  product  of  the 
London  "  fancy. "  These  spaniels  were  bred  along  the  same  lines  and  inter- 
bred so  that  the  Blenheim  is  no  longer  a  distinct  breed  of  spaniel  but  merely 
one  of  the  four  varieties  of  English  toy  spaniels.  Colour  and  the  spot  alone 
differentiate  it  from  the  three  types  of  the  King  Charles  spaniels,  though  by 
many  it  has  heen  held  that  the  ruby  is  a  Blenheim,  but  we  fail  to  see  the  con- 
nection, and  it  has  always  been  classified  as  a  King  Charles  "other  than 
black  and  tan,"  up  to  the  time  the  colour  was  recognised  independently. 

It  took  the  Blenheim  a  good  many  years  to  obtain  equal  recognition 
and  attention  with  the  King  Charles  in  this  country,  but  once  the  breed 
was  thoroughly  established  it  had  no  difficulty  in  holding  its  own.  In  the 
main  the  same  exhibitors  which  have  led  in  the  black  and  tans  and  tricolours 
have  been  supporters  of  the  Blenheims,  and  to  these  may  be  added  Mrs. 
Shreve  of  Mt.  Holly,  who  has  shown  many  excellent  specimens.  Mrs.  Ray- 


732  The  Dog  Book 

mond  Mallock,  then  Miss  L.  C.  Moeran,  held  a  very  strong  hand  in  the 
breed,  mainly  with  the  aid  of  the  English  champion  Rollo,  who  quickly  won 
a  similar  title  in  this  country.  He  was  a  shade  large,  but  he  so  excelled  in 
other  points  that  the  question  of  size  was  never  an  issue  and  he  won  even 
till  he  was  grey  in  the  face.  Of  late  years  the  Nellcote  Kennels  has  been 
very  prominent  in  this  breed  and  if  there  is  one  variety  of  English  toy  spaniel 
that  may  be  said  to  be  more  popular  than  the  others  it  is  the  Blenheim. 
The  descriptive  particulars  is  that  of  the  King  Charles,  the  slight  dif- 
ferences in  the  scale  of  points  for  the  Blenheim  being  there  noted. 


l  fhotigraph  byj.  K.  Cole,  New  York 
.1  SkNN-SATION 


^ Holograph  by  Fisher,  New  York 
CH.  O'KASAN 


['holograph  byj.  K.  Cole,  New  York  Photograph  by  J '.  K.  Cn/t,  Ntiu  York 

CH.  SENN-SEXN 


Copyright  byj.  K.  Cole,  New  Yori 
CH.  CRESTWOOD  OYAMA 


Copyright  by  J.  K.  Cole,  New  York 
CHAMPION    KOMA 


Photogrnphby  T.  C.  Turner,  Nfw  York 
YUKIE    SENN 


Champion  O'Kisan  is  owned  by  Dr.  R.  T.  Harrison,  of  New  York,  and  the  others  were  or  are  all  owned  by  Mrs.  Senn,  also  o 
New  York.  Seim-Senn  was  undoubtedly  the  best  Japanese  spaniel  ever  shown  heie,  being  exceedingly  small  and  as  near  perfect  a 
could  be. 


CHAPTER   LXVII 
THE  JAPANESE  SPANIEL 


NE  of  the  few  foreign  breeds  that  seem  to  h^ve  been  taken  up 
here  before  becoming  an  English  show  dog  is  the  Japanese 
spaniel.  We  seem  also  to  be  in  possession  of  information 
regarding  these  spaniels  at  as  early  a  period  as  anything  was 
published  in  England,  and  both  date  back  to  official  docu- 
ments. The  first  English  record  is  that  of  Robert  Fortune,  who  was  com- 
missioned by  the  Indian  government  to  visit  China  and  Japan  to  obtain  in- 
formation regarding  the  tea  plant  and  its  cultivation.  He  mentions  the 
Japanese  lap-dog  as  being  much  prized  and  as  having  snub  noses,  but  he 
must  have  been  misquoted  or  made  a  slip  of  the  pen  when  sunken  eyes  were 
mentioned  as  characteristic  of  the  breed. 

Our  American  authority  is  no  less  than  Commodore  Perry  whose  ex- 
pedition to  Japan  was  made  fifty  years  ago.  From  "Commodore  Perry's 
Expedition  to  Japan,"  Appleton's  1857  edition,  we  quote  as  follows; 

"The  Commodore  upon  subsequent  enquiry  learned  that  there  are 
three  articles  which  in  Japan,  as  he  understood,  always  form  part  of  an 
Imperial  present.  These  are  rice,  dried  fish,  and  dogs.  Some  also  said 
that  charcoal  was  aJways  included.  Why  these  should  have  been  selected 
or  what  they  particularly  symbolise  he  did  not  learn.  The  charcoal  was 
not  omitted  in  the  gifts  on  this  occasion,  and  four  small  dogs  of  a  rare  breed 
were  sent  to  the  President  as  part  of  the  Emperor's  gift.  We  have  observed 
also  in  the  public  prints  that  two  were  put  on  board  of  Admiral  Stirling's  ship 
for  her  Majesty  of  England,. 

"The  fact  that  dogs  are  always  part  of  a  royal  Japanese  present  sug- 
gested to  the  Commodore  the  thought  that  possibly  one  species  of  spaniel 
now  in  England  may  be  traced  to  Japanese  origin.  In  1613  when  Captain 
Saris  returned  from  Japan  to  England  he  carried  to  the  king  a  letter  from 
the  Emperor,  and  presents  in  return  for  those  sent  to  him  by  His  Majesty  of 
England.  Dogs  probably  formed  part  of  the  gifts  and  thus  may  have  been 
introduced  into  the  kingdom  the  Japanese  breed.  At  any  rate  there  is  a 

733 


734  The  Dog  Book 

species  of  spaniel  which  it  is  hard  to  distinguish  from  the  Japanese  dog.  The 
species  sent  as  a  present  by  the  Emperor  is  by  no  means  common  in  Japan. 
It  is  never  seen  running  about  the  streets,  or  following  its  master  in  his 
walks,  and  the  Commodore  was  informed  that  dogs  of  this  kind  are  costly." 

Mr.  William  Speiden,  a  government  official  in  the  New  York  custom 
house,  is  one  of  the  few  who  went  on  that  expedition  who  are  still  with  us  to 
tell  the  story  of  what  they  can  remember  of  incidents  of  the  expedition.  Mr. 
Speiden's  father  was  the  fleet  purser  and  the  close  intercourse  between  him 
and  Commodore  Perry  was  reflected  in  the  treatment  of  the  son  who  had 
many  privileges  extended  to  him  by  the  Commodore.  Mr.  Speiden  kept  a 
diary  and  has  been  good  enough  to  give  from  it  the  following  interesting 
information : 

"In  return  for  the  large  number  of  presents  which  we  gave  the  Em- 
peror from  the  President,  a  number  were  made  in  return,  besides  which 
Commodore  Perry  and  others  received  presents  from  the  Emperor  and  also 
from  the  Commissioners.  Among  the  President's  presents  were  four  dogs 
of  the  pug  character  but  with  beautiful  long  hair,  black  and  white  in  colour. 
The  Commodore  gave  two  of  these  dogs  to  Admiral  Stirling  of  the  British 
Navy  to  take  to  the  Queen  of  England.  The  other  two  were  named  Master 
Sam  Spooner  and  Madame  Yeddo  and  were  put  on  board  the  steam  frigate 
Mississippi,  together  with  some  Japanese  cats.  Quite  a  pretty  little  dog 
was  given  me,  which  I  named  Simoda,  that  being  the  town  where  I  received 
it  shortly  before  sailing  on  October  i,  1854  for  home.  In  January  of  the 
following  year  and  just  before  we  reached  Valparaiso,  Sam  Spooner  died 
and  in  February  Madame  Yeddo  also  died.  My  pet  survived  them  about  a 
month.  All  three  were  buried  at  sea  in  sailor  fashion,  being  put  in  shotted 
canvas  bags.  These  dogs  were  all  of  the  most  delicate  build  and  had  to  be 
handled  carefully. 

"Two  other  dogs  came  home  on  another  ship  and  were  sent  by  the 
Commodore  for  his  daughter  Mrs.  August  Belmont.  We  were  given  to 
understand  that  the  dogs  we  received  were  very  rare  in  Japan  and  very 
valuable.  They  were  never  allowed  to  run  in  the  streets,  but  were  carried 
in  beautiful  straw  baskets  when  they  were  taken  out  of  doors.  Many  had 
really  attractive  faces,  almost  human,  especially  in  the  females." 

Acting  upon  this  information  about  the  dogs  sent  home  to  Mrs.  Belmont 
we  wrote  the  present  Mr.  August  Belmont  to  find  whether  he  knew  of  their 
having  arrived  and  his  courteous  answer  is  as  follows: 


CROUP  OF  PEKINESE  SPANIELS  AND   A  SMOOTH   "PUG" 
Property  of  Mrs.  E.  B.  Guyer,  of  Philadelphia.    Imported  from  Pekin 


CHAON   CH1NG  WE 


Property  of  Mrs.  M.  H.  Go'Aaa, 
York.  Presettte^  hi*,h»  EropiJesse 
ager  to  Miss  Cmra  'Kilbowine,  in  i$ 


Photograph  by  IV.  Baily ,  Ardmore 
LI   HUNG  CHANG 
Property  of  Mr.  Albert  Graff,  Philadelphia 


Photograph  by  W.  Baily,  Ardmore 
LI  HUNG  CHANG  AND  TING   HOW 
Property  of  Mr,  Albert  Graff,  Philadelphia 


PEKINESE  DOG 
Property  of  Miss  Deady  Keane,  Shanghai 


CHANG  HI   MOW 
Property  of  Mrs.  E.  B.  Guyer,  Philadelphia 


The  Japanese  Spaniel  735 

"I  recall  the  spaniels  perfectly;  the  dog's  name  was  Yiddo  and  he  was 
black  and  white,  the  bitch  was  tan  and  white  and  if  I  remember  rightly  we 
called  her  Jap.  They  were  much  the  same  as  the  dogs  of  the  present  day, 
but  as  I  remember  Yiddo  he  did  not  stand  over  so  much  ground  as  those  I 
have  seen  at  the  bench  shows,  and  he  was  a  little  more  on  the  leg.  I  was 
about  five  years  old  at  the  time,  but  I  have  no  recollection  of  their  having  any 
puppies,  or  if  they  did  they  did  not  live." 

The  presumption  is  that  the  Japanese  either  came  from  the  Pekinese 
dog  or  both  came  from  a  common  origin.  Mrs.  McLaren  Morrison  is  of 
the  opinion  that  they  came  from  the  Tibet  spaniel  and  that  the  English  dogs 
had  a  similar  origin.  To  that  we  can  hardly  subscribe,  for  the  short  faced 
toy  spaniel  of  England  is  a  London  product  the  result  of  selection,  starting 
about  1835  with  very  ordinary  faced  spaniels.  We  have  not  the  faintest 
idea  that  the  Asiatic  spaniels  had  anything  to  do  with  the  European  toys,  and 
when  it  comes  to  the  Asiatic  dogs  it  cannot  be  gainsaid  that  the  Pekinese  is 
by  far  the  most  impressive  dog  in  the  way  of  character.  Either  the  Tibet 
dog  was  wonderfully  improved  at  Pekin  or  not  having  the  same  ideal  to 
breed  to  the  Tibetese  took  no  pains  to  keep  up  what  they  got  from  Pekin. 
The  Japanese  must  have  come  from  the  mainland  and  that  means  China  so 
that  we  must  conclude  that  the  Pekinese  and  Japanese  are  of  one  origin, 
bred  along  divergent  lines  and  thus  assuming  differences  of  type  and  char- 
acter, which  have  become  established. 

Japanese  spaniels  were  far  more  numerous  than  were  the  English  var- 
ieties in  the  early  days  of  dog  shows  in  this  country  and  classes  of  from  six 
to  twelve  entries  were  the  custom  when  we  had  but  two  or  three,  and  some- 
times none  at  all  of  the  English  breeds.  At  the  show  of  1882  at  New  York 
there  were  nine  entries  of  Japanese,  but  by  far  the  best  of  the  breed  was  en- 
tered as  a  "Pekinese  (China)  spaniel"  by  Mrs.  William  H.  Appleton  in  the 
miscellaneous  class.  Mr.  George  De  Forest  Grant  had  already  judged  the 
Japanese  when  the  miscellaneous  class  was  called,  but  the  quality  of  this  dog 
Chico  was  so  high  that  the  three  judges,  Mr.  Grant,  Mr.  John  S.  Wise  and 
ourselves,  decided  to  recognise  its  merits  by  giving  a  special  prize,  being 
compelled  to  pass  it  in  view  of  its  not  being  eligible  for  the  class,  because  of 
there  being  one  it  should  have  been  entered  in.  We  doubt  if  we  have  ever 
seen  a  Japanese  spaniel  with  the  wealth  of  coat  that  Chico  had:  what  its 
merits  were  in  other  points  we  cannot  now  recall,  but  we  will  never  forget 
its  coat. 


736  The  Dog  Book 

Japanese  spaniels  became  more  rare  in  later  years  but  a  revival  set  in 
after  a  time  and  the  breed  has  always  held  its  own  since  then.  The  steady 
demand  of  the  New  York  dealers  for  these  dogs  caused  continued  importa- 
tions at  the  Pacific  Coast  ports,  until  the  constant  drain  led  to  a  scarcity 
of  the  better  class  of  dogs,  and  it  is  only  occasionally  that  anything 
really  worth  while  comes  across  the  continent.  The  employees  on 
the  English  steamers  plying  between  Japan  and  ports  on  the  Pacific  coast 
have  usually  the  privilige  of  bringing  over  dogs  and  these  are  sold  in  bulk  to 
a  few  local  dealers,  who  take  everything  that  comes  at  a  set  price  per  dog. 
As  the  majority  of  the  dogs  are  of  poor  quality  the  price  is  not  large  and 
many  have  to  be  sold  at  little  or  no  profit,  the  returns  for  the  risk  of  accli- 
mating being  dependent  upon  the  life  of  the  few  good  ones  that  may  be  in 
each  lot. 

The  prevailing  faults  to  our  mind  are  an  inclination  to  shelliness,  in 
place  of  the  cobby  body  the  standard  calls  for.  We  would  also  like  to  see 
larger  heads.  They  run  high  enough  and  wide  enough  across  the  front,  but 
are  narrow  in  profile,  looking  too  small  for  the  size  of  the  dog.  The  head 
in  this  respect  should  we  think  be  in  keeping  with  the  size  of  the  dog  and  not 
suggest  being  "  under-headed."  We  do  not  consider  ourselves  competent  to 
speak  authoritatively  on  this  breed,  but  no  dog  ought  to  suggest  a  fault  to 
one  accustomed  to  look  for  symmetry  in  proportions,  and  many  of  these 
spaniels  certainly  suggest  a  lack  of  size  in  head  in  the  way  we  mention,  and 
which  is  not  noticeable  to  anything  like  the  same  extent  if  at  all  in  other  toy 
spaniels. 

We  have  a  Japanese  Spaniel  Club  and  so  have  English  fanciers,  but 
their  description  and  standard  is  much  inferior  to  the  one  drawn  up  by  the 
American  club,  both  in  its  detail  and  other  essentials.  The  English  restrict 
colours  to  white,  with  either  black  or  lemon  markings,  while  our  club  recog- 
nises "all  white"  and  considers  "all  black"  exceedingly  scarce,  and  pre- 
sumably correspondingly  valuable.  The  very  objectionable  protruding 
tongue  should,  we  think  have  been  added  to  the  list  of  disqualifications, 
and  a  "general  appearance"  paragraph  included  in  which  reference  might 
have  been  made  to  what  is  a  feature  in  the  Japanese — its  high  action  in 

movement. 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

Head. — The  head  should  be  large,  with  a  very  broad  skull,  and  high 
dome,  the  neck  short  and  moderately  thick. 


The  Japanese  Spaniel  737 

Eyes. — Large,  dark  and  lustrous,  rather  prominent,  set  wide 
apart. 

Muzzle. — Must  be  strong  and  wide,  very  short  from  eyes  to  nose;  the 
upper  and  lower  jaws  should  be  slightly  upturned  so  as  to  meet,  teeth  not 
to  show. 

Nose. — Very  short  in  muzzle,  the  end  of  nose,  proper  should  be  wide, 
with  open  nostrils  and  the  colour  of  the  dog's  markings,  i.  e.,  black  in  black 
marked  dogs,  red  or  deep  flesh  colour  in  lemon  marked,  flesh  in  solid  colour 
white  dogs. 

Ears. — Should  be  small,  V-shaped,  wide  apart,  and  set  high  on  head 
and  carried  slightly  forward,  well  feathered. 

Body. — Very  compact  and  squarely  built,  a  short  back,  and  rather  wide 
chest  of  a  generally  cobby  shape,  the  body  and  legs  should  form  a  square, 
i.  e.,  the  length  of  the  body  should  be  its  height. 

Legs. — The  bone  should  be  fine  and  give  an  appearance  of  being  well 
feathered. 

Feet. — Catlike  and  small  and  feathered.  The  tufts  should  not  increase 
the  width  of  foot,  but  only  the  length. 

Tail. — This  must  be  well  twisted  to  either  right  or  left  from  root  and 
carried  up  over  back  and  flow  on  opposite  side;  it  should  be  profusely 
covered  with  long  hair  (ring  or  plume  tails  not  desirable). 

Coat. — Must  be  profuse,  silky  in  texture,  should  be  absolutely  free 
from  wave  or  curl  but  not  too  flat,  but  have  a  tendency  to  stand  out  espe- 
cially at  neck  and  frill,  so  as  to  give  a  thick  mane  or  ruffled  with  profuse 
feathering  on  thigh  and  tail;  gives  a  very  showy  appearance. 

Color. — The  most  preferred  are  parti-coloured  black  and  white,  and 
lemon  and  white.  There  are  also  solid  black,  the  latter  very  scarce,  the 
ground  colour  pure  pearl  white,  and  the  other  colours  in  large,  evenly  dis- 
tributed patches  over  body,  ears  and  cheeks,  a  prominent  white  blaze  thumb 
mark  on  dome  very  desirable. 

Size. — Ranges  from  the  tiny  sleeve  dog  of  two  pounds  in  weight,  to  the 
more  ordinary  dog  weighing  from  six  to  twenty  pounds,  the  smaller  size 
preferred,  but  not  to  be  valued  higher  than  type.  Classes  should  be  divided 
under  seven  pounds  and  over  seven  pounds. 

Disposition. — They  are  all  that  could  be  desired,  active  intelligent 
quick  to  learn  and  very  affectionate;  they  make  a  most  desirable  pet. 


738  The  Dog  Book 

Disqualifying   Points. — Tri-colour,    flat    and    sunken    dome;     moon 
eyes. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Head  and  neck 10         Eyes 10 

Ears 10         Muzzle  and  nose 15 

Body 5         Legs  and  feet 10 

Tail 15         Coat  and  marks 15 

Size 10 

Total.  100 


CHAPTER   LXVIII 
THE  PEKINESE  DOG 

HE  name  of  Pekinese  is  given  to  the  rough  coated  dog,  whose 
smooth  relative  has  long  been  known  as  the  Pekinese  or 
Chinese  pug.  In  this  country,  the  rough  dog  goes  by  the 
name  of  Pekinese  spaniel,  but  the  term  spaniel  has  been 
dropped  in  England  and  it  is  now  the  Pekinese  dog  there. 
It  is  undoubtedly  a  very  old  breed  for  the  reason  that  as  far  back  as  it  can  be 
traced  it  is  the  same  dog  in  its  decided  peculiarities  that  we  have  to-day, 
showing  that  it  was  then  the  result  of  many  years  culture  and  selection  for 
type.  Opportunities  for  research  in  byegone  Chinese  lore  and  relics  are  not 
very  great  in  New  York,  but  there  is  sufficient  to  establish  what  we  have 
stated.  In  addition  to  a  small  collection  of  Chinese  porcelain,  earthen- 
ware and  curios  at  the  Metropolitan  Museum  there  are  the  added  Bishop 
collection  of  jade  and  the  Pierpont  Morgan  collection  of  Chinese  porcelain 
all  three  of  which  contain  data  regarding  these  dogs.  We  cannot  compli- 
ment the  officials  responsible  for  the  nomenclature  of  many  of  the  speci- 
mens bearing  the  name  of  "lion"  in  the  Bishop  and  Morgan  collections.  If 
these  are  lions  then  it  is  the  first  time  we  ever  knew  of  any  lions  with  drop 
or  pendant  ears  and  profusely  feathered  tails,  curled  over  their  backs.  The 
same  thing  is  seen  in  the  Japanese  collection  where  the  name  of  "shishi" 
is  given  in  place  of  the  English  word  lion,  an  inappropriate  term  if  the  object 
is  to  give  English  speaking  people  information,  or  even  misinformation  as  in 
this  case. 

The  oldest  of  these  dogs  is  the  carved  crystal  in  the  Bishop  collection 
(No.  381)  entitled  "lions"  but  which  is  a  Pekinese  bitch  with  two  puppies. 
Each  has  the  drop  or  pendant  ear  and  the  plumed  tail  over  the  back.  The 
carver  undoubtedly  exaggerated  the  tails  of  the  puppies,  for  they  are  much 
more  heavily  feathered  than  puppies'  tails  would  be  at  their  age.  The 
heads  are  massive  and  flat  across  the  top  of  the  skull,  muzzle  short,  but  very 
full.  There  is  sufficient  to  indicate  that  the  mane  was  profuse.  As  the 
bitch  is  reclining  it  is  not  possible  to  speak  with  confidence  regarding  the 

739 


74O  The  Dog  Book 

length  or  formation  of  the  legs.  The  date  of  this  piece  is  given  as  the  Ming 
dynasty,  1368-1644.  Possibly  a  more  definite  date  may  be  forthcoming 
when  we  are  better  acquainted  with  the  progress  of  Chinese  art,  but  that  is  as 
near  as  the  authorities  care  to  say  at  present.  In  the  same  Bishop  collection 
will  be  found  another  dog  and  puppy  (No.  557)  also  misnamed  "lions." 
This  is  a  thinner  piece  of  crystal  and  is  not  so  good  a  carving  as  the  other,  it 
is  also  much  later,  the  assigned  period  being  1736-1795.  In  one  of  the 
centre  table  cases  will  be  found  a  carved  ivory  girdle  appendage  (No.  338) 
showing  a  dog  with  a  massive  head  and  tail  over  its  back. 

The  Morgan  collection  is  all  porcelain  or  earthernware,  on  the  former 
of  which  the  best  illustrations  of  Pekinese  dogs  are  to  be  found.  In  cases 
1 6  and  18  there  are  a  number  of  beautifully  painted  plates  and  as  there  are 
more  than  one  of  some  of  the  patterns  they  must  have  been  made  in  sets. 
In  case  16  there  are  two  plates  showing  a  dark  fawn  dog  with  plenty  of  coat. 
In  case  18  there  are  four  plates,  all  drawn  to  pattern  and  each  showing  a 
Pekinese,  lion  or  biscuit  colour,  the  shade  varying  as  is  bound  to  be  the 
case  in  china  painting  when  the  firing  gives  the  tone  of  colour.  All  four 
dogs  have  identically  placed  irregular  blotches  of  colour  on  the  body,  but 
while  two  are  black  blotched  the  other  two  are  white.  There  is  an  inclina- 
tion to  a  peaked  muzzle  in  two  of  them  but  in  one  of  the  others  the  muzzle 
is  short  and  blunt  and  they  leave  no  chance  for  dispute  as  to  what  they  are. 
in  fact  the  catalogue  names  them  sleeve  dogs.  These  plates  are  placed  in 
the  1736-1795  period.  These  are  the  only  dogs  shown  on  porcelain  that 
are  positively  Pekinese  but  we  might  as  well  mention  another  small  dog,  a 
red  toy,  smaller  than  the  Pekinese  apparently,  very  clean  in  the  neck  and 
foxy  faced  with  a  very  gay  carriage  of  tail  which  is  plumed,  but  not  heavily. 
One  of  these  dogs  is  shown  on  a  plate  in  case  20  playing  with  a  slipper  which 
has  fallen  from  the  foot  of  a  lady  reclining  on  a  couch.  In  case  40  two  of 
these  dogs  are  shown  frolicking  with  each  other.  There  is  also  a  teapot  in 
this  case  the  figures  on  which  must  have  been  copied  from  some  drawing  or 
painting  brought  from  Europe  as  the  man,  woman  and  child  are  all  in 
European  costume  and  in  front  of  them  is  a  larger  red  dog  which  if  it  was 
a  German  drawing  we  should  put  down  as  a  dachshund.  All  these  pieces 
are  of  the  1736-95  period. 

The  earthenware  figures  which  approach  the  dog  shape  are  in  cases 
23  and  24  and  are  all  stated  to  be  lions.  Many  of  them  were  so  placed  as 
not  to  be  properly  seen  but  many  which  can  be  seen  are  Pekinese  or  at  least 


CH.  GOODWOOD    1O 
Property  of  Mrs.  Douglas  Murray,  tnglefield  Gn_en,  Surrey,  Eng, 


r holograph  by  Speight,  Kettering 
ONG   MOTT  OF  RADNAGE 
Property  of  Mrs.  Chas.  Chapman 


Photograph  by  Lavender,  Bromley 
CH.  GOODWOOD  CHUN 
Property  of  Mrs.  Torrens  Hayes,  Kent,  Eng. 


Photograph  by  Speight,  Kettering 
ONG-LI  OF  RADNAGE 
Property  of  Mrs.  Chas  Chapman,  Worthing,  Surrey,  Eng. 


The  Pekinese  Dog  741 

dogs  and  others  more  of  the  grotesque  dog  of  Fo  style.  One  very  large  dog 
is  in  case  23  and  the  assigned  date  of  this  piece  is  1662-1722. 

In  the  small  collection  got  together  by  the  museum  there  is  very  little 
in  the  dog  line.  A  white  china  dog  with  a  pointed  muzzle  and  tail  curled 
over  the  back  and  eyes  coloured  yellow;  another  with  a  square  muzzle  and 
high  forehead,  and  a  white  puppy,  with  a  large  round  head.  The  latter  is 
the  only  piece  that  is  dated  and  that  is  put  at  1800.  Of  course  there  are 
plenty  of  the  grotesque  "dogs  of  Fo"  and  it  is  hard  at  times  to  decide 
whether  some  little  piece  is  a  recognisable  dog  or  not,  but  those  we  have 
specially  mentioned  are  dogs  beyond  a  doubt. 

Although  the  circle  of  information  was  very  limited  the  Pekinese  dogs, 
both  rough  and  smooth,  were  known  in  England  nearly  fifty  years  ago, 
specimens  of  both  having  been  taken  to  that  country  from  the  looting  of 
the  Imperial  summer  palaces  in  Pekin.  Mrs.  Lilburn  MacEwen  in  a 
sketch  of  the  breed  published  in  1904  states  that  they  were  known  at  the 
court  of  Henri  III  and  are  depicted  in  the  painting  of  the  royal  pets  in  a 
picture  attributed  to  Jacopo  de  Empoli,  but  it  would  require  a  very  vivid 
imagination  to  call  any  of  the  dogs  on  this  picture  a  Pekinese.  The  picture 
was  later  reproduced  in  Illustrated  Kennel  News  and  shows  a  large  number 
of  small  dogs  decorated  with  ribbons  and  with  pierced  ears  in  which  rosettes 
are  tied.  Mrs.  MacEwen  also  states  that  Pekinese  came  to  the  court  of 
Charles  II  but  gives  no  absolute  data  in  support  of  the  statement.  It  is 
history,  however,  that  four  small  Pekinese  were  found  in  the  summer  palace 
near  Pekin  in  October  1860,  one  of  which  aptly  named  Looty  was  brought 
to  England  and  presented  to  Queen  Victoria  by  Lieutenant  Dunne.  This 
dog  was  illustrated  in  the  London  Illustrated  News,  from  a  drawing  by 
Harrison  Weir,  dated  1861.  The  other  three  dogs  were  commandered  by 
Admiral  John  Hay  and  eventually  found  their  way  to  Goodwood  Castle  as 
the  property  of  the  Duke  of  Gordon  and  Lord  John  Hay.  It  is  from  these 
dogs  that  the  English  get  their  "Goodwood"  line  of  Pekinese.  Subse- 
quently stolen  dogs  were  sent  to  England  and  at  the  more  recent  taking  of 
Pekin,  a  large  number  comparatively  speaking,  were  secured  and  sent  there. 

The  history  of  the  Pekinese  in  America  is  rather  more  indefinite  as  to 
the  earliest  importations,  but  so  far  we  have  not  been  able  to  antedate 
anything  prior  to  Mrs.  Eva  B.  Guyer's  obtaining  one  in  1898.  This  lady 
resides  in  Philadelphia  and  has  always  kept  them  since  that  time,  getting 
more  from  the  same  relative  who  got  her  first  one.  We  are  aware  that 

O 


742  The  Dog  Book 

Pekinese  can  be  bought  in  Philadelphia  with  pedigrees  extending  to  1875 
and  with  them  a  history  that  takes  them  still  farther  back  to  a  race  of  wild 
dogs  with  strange  characteristics,  but  long  muzzled  and  weak  faced  small 
dogs  are  not  necessarily  Pekinese  dogs  because  the  seller  says  they  are.  Of 
late  years  they  have  increased  in  encouraging  numbers  and  there  is  every 
evidence  that  they  will  shortly  become  one  of  the  favourite  toy  breeds.  They 
possess  a  quaintness  all  their  own  and  if  only  the  English  fanciers  will  not 
undertake  to  Anglicise  them  with  ideas  of  their  own,  which  we  are  bound  to 
copy,  these  oddities  will  be  preserved.  Our  judges  must  also  learn  what  is 
required  and  not  follow  the  methods  of  one  who  has  better  acquaintance 
with  terriers  than  with  Pekinese  and  put  back  all  that  to  the  judicial  mind 
were  bad  fronted,  in  other  words  penalise  those  that  were  best  from  a 
Pekinese  point  of  view. 

In  addition  to  their  quaintness  of  appearance  the  Pekinese  have  quali- 
ties of  temperament  which  appeal  to  a  great  many.  They  seem  to  be  im- 
bued with  curiosity  to  an  abnormal  extent  and  must  know  about  everything 
that  is  going  on.  Another  thing  is  their  courage.  Mrs.  Guyer  is  almost 
persuaded  that  they  are  kin  to  the  bulldog  on  account  of  the  determination 
with  which  they  assert  themselves.  She  writes:  "My  Pekinese  are  the 
most  combative  little  animals  with  strange  dogs.  No  matter  what  the  size 
of  the  stranger  may  be,  fight  is  the  first  thought  they  seem  to  have,  and  at 
times  I  have  felt  that  mine  would  be  killed  before  the  combatants  could  be 
separated.  Even  if  mine  must  limp  off  from  the  fray  it  is  with  head  and  tail 
up  as  though  there  was  but  one  champion."  With  the  exception  of  this 
aggressiveness  with  strange  dogs  which  may  perhaps  be  jealousy  to  some 
extent,  they  are  most  bidable  and  endearing  little  pets  and  are  steadfast 
in  their  affections. 

It  will  be  noted  from  the  illustrations  we  give  that  the  Pekinese  is  rather 
low  on  the  leg  and  somewhat  long  in  the  back,  the  forelegs  are  set  out  at  the 
elbows  and  the  heavy  muscle  on  the  outside  of  the  foreleg  give  it  a  bowed 
appearance  such  as  we  see  in  bulldogs  at  times.  There  is,  of  course,  good 
width  of  brisket.  The  head  is  large  and  has  not  the  pushed  in  appearance 
we  see  in  Japanese  or  English  toy  spaniels,  and  we  hope  it  never  will  have. 
The  face  is  short,  but  the  main  characteristic  is  its  bulk.  There  must  be  no 
pinching  at  the  nose,  but  plenty  efface,  cut  off  square.  A  pug's  foreface  as 
compared  with  toy  spaniels.  Another  difference  from  the  toy  spaniel  is  that 
while  the  skull  is  prominent  and  heavy  it  does  not  run  up  to  the  cupola 


The  Pekinese  Dog  743 

dome  we  see  in  spaniels,  but  has  a  flat  top  outline,  with  good  width  between 
the  ears,  which  should  not  hang  like  the  spaniels,  but  rather  add  to  the  width 
and  flatness  of  the  skull  line  by  being  more  the  drop  ears  of  the  pug.  With 
their  feathering  the  ears,  of  course,  show  size  and,  from  the  appearance  of 
those  on  the  smooth  specimen  on  the  photograph  which  Dr.  Ivy  of  Shanghai 
sent  as  being  that  of  an  excellent  specimen,  we  should  say  that  small  ears 
are  not  so  much  in  demand  with  breeders  of  Chinese  pugs  as  with  us.  The 
affinity  of  this  dog'  is  much  more  with  the  pug  than  the  spaniel  and  the 
English  club  has  shown  good  judgment  in  ridding  it  of  the  name  of  spaniel, 
which  would  have  a  tendency  to  cause  breeders  to  approach  or  incorporate 
certain  spaniel  attributes  not  at  all  desirable.  Indeed  there  is  really 
nothing  spaniel  about  it  except  in  the  matter  of  coat  and  an  approach  to 
toy  spaniel  fancy  in  heaviness  of  skull  and  shortness  of  face,  but  neverthe- 
less with  decided  differences  even  in  these.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
American  Kennel  Club  will  also  discard  the  name  of  spaniel. 

From  the  photographs  of  some  American  owned  dogs  it  is  very  evident 
that  we  are  little  if  anything  behind  English  fanciers  in  having  some  good 
specimens  and  if  the  owners  of  these  dogs  will  only  support  the  shows  that 
give  classes  the  breed  will  soon  progress,  but  so  far  they  have  offered  little 
encouragement  to  show  committees  to  give  classes  as  entries  have  been 
very  few. 

DESCRIPTIVE  PARTICULARS 

General  Appearance. — A  quaint  and  intelligent  dog. 

Head. — Massive.  Skull  broad,  wide  between  the  eyes,  wide  and  flat 
between  the  ears;  face  wrinkled. 

Muzzle. — Deep,  broad,  square  and  very  short;  not  underhung  or 
pointed;  stop  deep. 

Nose. — Black,  broad  and  very  short  and  flat. 

Jaws. — The  lower  jaw  not  turned  up  like  the  Japanese  spaniel. 

Eyes. — Large,  round,  dark  and  lustrous,  very  prominent  and  set  wide 
apart.* 

Ears. — Covered  with  long  silky  hair,  not  set  too  high  on  the  head, 
heart  shaped.  Leather  never  long  enough  to  come  below  the  muzzle. 

*The  description  "very  prominent  "  is  hardly  suitable,  the  eyes  being  prominent,  but  not  to  the  extent  of 
•very  prominent  such  as  in  the  Japanese  spaniel. — J.  W. 


744  The  Dog  Book 

Body. — Heavy  in  front;  chest  broad,  falling  away  lighter  behind; 
lion-like,  not  too  long  in  body. 

Legs. — Heavy  and  short,  with  as  much  bone  as  possible;  well  out  at 
elbows  and  feathered. 

Feet. — Long  flat  and  turned  outwards,  covered  with  long  hair,  which 
should  increase  their  length,  but  not  their  breadth;  should  stand  well  up  on 
toes  and  not  on  ankles. 

Tail. — Carried  right  in  a  curl  over  the  back  as  in  a  Japanese  spaniel 
and  should  be  profusely  feathered,  so  as  to  give  it  the  appearance  of  a  plume 
over  the  dog's  back. 

Coat. — Mane  profuse,  extending  below  shoulder  blades,  forcing  ruff  or 
frill  round  front  of  neck.  The  coat  like  that  of  a  collie,  double,  a  long, 
straight  outer  coat  and  a  dense  thick  under  one.  Feather  on  thighs,  legs, 
tail  and  toes  long  and  profuse. 

Colour. — Red  fawn,  sable,  brindle  or  black.  Black  marks  and  "spec- 
tacles" around  eyes,  with  lines  to  ears  are  desirable.  White  and  parti- 
colour. 

Height  at  shoulder. — Any  size,  but  the  small  ones  are  to  be  desired. 

Weight. — Divided  by  weight  from  10  pounds  to  28  pounds,  and  under 
10  pounds. 

SCALE  OF  POINTS 

Head 10         Legs 5 

Stop 5         Feet 5 

Muzzle 5        Tail 10 

Eyes 5         Coat  and  feathering 15 

Nose 5         Colour       5 

Ears 5         Size      5 

Mane 5         Action     5 

Body 10 

Total .  100 


TIBET  SPANIEL  KARPO 
Property  of  the  Hon.  Mrs.  McLaren  Morrison,  Londpii*  • 


Photograph  byj.  R.  Clarke,  Thirsk 
LHASSA  TERRIERS,  IERRU  AND  TASCHI 
Property  of  the  Hon.  Mrs.  McLaren  Morrison,  London.    This  photograph  was  taken  when  the  dogs  were  voung 


Photograph  byj.  R.  Clarke^  Thirsk 
LHASSA  TERRIER,   INDIA 

One  of  the  pioneer  English  importations  and  one  of  the  best  of  the  breed.     Photographed  in  winter  coat.    Property  of 
the  Hon.  Mrs.  McLaren  Morrison,  London 


CHAPTER   LXIX 

THE  LHASSA  TERRIER  AND  TIBET  SPANIEL 

HE  latest  European  introductions  in  toy  dogs  are  the  Lhassa 
terrier  and  Tibet  spaniel,  neither  of  which  has  yet  reached 
America,  hence  we  are  unable  to  write  of  them  with  any 
personal  knowledge.  As  they  will  undoubtedly  be  brought 
to  this  country  ere  long  a  few  words  by  way  of  introducing 
them  seemed  advisable  and  for  the  following  we  are  indebted  to  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  McLaren  Morrison,  the  acknowledged  authority  in  England  on 
Central  Asiatic  dogs. 

"In  the  cold  tableland  of  Central  Asia  nature  provides  her  creatures  with 
ample  clothing.  We  find  there  in  the  canine  breeds  the  grand  Tibet  mastiff 
one  mass  of  gigantic  coat  and  we  find  too  the  little  Lhassa  terrier  well 
protected  against  the  piercing  winds  whose  way  no  cities  and  structures  of 
Western  civilisation  yet  have  barred. 

"How  the  Lhassa  terrier  lives  in  his  own  country,  what  he  does,  how  he 
is  kept  we  know  but  little  of.  One  of  these  little  Asiatics  which  has  had  the 
honour  to  be  called  the  standard  dog  by  experts  was  purchased  out  of  a 
Bhuteer's  market  cart;  unkempt,  unwashed,  uninviting,  and  loath  to  be 
civilised  he  valiantly  guarded  his  vegetables,  till  made  reluctantly  to  under- 
stand that  he  was  born  for  higher  things  and  that  a  show  career  beyond 
the  waters  awaited  him. 

"Another  was  brought  down  from  the  very  interior  sent  by  a  Tibetan  and 
accompanied  by  an  attendant  wreathed  in  turquoises.  Yet  another  was 
carried  across  the  saddle  for  miles  and  miles.  The  character  of  the  Lhassa 
terrier  is  true  and  confiding.  Not  taciturn,  as  of  some  other  Asiatic  breeds. 
I  am  inclined  however  to  think  that  this  is  really  only  correct  of  the  Eng- 
lish bred  Lhassa  terrier;  for  the  little  fellow  who  came  from  the  market 
cart  was  by  no  means  friendly,  and  for  years  devoted  himself  only  to  one 
person  whose  room  and  chattels  he  would  defend  to  grim  death.  The 
Lhassa's  coat  should  be  long  and  straight,  very  profuse  and  shaggy.  Feet 
large  and  wide,  to  tread  the  snows  of  the  Uplands.  The  size  varies  a  good 

745 


746  The  Dog  Book 

deal,  but  the  really  small  ones,  though  up  to  recently  rarely  bred  in  this 
country  are  mc^t  valued  in  their  own  and  fetch  long  prices  in  the  East.  For 
the  wily  Asiatic  is  fully  aware  of  the  value  of  really  good  specimens,  and  the 
inhabitant  of  the  market  cart,  Tuko,  had  to  be  carefully  guarded  whilst 
in  his  own  country  or  would  promptly  have  disappeared. 

"Their  colours  are:  White  and  black,  iron  grey,  light  grey,  buff,  brown 
or  buff  and  white,  etc.,  etc.  They  have  now  by  1906  found  many  admirers 
in  England,  and  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  shaggy  lovable  pet 
of  the  Lhamas  will  become  equally  appreciated,  if  alas  not  yet  equally 
plentiful,  in  this  part  of  the  world  as  in  his  own  mystic  home. 

"It  has  been  the  good  fortune  of  the  writer  to  see  authentic  photographs 
of  the  dogs  of  Tibet  taken  by  the  Grand  Lhama  himself. 

"The  Lhassa  terrier  is  but  one  of  several  breeds  known  in  Tibet,  but  the 
country  is  yet  too  much  closed  for  the  naturalist  to  give  us  deep  information 
in  all  varieties.  The  Tibet  spaniel  is  now  also  well  known  in  England 
and  already  between  50  and  60  specimens  are  in  Great  Britain.  The 
Tibet  spaniel  is  the  true  ancestor  of  all  Pekinese,  Japanese  and  English 
toy  spaniels,  of  that  there  really  can  be  no  doubt  and  as  such  they  are 
doubly  interesting.  The  monasteries  of  Tibet  enclose  many  beautiful  spec- 
imens of  this  fascinating  breed,  and  the  monks  know  their  value  well.  The 
black  and  white  and  also  black  and  tan  variety  are  now  fairly  familiar 
to  show  visitors,  who  however,  have  yet  to  learn  that  self-coloured  sable 
specimens  as  well  as  those  of  a  rich  tan  and  ruby  as  well  as  brown  etc.,  should 
also  soon  be  found  in  our  shows.  In  conclusion  let  me  assure  the  reader 
that  these  various  little  Asiatics  are  of  a  most  loving  and  devoted  disposi- 
tion, showing  great  sagacity  and  by  no  means  difficult  to  rear  in  our  climate 
where  they  are  therefore  able  to  be  our  constant  companions.  To  know 
them  is  to  love  them  !  One  can  but  trust  that  soon  they  will  have  the 
position  in  England  and  also  in  America  which  they  so  truly  deserve." 


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